环境科学与生态学最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Zooplankton Community Composition in Fecal Pellet Carbon Production in the York River Estuary, Chesapeake Bay.","authors":"Kristen N Sharpe, Deborah K Steinberg, Karen Stamieszkin","doi":"10.1007/s12237-024-01442-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12237-024-01442-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zooplankton play a key role in the cycling of carbon in aquatic ecosystems, yet their production of carbon-rich fecal pellets, which sink to depth and can fuel benthic community metabolism, is rarely quantified in estuaries. We measured fecal pellet carbon (FPC) production by the whole near-surface mesozooplankton community in the York River sub-estuary of Chesapeake Bay. Zooplankton biomass and taxonomic composition were measured with monthly paired day/night net tows. Live animal experiments were used to quantify FPC production rates of the whole community and dominant individual taxa. Zooplankton biomass increased in surface waters at night (2- to 29-fold) due to diel vertical migration, especially by <i>Acartia</i> spp. copepods. Biomass and diversity were seasonally low in the winter and high in the summer and often dominated by <i>Acartia</i> copepods. Whole community FPC production rates were higher (3- to 65-fold) at night than during the day, with the 0.5-1 mm size class contributing 2-26% to FPC production in the day versus 40-70% at night. An increase in the relative contribution of larger size fractions to total FPC production occurred at night due to diel vertical migration of larger animals into surface waters. Community FPC production was highest in fall due to increased diversity and abundance of larger animals producing larger fecal pellets, and lowest in summer likely due to top-down control of abundant crustacean taxa by gelatinous predators. This study indicates that zooplankton FPC production in estuaries can surpass that in oceanic systems and suggests that fecal pellet export is important in benthic-pelagic coupling in estuaries.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12237-024-01442-8.</p>","PeriodicalId":11921,"journal":{"name":"Estuaries and Coasts","volume":"48 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11561122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142647113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greening the city: A holistic assessment of waste management alternatives in India.","authors":"Enrico Mazzoli, Abhijit Parashar, Paolo D'Odorico, Giacomo Branca","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Waste is one of the major urban challenges faced globally today, and the severity of the challenge is further exacerbated by rapid urbanisation, growing populations and increasing per capita waste generation. As one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world, Delhi collects 11,352 t of waste every day. Without adequate segregation, most of this waste is sent to dumpsites and waste-to-energy plants, often associated with significant capital costs and environmental externalities. This paper conducts a life cycle assessment of the current waste management system and a comparative analysis with a suggested alternative scenario, where the share of recyclables and compostables going to landfills and waste-to-energy plants is reduced through adequate segregation. Our results revealed that landfills and waste-to-energy plants are associated with significant adverse environmental impacts such as climate change, soil and water acidification, freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, and respiratory health. In comparison, compost plants showed negligible emissions per tonne of waste. The alternative scenario (i.e. reduce waste to landfill through adequate segregation) can help reduce the negative impact on all environmental indicators by an average of 23 %. We posit that the prevailing narrative of addressing the waste issue through waste-to-energy plants in Delhi goes against the country's climate neutrality targets. Instead, the circular economy approach offers simpler, faster, and more cost-effective solutions that policymakers should consider to reduce the financial and environmental load of the current and future waste management issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"176894"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonaceous adsorbents in wastewater treatment: From mechanism to emerging application.","authors":"Xiao Liu, Qinglan Hao, Maohong Fan, Botao Teng","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adsorption is of great significance in the water pollution control. Carbonaceous adsorbents, such as carbon quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbons, have long been deployed in sustainable wastewater treatment due to their excellent physical structure and strong interaction with various pollutants; these features allow them to spark greater interest in environmental remediation. Although numerous eye-catch researches on carbon materials in wastewater treatment, there is a lack of comprehensive comparison and summary of the vivid structure-activity-application relationships of different types of carbonaceous adsorbents at the molecular and atomic level. Herein, this review aims to scrutinize and contrast the adsorption mechanisms of carbonaceous adsorbents with different dimensions, analyzing the qualitative differences in adsorption capacity from microscopic perspectives, structural diversity caused by preparation methods, and environmental external factors affecting adsorption occurrence. Then, a quantitatively in-depth critical appraisal of traditional and emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment using carbonaceous adsorbents, and innovative strategies for enhancing their adsorption capacity are discussed. Finally, in the context of growing imposed circularity and zero waste wishes, this review offers some promising insights for carbonaceous adsorbents in achieving sustainable wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"177106"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of temperature, relative humidity and soil organic carbon content on soil-air partitioning coefficients of volatile PFAS.","authors":"Weiwei Zhang, Limin Ma, Songsong Chen, Chong Chen, Chengcheng Bu, Jinpeng Yu, Ru Zhang, Yongzhi Wang, Haoyu Zeng, Yuchen Han","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil-air partitioning coefficient (K_SA) values are often used to assess the environmental fate of organic contaminants in soil. Till now, sufficient K_SA values have not yet been measured for many compounds of interest, including some emerging pollutants such as volatile PFAS. Moreover, the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and soil organic carbon content on K_SA of volatile PFAS are also unclear. In this study, the K_SA values of target volatile PFAS were measured under various temperature (20-40 °C), relative humidity (30-100 %) and soil organic carbon content (2.1 %-8.0 %) using a modified solid-phase fugacity meter. The results showed that higher temperatures, higher relative humidity and lower organic carbon content in soil may accelerate the diffusion of target volatile PFAS. Furthermore, the K_SA measurements were used to derive a multiple linear regression model to depict the relationship between logK_SA and temperature, relative humidity, soil organic carbon content and PFAS-specific logK_OA. When compared with the predictions obtained from semi-empirical model, we argued that the multiple linear regression model is more robust and easier to implement for target volatile PFAS or other emerging volatile PFAS than the semi-empirical approach to help depict the diffusion process at target volatile PFAS contaminated sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"176987"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142454962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in sustainable production and applications of nano-biochar.","authors":"Shristi Shefali Saraugi, Winny Routray","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biochar is a carbonaceous material that can be amplified into nano-biochar (N-BC) using different physicochemical techniques. Contrary to bulk biochar, nano-biochar, and have better physicochemical characteristics, including a large specific surface area, pore properties, distinctive nanostructure, and high catalytic activity. The spotlight of this review is to contribute up-to-date information on the scaling up of biochar into nano-biochar through various sustainable techniques. This review paper is a compilation of research on nano-biochar from biochar including preparation, distinctive characteristics, and intended applications in the environmental and agricultural sectors, along with some other cutting-edge applications, which are all covered in detail in this review paper and also provides the knowledge gap that will be useful for future investigation and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"955 ","pages":"176883"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paired coral Sr/Ca and δ¹⁸O records reveal increasing ENSO influence on Malaysian Borneo's hydroclimate.","authors":"Walid Naciri, Arnoud Boom, Takaaki K Watanabe, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg, Edmund Hathorne, Ramasamy Nagarajan, Nicola Browne, Jennifer McIlwain, Jens Zinke","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a worldwide climate phenomenon impacting temperatures and precipitation regimes across the globe. Previous studies have shown this climate phenomenon to influence Malaysian Borneo's hydroclimate. In the context of a changing climate and increasingly strong extreme ENSO events, understanding the influence of ENSO on this region, and its evolution through time, is essential to better constrain the future impacts it will have on the Maritime Continent's hydroclimate. Here, we used coupled δ¹⁸O and Sr/Ca records from massive corals' carbonate calcium skeletons to build a proxy for past hydroclimate: δ¹⁸O_seawater (δ¹⁸O_sw) and compensate for the limited dependable instrumental data in most of the 20th century. We assessed our two 90 and 60-year-long δ¹⁸O_sw records' quality as proxies for regional hydroclimate by correlating them with different instrumental salinity datasets before performing moving windowed correlations with the NINO3.4 index, an indicator of ENSO state. Results show that agreement between geochemical proxies and instrumental data highly depends on the chosen dataset, study site location, period, and monsoon season, with stronger agreement with more recent data, pointing towards insufficient data quality when going far back in time. More importantly, when correlated against the NINO3.4 index, our δ¹⁸O_sw records showed a growing correlation for most of their respective lengths. From the 1980s, we found an increasing influence of ENSO on the local hydroclimate with correlation coefficients r > 0.8 during the wet monsoon season. Our findings highlight the differences in results depending on the chosen observational dataset, time scale, or period of the year, and stress the importance of such geochemical archives to better understand the impacts of ENSO across periods predating reliable instrumental data. More importantly, our findings show how the concurrent evolution of the IOD, and the PDV affect ENSO and ultimately, northwestern Borneo's hydroclimate through their teleconnections.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"176943"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care product modelling: Unleashing artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities and impact on one health and sustainable development goals.","authors":"Maliha Ashraf, Mohammad Tahir Siddiqui, Abhinav Galodha, Sanya Anees, Brejesh Lall, Sumedha Chakma, Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment poses a significant threat to environmental resources, given their potential risks to ecosystems and human health, even in trace amounts. While mathematical modelling offers a comprehensive approach to understanding the fate and transport of PPCPs in the environment, such studies have garnered less attention compared to field and laboratory investigations. This review examines the current state of modelling PPCPs, focusing on their sources, fate and transport mechanisms, and interactions within the whole ecosystem. Emphasis is placed on critically evaluating and discussing the underlying principles, ongoing advancements, and applications of diverse multimedia models across geographically distinct regions. Furthermore, the review underscores the imperative of ensuring data quality, strategically planning monitoring initiatives, and leveraging cutting-edge modelling techniques in the quest for a more holistic understanding of PPCP dynamics. It also ventures into prospective developments, particularly the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) methodologies, to enhance the precision and predictive capabilities of PPCP models. In addition, the broader implications of PPCP modelling on sustainability development goals (SDG) and the One Health approach are also discussed. GIS-based modelling offers a cost-effective approach for incorporating time-variable parameters, enabling a spatially explicit analysis of contaminant fate. Swin-Transformer model enhanced with Normalization Attention Modules demonstrated strong groundwater level estimation with an R² of 82 %. Meanwhile, integrating Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time-series with gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) data has been pivotal for assessing water-mass changes in the Indo-Gangetic basin, enhancing PPCP fate and transport modelling accuracy, though ongoing refinement is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of PPCP dynamics. The review aims to establish a framework for the future development of a comprehensive PPCP modelling approach, aiding researchers and policymakers in effectively managing water resources impacted by increasing PPCP levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"176999"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PhytOC sequestration characteristics and phytolith carbon sink capacity of the karst grasslands in southwest China.","authors":"Mengxia Luo, Linjiao Wang, Li Liu, Lukang Song, Xiaxia Lu, Maoyin Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grassland is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. PhytOC (phytolith-occluded organic carbon) is an extremely important long-term and stable carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Southwest China karst soil exhibits obvious characteristics of alkalinity, high silicon content, and rich calcium, which can significantly influence the characteristics and mechanisms of PhytOC sequestration in vegetation. To elucidate the sequestration characteristics and mechanisms of PhytOC in the karst grasslands, three typical karst grasslands of tropical shrub tussock (TST), warm-temperate shrub tussock (WST), and mountain meadow (MM) from Guizhou province of southwest China were studied. The following results and conclusions were obtained that: 1) the range of PhytOC content of aboveground plant parts, underground roots, and soil in the karst grasslands was 4.03-16.54 g·kg^-1, 10.67-33.92 g·kg^-1, and 0.63-1.89 g·kg^-1, respectively. The underground roots are an important site for phytolith carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystems, and the PhytOC content of underground roots may be higher than that of the aboveground parts. 2) The PhytOC sequestration rate of vegetation was 7.34-15.93 kg·ha^-1·yr^-1, and the annual sequestration amount of PhytOC of the whole grasslands in southwest China could reach 0.48 × 10³-1.48 × 10³ t CO₂. Compared to grasslands in non-karst regions of China, karst grasslands in southwest China have a higher sequestration rate of PhytOC in vegetation and a greater capacity for phytolith carbon sequestration. 3) Soil available silicon, pH, and stoichiometric characteristics of C, N and P nutrients significantly affected the phytolith carbon sequestration of vegetation and the soil accumulation of PhytOC in the karst grasslands. The research results are of great significance for estimating the phytolith carbon sequestration capacity of grassland ecosystems and for grassland construction and management based on enhancing carbon sequestration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"176949"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method evaluation for viruses in activated sludge: Concentration, sequencing, and identification.","authors":"Yulin Zhang, Xiawan Zheng, Weifu Yan, Dou Wang, Xi Chen, Yulin Wang, Tong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Activated sludge (AS) in wastewater treatment plants is one of the largest artificial microbial ecosystems on earth and it makes enormous contributions to human societies. Viruses are an important component in AS with a high abundance. However, their communities and functionalities have not been as widely explored as those of other microorganisms, such as bacteria. This gap is mainly due to technical challenges in effective viral concentration, extraction, and sequencing. In this study, we compared four kinds of concentration methods, two sequencing approaches, and four identification bioinformatic tools to evaluate the whole analysis workflow for viruses in AS. Results showed flocculation, filtration, and resuspension (FFR) could get the longest DNA lengths and ultracentrifugation obtained the highest DNA yields for viruses in AS. Based on the results of present study, FFR and tangential flow filtration with the membrane pore size of 100 kDa were most recommended to concentrate viruses in AS samples with huge volumes. Besides, different concentration methods could get different viral catalogs and thus multiple methods should be combined to get the whole picture of viruses in the system. In addition, geNomad was the most recommended identification tool for viruses in the present study and the long-read sequencing could improve the assembly statistics of viruses when compared with the short-read sequencing. For the 8192 viral operational taxonomic units in this study, 95.1 % of them were phages and belonged to the same lineage at the order level of Caudovirales. Virulent phages dominated the AS system and Pseudomonadota were the main host. Taken together, this study provides new insights into methods selection for virus research of AS.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"176886"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) and airborne microorganisms in different stands of urban forests.","authors":"Xin Wan, Can Yang, Sumei Qiu, Weitao Xu, Jingwei Lian, Jiaojiao Zhang, Wei Xing, Yingdan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) and airborne microorganisms are important elements in urban forest air that affect air quality and human health. In this study, the Zhuyu Bay urban forest in Yangzhou was selected as the research object, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect the composition of NVOCs in different forest stands. Terpenes, heterocyclic compounds, and esters accounted for the highest proportions. We then explored the effects of NVOCs on the physiological health of each forest stand and used Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome enrichment analysis to identify beneficial secondary metabolites. Among the identified compounds, alpha-phellandrene 1, azulene, and other terpenoids were found to possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Heterocyclic compounds, such as 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid and visnagin, showed significant effects in the treatment of diseases. In addition, we collected and analyzed culturable airborne microorganisms in different forest stands and found that the bamboo forest had the lowest number of culturable airborne microorganisms. To further explore the influence of urban microclimates on air microorganisms and NVOCs, a partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) analysis was conducted. Air negative oxygen ion is an important factor affecting NVOCs, and Air moisture has a significant positive effect on bacteria proportion.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"176964"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}