Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Ovarian Suspensory Ligament Rupture on Surgical Stress in Elective Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches.","authors":"Pauline Silva Dos Santos, Victor Mendes de Oliveira, Keli Cristina Corbellini Oltramari, Vitória Santos Guimarães, Sarah Fernandes, Carla Eduarda Dos Santos Ferreira, Agatha Costa Malinski, Vinícius Cardoso de Oliveira, Jéssica Corrêa, Izabelle Moutinho, Dalila Moter Benvegnú, Camila Dalmolin, Gabrielle Coelho Freitas, Fabíola Dalmolin","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120658","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) is a common procedure in bitches, where ovarian suspensory ligament (OSL) rupture facilitates hemostasis but may also have adverse effects. Given the importance of minimizing the surgical stress response, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of OSL rupture in 20 healthy bitches undergoing elective open OVH; a celiotomy via the ventral midline was performed, and hemostasis achieved using bipolar coagulation, either with OSL rupture (OSL-R) or without (OSL-NR). Pain was assessed over 24 h post-surgery using the Visual Analogue Scale and the Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale. The physical parameters, complete blood count, glucose levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and neutrophil oxidative and phagocytic functions were evaluated pre-surgery and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, as well as 10 days after. Oxidative metabolism was assessed through vitamin C and protein thiols, reduced glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. No differences in trans- and postoperative pain were observed between techniques, except for analgesic rescue rates. Differences were noted in the heart rate, total leukocyte count, segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Both techniques resulted in low oxidative and phagocytic changes. Overall, OSL rupture appears to elicit a slightly more intense surgical stress response than the non-rupture technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Post-Translational Modifications in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection.","authors":"Xiaoyong Chen, Jianlong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120654","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious virus affecting pigs with significant impacts to the swine industry worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of post-translational modifications (PTMs) associated with PRRSV infection. We discuss the various types of PTMs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMoylation, acetylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, and lactylation, that occur during PRRSV infection. We emphasize how these modifications affect the function and activity of viral proteins, thereby influencing virus replication, assembly, and egress. Additionally, we delve into the host cellular responses triggered by PRRSV, particularly the PTMs that regulate host signaling pathways and immune responses. Furthermore, we summarize the current understandings of how PTMs facilitate the ability of virus to evade the host immune system, enabling it to establish persistent infections. Finally, we address the implications of these modifications in the development of novel antiviral strategies and the potential for exploiting PTMs as therapeutic targets. This review highlights the significance of PTMs in shaping viral pathogenicity and host antiviral mechanisms and provides valuable insights for future research aimed at developing effective interventions against PRRSV infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Sectional Serological Study to Assess the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasmosis in Dromedary Camels in Punjab, Pakistan.","authors":"Muhammad Zaeem Abbas, Muzafar Ghafoor, Muhammad Hammad Hussain, Mughees Aizaz Alvi, Tariq Jamil, Muhammad Sohail Sajid, Munazza Aslam, Ali Hassan, Shujaat Hussain, Mian Abdul Hafeez, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Iahtasham Khan, Khurram Ashfaq, Ghulam Muhammad, Katja Mertens-Scholz, Heinrich Neubauer, Hosny El-Adawy, Muhammad Saqib","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120657","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anaplasmosis is an infectious disease transmitted by ticks and caused by obligate intracellular pathogen of belonging to genus <i>Anaplasma</i> Infections of one-humped camels (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>) and llamas (<i>Lama glama</i>) have been reported previously. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> spp. antibodies in <i>Camelus dromedarius</i> of the Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2017-2018 to study the seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in <i>Camelus dromedarius</i> of 13 districts in Punjab province of Pakistan and to assess the associated risk factors including age, breed, gender, body condition score, tick infestation, location, season and management type. Serum samples from 728 camels (433 females and 295 males) were examined for anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> antibodies using a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) test kit. A univariable analysis was conducted and extended to multivariate logistic regression to find potential risk factors associated with the disease. Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-<i>Anaplasma</i> antibodies was 8.5% (8.5%, CI 6.6-10.8) with 62 positives in 728 camels. The highest seroprevalence was recorded for camels of the Central Punjab districts (16.1%, CI 11.5-21.7) followed by those of the Northwestern (5.4%, 2.8-9.3) and Southern Punjab (5.2%, 2.9-8.4) districts (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that location (Central Punjab: OR 2.78, <i>p</i> = 0.004), season (summer: OR 7.94, <i>p</i> = 0.009), body condition score (BCS 2: OR 14.81, <i>p</i> = 0.029) and tick infestation (OR 38.59, <i>p</i> < 0.001) are potential risk factors in the corresponding camel populations. The results showed that the camel population in Pakistan is seropositive for <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. The geographical zone, season, body condition and tick infestation were identified as significantly associated risk factors for seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in dromedary camels. To the best of our knowledge, the results of this current study provide the first evidence of exposure of camels to anaplasmosis in Pakistan. Molecular investigations in the future are highly recommended to determine the dynamics of the disease in camels.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamins, Minerals and Phytonutrients as Modulators of Canine Immune Function: A Literature Review.","authors":"Carolina Barroso, António J M Fonseca, Ana R J Cabrita","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120655","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trends in the pet food industry are driven by the humanization of pets, favoring the inclusion of functional ingredients or supplements that promote animal health. Several commercial diets claim to include supplements with benefits for dogs' immune function, but in vivo evidence that supports their efficacy remains limited. This literature review aimed to better understand the current knowledge on the effects of vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients on dogs' immune function. A total of 27 peer-reviewed articles were identified in PubMed and Web of Science databases. Although vitamin supplementation is often claimed to support immune function, only two studies promoting slight benefits of vitamins C and E were found. The limited research on minerals suggests that organic sources promote a better immune response. Studies evaluating the inclusion of different phytonutrients show that these compounds might exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite the increased popularity of commercial diets claimed to support the immune response of dogs, further research is needed in order to substantiate their effects. This knowledge will contribute to the development of effective diets to enhance immune health in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Universal Multi-Epitope Vaccine Design Against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Bioinformatics and Immunoinformatics Approaches.","authors":"Xinnuo Lei, Zhi Wu, Qi Feng, Wenfeng Jia, Jun Xie, Qingkang Zhou, Jinzhao Ban, Shanyuan Zhu","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120659","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes reproductive disorders in sows and severe pneumonia in piglets, alongside immunosuppressive effects on the host. It poses a significant global threat to the swine industry, with no effective control measures currently available due to its complex pathogenesis and high variability. Conventional inactivated and attenuated vaccines provide inadequate protection and carry biosafety risks. In this study, we designed a universal multi-epitope peptide vaccine against PRRSV using bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approaches to address these limitations. By selecting sequences from seven representative PRRSV strains, we predicted highly conserved and immunogenic T cell (Th and CTL) epitopes across all encoded proteins. These were rationally concatenated with reported B cell neutralizing epitopes into a multi-epitope vaccine construct. We performed comprehensive assessments of the construct's physicochemical and biochemical properties, along with predictions and refinements of its secondary and tertiary structures. Molecular docking simulations with TLR2 and TLR4 revealed strong potential binding interactions. Immune simulations indicated that the multi-epitope vaccine could induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses. This study provides a scientific foundation for the development of safe and effective PRRSV subunit vaccines and offers new perspectives for designing vaccines against other viral diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Canines with Pyoderma and Otitis Externa in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Maryum Tanveer, Eurade Ntakiyisumba, Fabrice Hirwa, Hakyoung Yoon, Sang-Ik Oh, Chongchan Kim, Mi Hye Kim, Ji-Seon Yoon, Gayeon Won","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120656","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial skin infections, particularly pyoderma and otitis externa, are widespread in dogs, primarily caused by <i>Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> species. This study evaluates the prevalence and types of bacterial pathogens in affected dogs in South Korea using a meta-analytical approach. Following the PRISMA guidelines, five electronic databases were searched for relevant studies published between 1990 and 2024. Three researchers independently performed data extraction and quality assessment. A subgroup analysis explored the variability in pathogen prevalence across studies based on bacterial genus, bacterial species, publication year, sampling year, sampling location, infection type, diagnostic method, and sample size. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's regression test, with all analyses conducted using the R program. Of the 944 articles, 29 met the eligibility criteria. The pooled bacterial prevalence among infected dogs was 99.95% (95%CI: 99.85-100). <i>Staphylococcus</i> was the most prevalent genus (95.93%), followed by <i>Pseudomonas</i> (48.43%), <i>Enterococcus</i> (20.32%), and <i>Escherichia</i> (17.63%). The most common species were <i>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</i> (78.89%), <i>Staphylococcus intermedius</i> (71.43%), and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (46.13%). This study underscores the need for comprehensive treatment strategies targeting Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, emphasizing further research on antimicrobial resistance patterns and treatment efficacy to enhance canine health outcomes in South Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syndecan-1 and E-Cadherin Expression in Canine Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Rita Files, Cláudia Cardoso, Justina Prada, Filipe Silva, Isabel Pires","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120652","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in dogs is a locally invasive tumor that typically occurs in areas of poorly pigmented skin due to sun exposure. Identifying new biomarkers, such as syndecan-1 (CD138) and E-cadherin, is fundamental for tumor diagnosis and prognosis. Dysregulation of syndecan-1, expressed in epithelial tissue, fibroblasts, and plasma cells, is associated with poor prognosis in several types of cancer. Similarly, E-cadherin, which plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and epithelial functionality, is also linked to adverse outcomes. This study evaluated the expression of syndecan-1 and E-cadherin in 47 cases of canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that the intensity of syndecan-1 decreased with increasing tumor aggressiveness, and its presence in the stroma was significantly associated with tumor grade. E-cadherin also demonstrated a decrease in intensity with increasing malignancy. However, the association between syndecan-1 and E-cadherin was not statistically significant. E-cadherin reduction and stromal syndecan-1 positivity seem to be associated with tumor aggressiveness in canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Further studies are needed to explore their roles in tumor progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macroalgae Compound Characterizations and Their Effect on the Ruminal Microbiome in Supplemented Lambs.","authors":"Adriana Guadalupe De la Cruz Gómez, Huitzimengari Campos-García, German D Mendoza, Juan Carlos García-López, Gregorio Álvarez-Fuentes, Pedro A Hernández-García, José Alejandro Roque Jiménez, Oswaldo Cifuentes-Lopez, Alejandro E Relling, Héctor A Lee-Rangel","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120653","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of macroalgae species on rumen function remains largely unexplored. This present study aimed to identify the biocompounds of the three types of marine macroalgae described: <i>Macrocystis pyrifera</i> (Brown), <i>Ulva</i> spp. (Lettuce), <i>Mazzaella</i> spp. (Red) and their effect on species-specific modulations of the rumen microbiome. The macroalgae were characterized using GC-MS. Twelve Rambouillet lambs were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets (<i>n</i> = 3 per treatment): (a) control diet (CD); (b) CD + 5 g of Red algae; (c) CD + 5 g of Brown algae; and (d) CD + 5 g of Lettuce algae. After the lambs ended their fattening phase, they donated ruminal fluid for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene V3 amplicon sequencing. Results: The tagged 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and statistical analysis revealed that the dominant ruminal bacteria shared by all four sample groups belonged to phyla <i>Firmicutes</i> and <i>Bacteroidota</i>. However, the relative abundance of these bacterial groups was markedly affected by diet composition. In animals fed with macroalgae, the fibrinolytic and cellulolytic bacteria <i>Selenomonas</i> was found in the highest abundance. The diversity in chemical composition among macroalgae species introduces a range of bioactive compounds, particularly VOCs like anethole, beta-himachalene, and 4-ethylphenol, which demonstrate antimicrobial and fermentation-modulating properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrin Combined with Soybean Lecithin as a Cryoprotectant for Rooster Sperm.","authors":"Mengqian He, Jiehuan Xu, Lingwei Sun, Caifeng Wu, Shushan Zhang, Jun Gao, Defu Zhang, Jianjun Dai","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120647","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are many applications of soybean lecithin (SL) and cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) in sperm freezing processes. To the best of our knowledge, there have been few cases of the combined use of SL and CLC in freezing rooster semen. We investigated the effects of CLC, SL, and their combination on rooster sperm cryodamage. Three experiments were conducted: experiment 1, SL (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%); experiment 2, CLC (1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg); and experiment 3, CLC + SL (2.5 mg + 0.25%, 2.5 mg + 0.5%, 2.5 mg + 1%, 2.5 mg + 1.5%). Semen samples were cryopreserved using a programmed cryostat, followed by the determination of post-thaw sperm quality, antioxidant indices, and hatching. The results showed that the combination of 2.5 mg CLC + 0.5% SL had the most significant synergistic effect on cryodamage, and the viability (56.69%), motility (54.35%), mitochondrial activity (54.23%), plasma membrane integrity (53.52%), acrosome integrity (54.71%), and antioxidant activity (MDA concentration: 5.65 nmol/mL; SOD activity: 152.73 U/mL) were significantly greater than those of the other combinations (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Nevertheless, the combined CLC and SL addition group did not substantially increase the fertilization and hatching rates of frozen semen compared with the addition of 2.5 mg CLC. In conclusion, the addition of 2.5 mg CLC and 2.5 mg CLC + 0.5% SL enhanced the quality and fertility of frozen rooster sperm.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employee Management in Dairy Farms Associated with Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count and New Mastitis Infection Risk.","authors":"Michael Farre, Erik Rattenborg, Henk Hogeveen, Volker Krömker, Carsten Thure Kirkeby","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120646","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For decades, bovine mastitis and milk quality have been a focus area for research, agricultural extension, and dairy processors worldwide, yet employee management as a factor in udder health management has received limited attention. This is mainly because the focus has previously been on more classical areas covered by the National Mastitis Council Mastitis Control Program (NMC 10-point plan) in English-speaking countries. Therefore, we wanted more background information on employee management on dairy farms, to identify the human factor of udder health management. The method of investigating employee management and the impact of employee management on udder health was conducting a study of 88 Danish dairy farms with hired employees and parlor or rotary milking systems. An interview-based questionnaire on individual dairy farmers' human resource management was developed based on the current literature and multiple discussions among the authors. The results we found through analyzing associations between the dependent variable BTSCC and employee management, using a regression model, was that providing a generic SOP was associated with a 21,600 cells/mL increase in BTSCC, with estimates in the range (507; 42,674 cells/mL). We also analyzed, applying a Poisson model, that there was a 0.16% reduction in new infection risk if the training was based on a herd-specific SOP and educated employees. In contrast, we identified a 0.15% increase in new infection risk in herds where SOPs were available but not incorporated, both modest but significant results. In conclusion, farms with educated employees and trained by an SOP achieve the lowest new infection risk, but education has no impact on BTSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}