Environmental Pollution最新文献

{"title":"Multiple isotopes and GIS analyses reveal sources and drivers of nitrate in the Loess Plateau's groundwater.","authors":"Shujian Li, Reynold Chow, He Su, Fengpeng Han, Zhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Groundwater plays a pivotal role in mediating nitrogen transfer to aquatic ecosystems, particularly in arid regions. Water scarcity, coupled with intensive agricultural activities, has placed the groundwater systems under significant pressure from non-point source pollution, underscoring the need for targeted investigation. Focusing on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), we combined dual-isotope analysis (δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-) with water isotopes (δD-H₂O, δ¹⁸O-H₂O) and implemented a dual-framework approach to investigate nitrate dynamics. Specifically, we applied the MixSIAR model to quantify nitrate source contributions and employed the Geographical Detector model to identify spatial and seasonal drivers. The results showed that local piston-flow recharge predominates beneath the thick vadose zone. Nitrate concentrations decreased with increasing well depth (0.04 mg/L/m), accompanied by a convergence of nitrate isotopic signatures toward soil organic nitrogen (SN). Nitrate was derived primarily from SN (43 %) and ammonium NH₄⁺ fertilizer (NHF) (34 %), underscoring the dominance of agriculture-related sources. Seasonal patterns revealed minor denitrification during the wet season. Spatial analysis identified land use, precipitation, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as key factors controlling nitrate variability. Notably, nitrate leaching was strongly driven by precipitation in regions with sparse vegetation cover. These findings demonstrate that, although nitrate transport and transformation in the CLP are governed by its uniquely deep vadose zone and arid hydrogeological conditions, the integrated isotope and spatial framework developed here provides a transferable approach for investigating nitrate dynamics in other vulnerable deep groundwater systems worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"384 ","pages":"127022"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Above and in the underground: Linking microplastic patterns in cave and surface crustaceans along a karst river stretch.","authors":"Anita Jemec Kokalj, Cene Fišer, Christian Laforsch, Martin G J Löder","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although microplastic contamination is intensively studied in aquatic ecosystems, subterranean habitats are rarely considered especially with respect to the exposure of biota. We conducted a pilot sampling campaign to investigate differences in microplastic contamination in surface and cave dwelling organisms from the same functional feeding guild. Samples from a pair of amphipods (surface- Synurella ambulans, cave- Niphargus stygius) and a pair of isopods (surface and cave population Asellus aquaticus) were obtained from the sinking river Pivka in the Slovenian karst region. We used a state-of-the-art analytical pipeline that included plastic-conserving purification, rigorous chemical detection and automated analysis including quality assurance/quality control. Microplastic particles were found in both surface and cave crustaceans. Most of the plastic particles detected were fragments, with a small proportion of fibres and no spheres. The largest proportion of particles found in the organisms fell within the size range of 20-50 μm, followed by the range of 50-100 μm. However, a few fibres were larger (> 500 μm) but were in the size range of food particles previously found in crustaceans. The total number of particles (reaching up to 70 particles/pool of specimens) seem not to be related to the type of habitat where the animals were collected (surface-subterranean), but rather to the taxon and feeding strategy of the animals. These preliminary results on a limited number of samples imply a taxon-specific risk of microplastic ingestion suggesting that different taxa should be monitored to obtain a holistic overview of microplastic contamination of groundwater biota. This short communication emphasizes the need for more extensive sampling campaigns focusing on groundwater biota and covering a larger number of organisms. Future studies should also include monitoring water and sediments to establish a better link between the presence of microplastics in the environment and their accumulation in organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":" ","pages":"126939"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multivariate and predictive modelling of arsenic and cadmium in rice: Influence of origin, grain type, and processing.","authors":"Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Md Imran Ullah Sarkar, Zarah Anderson, Md Tofail Hosain, Abhishek Sharma, Srinivasulu Asadi, Ravi Naidu","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice is a global dietary staple and understanding the accumulation of toxic and essential elements in rice grains is vital for public health, particularly in high-consumption regions. While prior studies have assessed elemental contamination, applying advanced machine learning (ML) to predict and analyze geographic patterns remains limited. This study analyzed arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and six essential elements (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Se, and Mo) in 46 rice samples sold in Sydney, Australia, using ICP-MS. Multivariate statistics and various ML models were used to assess the influences of origin, rice type, and grain type on elemental profiles. As and Cd levels showed limited variation between groups, but notable differences within groups. PCA indicated moderate geographical clustering of As and Cd. Inorganic As predominated, especially in rice from Thailand, India, Pakistan, and others. Brown and purple rice had higher elemental concentrations. This combined profiling and ML approach supports improved food safety surveillance and origin-specific risk mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":" ","pages":"126927"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144783130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of artificial sweeteners as markers of wastewater contamination in Japanese surface waters.","authors":"Shusuke Takemine, Saki Shibamori, Kenshi Sankoda, Takahiro Nishino, Mamoru Motegi, Iori Mishima","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stability and hydrophilicity of artificial sweeteners (ASs) potentially make them ideal markers for evaluating wastewater contamination in surface waters. In this study, a method for simultaneously measuring the concentrations of multiple ASs was developed. The method combined liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and a basic mobile phase to realize the same detection limit for sucralose (SUC) as other ASs. The developed method was applied for measuring AS concentrations in water samples taken from rivers and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influents and effluents in Japan. SUC and acesulfame were detected in almost all river samples (>90 %) as well as in the WWTP effluents and influents. The per capita SUC loadings in the WWTP samples were consistent with the estimated consumption, which implied that consumed SUC was discharged almost unaltered in surface waters. The SUC concentrations in the WWTP effluents and river samples showed a positive correlation with the ratio of the watershed population or the population connected to WWTPs to water flow, which indicated that SUC was applicable as a quantitative marker of wastewater contamination in Japanese surface waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"384 ","pages":"127023"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting spatiotemporal dynamics of Ulva prolifera blooms in the southern yellow sea using an attention-enhanced transformer framework.","authors":"Yehao Wang, Zijian Liu, Yingying Jin, Xiaoliang Wang, Lingyu Xu, Lei Wang, Jie Yu, Wenjuan Dai, Jingxia Gao, Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harmful algal blooms dominated by Ulva prolifera have posed recurring ecological and economic challenges in the southern Yellow Sea. To better understand and predict the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of these blooms, we developed an enhanced Transformer-based deep learning framework, incorporating multi-head self-attention mechanisms. This model dynamically captures spatial dependencies, providing a comprehensive understanding of bloom dynamics. Utilizing twelve key marine environmental factors, we systematically explored all possible feature combinations to determine the optimal predictive subset. Experimental results demonstrated superior predictive performance of the model (MAE: 0.0213, MSE: 0.0016, R²: 0.9923) compared to conventional deep learning models and recent spatiotemporal deep learning models. Training dynamics revealed efficient convergence, especially with comprehensive environmental information. Spatial attention analysis revealed that offshore regions consistently received higher attention, indicating their critical role as informative and generalizable environmental references. Furthermore, exhaustive feature attribution experiments identified an optimal combination of eight environmental factors-including temperature, salinity, current velocity, precipitation, wind direction, dissolved iron, phosphate, and silicate-were found to significantly enhance prediction accuracy. This study highlights the capability of attention-enhanced Transformer models for interpretable and precise ecological forecasting, providing valuable insights for targeted mitigation and management of U. prolifera blooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"384 ","pages":"126999"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inaccurate and misleading terminology may impede the protection of people and wildlife from adverse effects of lead ammunition.","authors":"Vernon G Thomas, Rhys E Green, Deborah J Pain","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inaccurate terminology and misinformation about lead (Pb) ammunition's toxicity may obstruct proposed regulation requiring use of non-lead substitutes. Elemental lead of anthropogenic origin in the environment is often confused with naturally-occurring lead ore compounds in the scientific literature, leading to suggestions that its use cannot be regulated. Inaccurate and misleading statements about the composition of substitutes for lead ammunition and fishing weights can cause public misunderstanding about their use and hinder proposals to end the use of lead-based products. It is necessary to clarify the composition of lead substitutes in nationally/internationally-approved lists of non-toxic products and to make them publicly available. Suitable products already exist but need to be adopted in most countries' legislation, especially if a broad transition to lead substitutes for all hunting ammunition and fishing weights is to be adopted. These concerns apply especially to the European Union, the United Kingdom, and other countries in which much scientific evidence supports the use of non-lead substitutes.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"384 ","pages":"127010"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferroptosis-driven neurobehavioral impairment in zebrafish embryos: Mechanistic links to developmental dibutyl phthalate exposure.","authors":"Tingting Hou, Yuhang Guo, Lu Tao, Xiaoteng Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a ubiquitous chemical contaminant detected in various environmental matrices, poses growing concerns regarding its ecotoxicity and public health risks. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) model was used to investigate the ferroptosis-mediated neurotoxicity elicited by iron dyshomeostasis and lipid peroxidation, upon developmental DBP exposure. DBP-induced ferroptosis compromised zebrafish embryogenesis, leading to reduced tail bent rate and heart rate, as well as elevated mortality and deformity. Larval neurobehavioral deficits, assessed through spontaneous locomotion, light/dark transition, and vibrational startle response assays, manifested as significant hypoactivity in total distance, velocity, maximum acceleration, and cumulative mobility. Importantly, these impairments were notably attenuated by the iron chelator of deferasirox. Metabolomic profiling revealed profound perturbations in the signaling pathway of Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, as indicated by KEGG enrichment analyses. Consistently, neurotransmitter levels (serotonin, dopamine, taurine, acetylcholine) and transcriptional markers related to neurodevelopment were suppressed by DBP, but differentially restored upon co-treatment with deferasirox. These mechanistic findings bridge environmental ecotoxicology with vertebrate developmental risk prediction, underscoring the urgency of developing potential management and intervention strategies to address phthalates exposure during critical developmental windows.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"384 ","pages":"127009"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole and their biodegradation metabolites in carrot.","authors":"Yik Tung Sham, Tsz Wai Ng, Min Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are increasingly contaminating agricultural systems and entering the food web through green irrigation and fertilization practices. The bioaccumulation of such PPCPs, followed by their degradation in edible crops, is an alarming concern as a potential exposure route to humans. This study selected two commonly prescribed medicines, diclofenac (DLF) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), to dissect their fate in carrots. Results from carrot cell culture models illustrated their rapid absorption over a 120-h incubation period. Incubation time and initial exposure levels had significant effects on the dissipation of these parent compounds, along with a notable interaction. Metabolites were believed to be transformed through Phase I and II processes, while the hydroxylated and oxidized derivatives were the most abundant products in carrot cells for DLF and SMX, respectively. Whole-plant models further revealed the behavior of the parent compound therein, where DLF and SMX tended to accumulate in the root tissues of carrots rather than leaves, accompanied by limited translocation. Comparable patterns were also observed for their metabolites, with relatively high proportions in roots, attributed to the accumulation and the differences in metabolic activity between the roots and leaves. The consumption of these DLF or SMX-contaminated carrots, together with their metabolites present in the edible part, could pose significant risks to human health, causing concern for adults and toddlers. These findings provided valuable insights for future studies on the bioaccumulation and biodegradation of DLF and SMX in edible crops and the associated health implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":" ","pages":"126917"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and degradation of bisphenols in honey using matrix-induced dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: Insights into the release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate microplastics","authors":"Ji Yang, Yuchang He, Chunping Du, Yuqing Zuo, Lingfei Xie, Ping Yan, Rui Dong, Xijuan Tu, Wenbin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127271","url":null,"abstract":"The protection of the pollinator honeybee is of significant importance to the maintenance of the ecosystem. In recent years, the contamination of bisphenols (BPs) and microplastics (MPs) has prompted global concern. Nevertheless, the degradation of BPs in honey and the release of BPs from MPs in honey remain unknown. Herein, a novel matrix-induced dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MI-DLLME) method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detection was developed for quantifying BPA and BPB in honey. This approach leverages endogenous honey matrix constituents to facilitate microextraction, offering a robust and efficient analytical strategy. The method was rigorously validated and applied in a survey of 67 honey samples, revealing that only BPA was detectable, with raw apiary honey exhibiting significantly lower contamination levels and detection frequency than commercial honey. Furthermore, the degradation kinetics of BPA and BPB were investigated in four botanical honey types, showing slow degradation rates (0.00344–0.00647 day^-1) and half-lives ranging from 107 to 201 days. Additionally, the gradual release of BPA from polycarbonate (PC) MPs was observed in honey, with higher water content accelerating the release rate. These findings underscore the need for continued monitoring of BP contamination in honeybee products to safeguard both pollinator health and human consumers.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-site vs. supersite aerosol source apportionment in a lignite basin area","authors":"Radim Seibert, Petra Pokorná, Petr Vodička, Vladimíra Volná, Radek Lhotka, Naděžda Zíková, Jakub Ondráček, Laurence C. Windell, Jaroslav Schwarz, Vladimír Ždímal","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127226","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt;Section snippets&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Measurement sites&lt;/h2&gt;The research area was the northwest part of the Czech Republic. The North Bohemian lignite basin is part of the so-called ‘Black Triangle’, located at the tri-border of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Germany. The exploitation of coal and its use for industrial heat and power generation, as well as household heating, has led to worsened air quality here, especially in terms of concentrations of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (Hůnová, 2020).Four monitoring sites (&lt;/section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Results and discussion&lt;/h2&gt;The annual average PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations ranged from 17.9 to 24.2 μg·m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; at the basin sites and were 10.5 μg·m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; at the mountainous Rudolice site (Table 2). In contrast to the initial expectation, the highest seasonal average concentrations were not observed in winter, when emissions from residential heating play an important role in air quality. The reason was the long-lasting deteriorated dispersion conditions in spring and autumn described in detail in the Text S3. The significant impact of&lt;/section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h2&gt;Annual offline data from four stations and semi-annual time series of combined online and offline data yielded similar findings. Utilizing sites in areas with differing meteorological conditions allowed for a more detailed distinction between locally, regionally, and long-range transported particles, including secondary aerosols.Both approaches consistently identified surface coal mining emissions as the dominant contributor to PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; mass in the Most Basin area, making them the main priority for&lt;/section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;h2&gt;CRediT authorship contribution statement&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Petra Pokorná;:&lt;/strong&gt; Writing – review &amp; editing, Supervision, Methodology, Investigation, Conceptualization. &lt;strong&gt;Vladimíra Volná;:&lt;/strong&gt; Writing – review &amp; editing, Supervision, Formal analysis. &lt;strong&gt;Petr Vodička:&lt;/strong&gt; Writing – review &amp; editing, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. &lt;strong&gt;Naděžda Zíková;:&lt;/strong&gt; Writing – review &amp; editing, Investigation, Data curation. &lt;strong&gt;Radek Lhotka:&lt;/strong&gt; Writing – review &amp; editing, Methodology, Data curation. &lt;strong&gt;Laurence C. Windell:&lt;/strong&gt; Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. &lt;strong&gt;Jakub&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Uncited reference&lt;/h2&gt;Lim et al., 2012; Via et al., 2023; Wikipedia, 2025.&lt;/section&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;section&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Data availability&lt;/h2&gt;The input concentrations and associated uncertainties used in the PMF model for supersite and multi-site source apportionment are available in a public repository at &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15705625&lt;/span&gt;&lt;svg aria-label=\"Opens in new window\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"20\" viewbox=\"0 0 8 8\"&gt;&lt;path d=\"M1.12949 2.1072V1H7V6.85795","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}