Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"PRRSV Fetal Infection in Pigs as a Risk Factor for the Emergence of More Efficient Zoonotic Hosts for Swine-Origin Influenza Virus.","authors":"Uladzimir Karniychuk","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090983","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Domestic pigs are susceptible to avian, swine, and human influenza A viruses (IAVs). This facilitates co-infections of different IAVs that result in genetic reassortment. In combination with husbandry practices such as high-density farming and frequent human-pig interactions, pigs serve as efficient zoonotic hosts for IAV. Despite significance in zoonotic transmission, factors influencing IAV pathogenesis, evolution, and transmission in pigs remain poorly studied. One factor that may alter IAV dynamics in pigs is co-infection with endemic swine viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV; <i>Betaarterivirus</i>; <i>Nidovirales</i>) that causes widespread disease in pigs on farms globally. During initial outbreaks, PRRSV triggers transplacental infections and massive fetal loss in naïve herds. Once herd immunity or vaccination is established, PRRSV may persist in affected herds, resulting in transplacental infections and the birth of piglets that appear normal or weak. These piglets are concerning from a zoonotic perspective because they may be immunocompromised and potentially serve as more efficient hosts for IAV, characterized by prolonged IAV shedding, enhanced viral replication, impaired seroconversion, and consequently extended co-infection windows that favor reassortment. Here, I summarize studies supporting the hypothesis that fetal exposure to PRRSV can alter IAV pathogenesis in surviving piglets, potentially enhancing IAV pathogenesis and transmission. I also highlight key experiments that need to be conducted to validate or invalidate a causal relationship between fetal PRRSV infection, persistent immunopathology in surviving piglets, and the resulting permissive environment for enhanced IAV evolution and transmission. Addressing this knowledge gap is essential for advancing our understanding of PRRSV and IAV biology in its zoonotic pig host and for developing effective strategies to mitigate the risk of IAV spillovers to humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isoliquiritigenin Elicits Potent Antiviral Activity Against Pseudorabies Virus Through Modulating the cGAS/STING and JAK/STAT Signaling Cascades.","authors":"Hongqiao Hu, Ying Yang, Jinbin Zhang, Yican Wang, Xun Zhou, Lixia Li, Yuanfeng Zou, Mingyue Li, Shujun Dai, Yifei Lang, Xu Song","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090974","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the <i>Alphaherpesvirinae</i> subfamily, poses a significant economic threat to the global swine industry and has raised growing public health concerns due to its cross-species transmission potential. Given emerging variants and the fact that current vaccines are restricted to pigs, novel antiviral agents are urgently needed. The present study assessed the anti-PRV activity of isoliquiritigenin, as well as its modulatory role in innate immune pathways, using cell-based assays and a PRV-infected mouse model. The results showed that isoliquiritigenin exhibited a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 35.47 μM and a selective index of 3.34 in PK-15 cells, with efficacy sustained at high infectious dose. Mechanistically, it counteracted PRV-induced suppression of type I interferon responses, correlating with core genes in the cGAS/STING pathway and enhancing IRF3 phosphorylation, while also activating the JAK/STAT axis and increasing STAT1 phosphorylation. In vivo, treatment with isoliquiritigenin decreased mortality by 40 percentage points (from 70% to 30%), substantially suppressed viral burden in various tissues, and concomitantly activated type I interferon signaling. Collectively, these findings suggest that isoliquiritigenin potentiates host innate immunity, potentially through the cGAS/STING and JAK/STAT cascades, offering a novel flavonoid-based lead for anti-herpesvirus drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Structure, Activity Rhythm and Relationships to the Conservation and Welfare of Tibetan Fox in Tibet Plateau of China.","authors":"Xiping Wang, Xiaoping Lu, Jiayi Wu, Jinjin Wang, Zhaxi Sangzhu, Xiuxiang Meng","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090968","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a keystone species in alpine ecosystems, the Tibetan fox (<i>Vulpes ferrilata</i>) plays an important role in maintaining ecological processes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Understanding its behavioral structure, activity rhythm, and responses to road-related human disturbance is essential for effective conservation and management. This study was conducted in the Tangbei Area of Sanjiangyuan National Park from May to December 2024 using infrared camera trapping. In total, 1166 effective camera-trap days yielded 748 independent photographs, 340 video clips, and 217 valid behavioral records. An ethogram was constructed, and activity patterns and responses to human disturbance were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Tibetan fox behavior was dominated by locomotion (55.18%), followed by vigilance (23.20%) and scent marking (17.68%). (2) The species exhibited pronounced nocturnality, with an overall daily activity rate of 76.20%. Activity peaked at night (22:00-04:00), reaching 92.63%, while the lowest activity level occurred around midday (12:00), with an activity rate of 44.63%. (3) Roads and human activities significantly altered the behavioral structure of Tibetan foxes. The study indicates that Tibetan foxes adapt to human disturbance through temporal allocation and spatial avoidance, which may affect its social structure and increase energy expenditure. In future conservation practices, focus should be placed on the management of human activities in the region, with enhanced efforts in the construction of ecological corridors, restoration of habitat connectivity, and control of traffic intensity. This study provides scientific evidence to support wildlife conservation and human activity management in alpine protected areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quantified behavioral baseline and disturbance response patterns also offer reference indicators for conservation veterinary medicine assessment and wild canid welfare monitoring, which can be used to evaluate the health status of Tibetan fox populations under anthropogenic pressure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hematologic and Renal Trends in Cats Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Retrospective Case Series with Molidustat Use.","authors":"Gippeum Lee, Jeongmin Lee, Kun-Ho Song","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090973","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) can precipitate anemia in critically ill patients, but temporal hematologic trends and anemia management strategies in cats remain poorly characterized. Medical records of three client-owned cats treated with CRRT for severe acute kidney injury with evidence of pre-existing chronic kidney disease at a single referral center were retrospectively reviewed. Hematologic variables (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, absolute reticulocyte count) and renal parameters (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus) were evaluated before, during, and after CRRT, along with the timing of CRRT sessions, whole blood transfusions, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent administration, and adjunctive molidustat use. All three cats demonstrated a progressive decline in hematocrit during the CRRT period despite repeated whole blood transfusions, with only transient post-transfusion improvement. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations decreased promptly following CRRT initiation but showed variable rebound patterns during follow-up. Absolute reticulocyte counts increased after CRRT discontinuation in two cats, indicating preserved or recovering erythropoietic activity, while one cat with concurrent inflammatory and infectious disease showed a minimal response. Progressive anemia occurred consistently despite transfusion support, highlighting the multifactorial nature of anemia during feline CRRT. These descriptive findings provide clinically relevant insight into anemia progression during feline CRRT and may inform the design of future prospective studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13612000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salvage Surgery Including Rectal Wall Vas Deferens Pexy for Recurrent Bilateral Perineal Hernia with Bladder Retroflexion in a Dog: A Case Report.","authors":"Junyeong Park, Jaewon Do, Changmin Park, Seohyeon Yoon, Ki-Dong Eom, Hwi-Yool Kim","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090969","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bladder retroflexion associated with perineal hernia may cause urinary dysfunction, and surgical correction can be challenging after repeated procedures because of extensive adhesions and altered anatomy. An 11-year-old, 7.5 kg, castrated male Pomeranian was referred for recurrent bilateral perineal hernia, bladder retroflexion, and persistent urinary dysfunction after multiple perineal and abdominal surgeries. A previous attempt at abdominal bladder reduction and cystopexy had failed because adhesions prevented adequate mobilization of the bladder. During salvage surgery, bilateral perineal adhesiolysis was performed first to release the displaced urinary tract structures, followed by an abdominal approach to restore the bladder to its normal intra-abdominal position. Modified bilateral vas deferens pexy was then performed by fixing the residual vasa deferentia to the rectal wall, and each side of the pelvic diaphragm was reconstructed according to the available tissues and defect configuration. Retrograde urethrocystography performed 8 days postoperatively demonstrated short-term anatomical correction, with restoration of the normal positions of the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra. Urinary function gradually improved but had not completely normalized by 150 days. Without further objective imaging, long-term mechanical stability and prevention of recurrence could not be established. This case describes a multimodal salvage strategy for recurrent bilateral perineal hernia with markedly altered anatomy after repeated surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Quality of Lyophilized Animal Vaccines: A Review of Optimization Strategies for Freeze-Drying Processes.","authors":"Fangjing Huang, Jiajie Jiao, Zexi Wang, Hongying Jie, Jiahao He, Xiaoxin Zuo, Yanhong Zhao, Yu Lu, Jianhong Gu, Fang Lyu","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090972","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vacuum freeze-drying, commonly referred to as lyophilization, is one of the primary processes in vaccine industrial manufacturing. It offers significant advantages, including a marked extension of the shelf-life of dried products, effective preservation of biological activity, and user convenience. However, in the production of animal freeze-dried vaccines, the diverse nature of antigens, the complexity of heat-stable protectant formulations, and variations in manufacturing equipment pose substantial challenges to process design for animal freeze-dried vaccines. Commercially available animal freeze-dried vaccines commonly suffer from antigen potency loss, insufficient product stability, low production efficiency and high manufacturing costs. Freeze-drying process optimization can markedly improve the quality of freeze-dried vaccines, with key evaluation indicators including vaccine stability, shelf-life, sample morphology, and residual moisture content. Focusing on multiple types of animal vaccines, this review summarizes research advances in improving the quality of animal freeze-dried vaccines from the perspectives of modifying material properties, enhancing freezing-stage regulation, increasing the specific surface area for drying, and optimizing heat conduction. Finally, future research strategies for animal freeze-dried vaccines are prospected. Although numerous approaches have been proposed to enhance the quality of animal freeze-dried vaccines, comprehensive considerations from multiple dimensions are still required to provide more holistic theoretical support for cost reduction and efficiency improvement in the production of animal freeze-dried vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farm-Level Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use in Pig Production: An Integrated Inferential and Explainable Machine Learning Analysis.","authors":"Krisztián Vribék, Máté Farkas, Szilveszter Csorba, Miklós Süth, László Gombos, Ádám Kerek, Evelin Imre, Zoltán Somogyi, Ákos Jerzsele, Zsuzsa Farkas","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090971","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Internal biosecurity may be associated with antimicrobial use (AMU) in pig production, but observational associations, predictions and explanations of fitted models answer different questions. We analysed 1110 farm-month-age-group units from 18 Hungarian pig farms; an original post hoc restriction retained 939 units from 13 farms. The continuous endpoint was the natural logarithm of one plus a defined AMU index formed by summing substance-specific active ingredient mass-to-recorded-weight ratios. The study-specific biosecurity instrument was used for within-farm monitoring and was not externally validated. We retained a 2 × 2 matrix of unfiltered/filtered and composite/separate-variable models, with categorical animal-group separation, age-group adjustment and farm-cluster uncertainty. In the unfiltered separate-variable model, recorded separation code 2 versus code 0 was associated with a higher log AMU index (β = 0.205; CR1-t 95% CI 0.013-0.397; <i>p</i> = 0.037), although the wild-cluster <i>p</i>-value was 0.116 and sensitivity estimates varied with adjustment. Code 3 binary contrasts were too sparse for precise effect quantification. Four ML families were evaluated using nested farm-grouped and leave-one-farm-out validation. For the inner-selected biosecurity-plus-age procedure, the unfiltered pooled R² was -0.101 and -0.187, respectively. SHAP retained an exploratory role in explaining held-out tree model predictions. The results identify model-dependent observational patterns but do not establish a causal biosecurity effect or reliable prediction for new farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Visual Detection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 Based on One-Tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a System.","authors":"Jiaqi Li, Wen Zou, Yuping Tang, Mingyang Liu, Yongjie Liu, Yuhao Dong","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090970","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a highly lethal pathogen responsible for substantial economic losses in farmed cyprinids worldwide. However, rapid and field-deployable diagnostic tools remain limited. Here, we developed a one-tube recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR/Cas12a-based fluorescence assay for the visual detection of CyHV-2. The system integrates RPA pre-amplification targeting the highly conserved helicase gene <i>hphS</i>, Cas12a-mediated specific recognition and collateral cleavage of a fluorophore-quencher-labeled ssDNA reporter, and visual readout under a portable blue light transilluminator. After optimizing the concentrations of primers, crRNA, Cas12a and the reaction time, the detection limit of this method reached 1 copy/μL, and it showed no cross-reaction with other common aquatic pathogens. Clinical evaluation using 100 tissue samples demonstrated 100% concordance with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This method does not require expensive equipment and can be completed within approximately one hour. This RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a platform offers a rapid and specific solution for on-site CyHV-2 surveillance, especially suitable for aquaculture environments with limited resources, and is expected to have broader applications in the detection of aquatic pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611860/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development.","authors":"Penggang Liu, Shifeng Pan, Liangli Song","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090965","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gastrointestinal tract is a highly dynamic biological interface, responsible not only for nutrient digestion and absorption but also for maintaining microbial, epithelial, immune, and metabolic homeostasis [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13611899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149064672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTED: Edwards et al. The Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2 Is Required for Definite Hematopoietic Stem Cell Production in the Mouse Embryo. <i>Vet. Sci.</i> 2020, <i>7</i>, 100.","authors":"Melissa A Edwards, Mark A Brown, Ilham Alshiraihi, Dillon K Jarrell, Haley O Tucker","doi":"10.3390/vetsci13090966","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci13090966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The journal retracts the article titled \"The Lysine Methyltransferase SMYD2 Is Required for Definite Hematopoietic Stem Cell Production in the Mouse Embryo\" [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13576370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148971520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}