Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research最新文献

{"title":"Regulatory Evolution of δ-MnO2 Active Sites Enhances Ozone Decomposition","authors":"Zhongyu Wang,Ting Li,Yuyan He,Junpeng Zhang,Minghao Shi,Mingjia Zhang,Liang Jiao,Shule Zhang,Qin Zhong","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c04256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c04256","url":null,"abstract":"Ozone (O3) pollution arising from rapid urbanization poses a significant threat to both the air quality and human health. Manganese dioxide, a widely studied material, typically exhibits limited performance due to the occupation of oxygen vacancy (Vo) sites by water and reaction intermediates. In this work, we tailored the surface coordination environment via heat treatment, yielding a series of catalysts with varying numbers of hydroxyl groups and Vo sites. Characterization results revealed that surface hydroxyl groups not only serve as supplementary reactive sites but also modulate the electronic properties of Vo sites, thereby effectively lowering the desorption energy of the intermediate species. Notably, superior catalytic activity was achieved even at a relatively low density of Vo sites. In situ DRIFTs were employed to systematically monitor the reaction intermediates and track the reaction evolution. Complementary DFT calculations further elucidated the accompanying changes in the electronic structure and reaction pathways. This work deepens the mechanistic understanding of catalytic O3 decomposition, offers valuable guidance for rational structural design, and facilitates its practical applications.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Microscopic Mechanisms to Process Intensification: Regulation Strategy and Multiscale Investigation of Ionic Liquid Extractive Distillation for Benzene/Methanol Separation","authors":"Biao Liu,Qiang Wang,Haoyang Lin,Liangliang Peng,Dingkai Hu,Miaofeng Zhang,Fangying Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03992","url":null,"abstract":"Benzene (BEN) and methanol (MeOH) form an azeotrope that severely hinders efficient separation in coal chemical production. This study investigates the separation performance of three ionic liquids (ILs), [C2C1im][Gly], [C2C1im][DEP], and [C4C1im][DBP], for the BEN-MeOH azeotropic system through thermodynamic characterization and molecular simulation, and further optimizes the process based on the selected IL. Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) experiments demonstrate that all three ILs eliminate the azeotrope, with selectivity ranking as [C2C1im][Gly] > [C2C1im][DEP] > [C4C1im][DBP]. However, the first two ILs exhibit poor miscibility with BEN and are prone to liquid–liquid phase separation, whereas [C4C1im][DBP] balances selectivity and complete miscibility, making it the optimal homogeneous entrainer. Molecular simulations reveal that hydrogen bonding between the anions and MeOH is the core mechanism for azeotrope breaking. Based on [C4C1im][DBP], four extractive distillation processes (EDPs), namely, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) EDP, IL EDP, IL(85%) EDP, and heat pump-assisted IL (HP-IL) EDP, were further evaluated. The IL EDP exhibits better economic and environmental performance than the conventional DMSO EDP. Although MeOH dilution reduces the viscosity of the IL entrainer, it increases energy consumption and pollutant emissions. Compared with the IL EDP, the HP-IL EDP reduces total annual cost by 13.70%, energy consumption by 27.45%, and gas emissions by 27.00%. This work provides a reliable route for the green and efficient separation of azeotropic mixtures.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effect of Catalyst Structure on Recycling Efficiency and Mechanical Properties of Imine-Based Epoxy Vitrimer","authors":"Chumeng Luo,Xingyu Liu,Kaiqing Li,Yi Wang,Jun Lin,Shaojian He","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c04683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c04683","url":null,"abstract":"Epoxy (EP) vitrimers with dynamic imine bonds have attracted great attention because of their catalyst-free nature and diverse dynamic reactions. However, developing catalysts that promote stress relaxation to improve self-healing or recycling properties of vitrimers is still of great significance to practical value. In this work, a hardener (AP) containing imine bonds was synthesized and then used to prepare an EP vitrimer (EPV-AP) with promising mechanical properties. By incorporating five similar types of catalysts into the EPV-AP cross-linking network, we found that 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMP30) and N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (BMDA) could effectively promote the exchange rearrangement of the imine metathesis. We propose a mechanistic hypothesis to explain the promoting effect of these two catalysts on the imine bond exchange. These imine metathesis catalysts are expected to be applicable to other imine bond-based EP vitrimers for higher recyclability or milder recycling environments.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CALF-20-Based Porous Liquids for Enhanced SO2 Capture","authors":"Yong Pan,SuWen Hu,Yong Zhou,WanYan Chen,QiaoQiao Tang,LiWei Cheng,GuangJin Chen","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03079","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, efforts are being made to develop desulfurization technologies featuring high desulfurization efficiency, renewable desulfurizers, and low corrosivity. In this study, a comparative study was conducted of SO2 capture by ten kinds of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based porous liquids. Calgary framework-20 (CALF-20)/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (NHD) with pore width of 5.2 Å × 5.7 Å are found to be optimal for SO2 capture, exhibiting an a(b)dsorption capacity of 0.12 mol/L under 0.1 bar. The selectivity of SO2/N2 and SO2/CO2 achieves 562 and 51, respectively, and the uptake enthalpy for SO2 is only 30.44 kJ·mol–1. Furthermore, after multiple breakthrough experiments, the uptake still remained unchanged. Meanwhile, process simulations were conducted; when SO2 mol % (≥99.95%) is in the product gas, the capture work is only 0.946 GJ/t SO2. Additionally, the saturated CALF-20-based porous liquids exhibited low corrosivity to carbon steels even after being immersed for 60 days; this anticorrosive absorbent reveals the potential for industrial SO2 capture.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DES-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles Modulate the Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Balance of PACMO-b-PNIPAM in Aqueous Media","authors":"Sanjay Mor,Kavya Bhakuni,Rashmi Prabha,Deepak Chahar,Yan-Ling Yang,Pannuru Venkatesu","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c04638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c04638","url":null,"abstract":"A promising approach for developing smart hybrid materials with customizable structures and properties involves deciphering the molecular level interplay between their components. The present study aims to explore the interactions between poly(N-acryloylmorpholine)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PACMO-b-PNIPAM) block copolymer (BCP) and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified with deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The modification of MNPs was carried out using three different DESs─monocholinium citrate-ethylene glycol ([Chn][Cit]-[EG]), dicholinium citrate-ethylene glycol ([Chn]2[Cit]-[EG]), and tricholinium citrate-ethylene glycol ([Chn]3[Cit]-[EG]), referred to as DES-1, DES-2, and DES-3, respectively. To carry out the molecular level investigation, different biophysical techniques such as UV–visible, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed. The presence of DES-modified MNPs enhances the interaction between the BCP and the surrounding medium. Thermal fluorescence analysis reveals a slight enhancement in the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the BCP. The DES-modified MNPs increased the LCST of the BCP by 1.99 °C, 1.64 °C, and 2.15 °C for DES-1, DES-2, and DES-3 modified MNPs, respectively, for 0.1 mg/mL of nanoparticles. This indicates a trend toward the stabilization of the expanded conformation of BCP in the presence of MNPs. Size measurements designate an increase in the hydrodynamic size (dH) of the BCP in MNPs and DES-modified MNPs in a concentration-dependent manner, while TEM images confirm the formation of polymer-NP assemblies with different aggregation characteristics depending on the DES coating. Overall, the modification of MNP with DES substantially reworks their interaction with BCP. This study provides a valuable tactic for fine-tuning the conformation, stability, and thermoresponsive properties of the polymers in aqueous media.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"414 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism-Guided Graph Learning for Dynamic Disruption Propagation and Recovery Prediction in Process-Industry Supply Chains","authors":"Jinlin Ye,Zirui Shi,Kai Li,Shuohan Wang,Shouhang Yuan,Ziyang Zhang,Jingde Li,Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03208","url":null,"abstract":"Disruptions in process-industry supply chains can propagate beyond directly affected firms through material shortages, demand feedback, inventory adjustment, and heterogeneous recovery, leading to delayed and spatially distributed production losses. However, existing approaches remain limited for dynamic cascade prediction because mechanistic simulators incur substantial computational cost under repeated scenario evaluation, whereas graph-based learning methods largely emphasize static network structure or generic propagation patterns and insufficiently represent the direction-specific supply–demand interactions and disruption–recovery dynamics that govern cascade evolution. To address these limitations in a process-industry setting, a simulator-generated Henriet-style chemical supply chain cascade data set is constructed to represent the dynamic evolution of firm-level production feasibility under directed material dependencies, input-share constraints, demand rationing, inventory adjustment, and recovery dynamics. An Inoue-domain simulator-generated benchmark based on National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) firms is further constructed to examine the same prediction framework under a larger enterprise network and different cascade-propagation mechanisms. A mechanism-guided cascade supply network, termed MeCaSNet, is proposed to encode Day-0 shock states, propagate bidirectional supply–demand effects over directed supply relations, and reconstruct firm-level normalized production-ratio trajectories using a structured three-component trajectory decoder fused with recurrent rollout and direct key-date readout branches. Across ten repeated event splits on the Henriet chemical benchmark, MeCaSNet achieves MAEpk,csc = 0.0454 ± 0.0021, Rpk,csc2=0.9247±0.0080 ⁠, and Rkf,csc2=0.7551±0.0185 ⁠. On the NEEQ benchmark, the corresponding results are 0.0741 ± 0.0015, 0.8244 ± 0.0062, and 0.6001 ± 0.0025 after domain-specific training. Representative trajectory, cascade-footprint and repair analyses show that the model can capture damage onset, peak formation, recovery trends, spatially affected regions, and repair-priority patterns under different shock modes and severity levels. Across the two simulator-based evaluation domains, these results suggest that mechanism-guided graph learning can serve as a predictive surrogate for process-industry disruption assessment and support fixed-budget repair-set screening with mechanistic-simulator verification.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Plant Monitoring Model Transfer for Fed-Batch mAb Production under Limited Target Data","authors":"Sagnik Guhathakurta,Prashant Mhaskar,Connor Gallagher,Kathy Cattell","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c02825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c02825","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing reliable multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) after transfer of a biopharmaceutical process is difficult when only a few normal target-site batches and no labeled faulty batches are available. This work contributes to addressing two key challenges in biopharmaceutical manufacturing: (i) developing a reduced first-principles simulator for two industrial 2000 L fed-batch monoclonal-antibody processes and (ii) transferring MSPM models between source and target plants that, while similar in scale, differ in operating conditions, batch recipes, configurations, and sensor systems. The simulator couples cell-population kinetics, reaction-informed effective metabolite rates, gas–liquid mass transfer, acid–base chemistry, prescribed feed events, and pH and dissolved-oxygen control. Its effective coefficients were calibrated against industrial trajectories and frozen before held-out, batch-conditioned validation; it is used as a fit-for-purpose engineering scenario generator rather than as a uniquely identified mechanistic digital twin. We next develop recursive principal component analysis (RPCA) transfer variants for the few-target-batch setting and evaluate four strategies as completed target batches become available. Site-wise target scaling can amplify near-zero cross-batch variance in plateau- and control-dominated regions, whereas source-anchored variance shrinkage stabilizes this failure mode. Because the trajectories are nonstationary, autocorrelated, and non-Gaussian, we replace global, time-invariant parametric F and χ2 limits with empirical, within-batch-time-resolved Hotelling’s T2 and squared prediction error (SPE) limits. Process monitoring approaches are compared using measured normal histories and a common set of simulated normal and engineering-defined fault cases; paired evaluations show that source-anchored shrinkage and pooled scaling provide the leading scarce-target-data trade-off, chiefly through improved false-alarm control while preserving fault sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chain-Length-Dependent Amine Regulation of CuOx Interfaces for Electrochemical CO2-to-C2 Conversion","authors":"Jinlong Wu,Yating Yuan,Xueru Zhao,Jiaxin Bai,Shuting Xi,Feng Li,Jing Li","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c02752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c02752","url":null,"abstract":"The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to multicarbon products using copper-based catalysts is severely hindered by the over-reduction of Cu+ species, which critically degrades C2 selectivity. Herein, we report a series of chain-length-varied amine-modified CuOx catalysts using ethylamine (EA), ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as molecular modifiers. A distinct nonmonotonic chain-length-dependent regulation effect is revealed: shorter amines provide insufficient interfacial regulation, whereas excessively long amines lead to overly strong surface confinement and reduced catalytic accessibility. DETA, with an intermediate molecular length and nitrogen-donor density, uniquely achieves the optimal balance among Cu+/Cu0 interfacial stabilization, interfacial-water regulation, and active-site accessibility. As a result, DETA-CuOx delivers exceptional performance in an alkaline flow cell, achieving a C2 Faradaic efficiency of 63.5% at −0.8 V vs RHE with a partial current density of −126 mA cm–2 and stable operation over 65 h. Beyond simply stabilizing the Cu+/Cu0 interface, we reveal that the amine modifiers critically regulate the hydrogen-bonding network of interfacial water, thereby tuning local proton availability. Short-chain amines (EA, EDA) insufficiently disrupt hydrogen bonding, leading to excessive protons that favor H2 evolution. In contrast, long-chain amines (TETA, TEPA) may impose excessive interfacial confinement, affecting active-site accessibility, interfacial proton transfer, and intermediate transport, thereby limiting C2 formation. DETA achieves an optimal balance, sustaining moderate proton availability to preserve *CO coverage and promote *OCCOH intermediate formation. These results identify optimal intermediate-chain amine regulation rather than a simple chain-length enhancement, establishing molecular-chain engineering of the CuOx interface as an effective strategy for selective CO2 reduction to C2 products (CO2-to-C2) conversion.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperbranched Fluorescent Polymers for the Detection of 4-Nitrophenol and Their Antibacterial Performance","authors":"Fan Fan,Xinjian Cheng,Bo Zhao,Junyu Chen,Yuefei Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03967","url":null,"abstract":"p-Nitrophenol (4-NP), a typical nitroaromatic pollutant, is of great importance for rapid and selective detection. In this study, hyperbranched polymer probes (FL-HBP-1, FL-HBP-2, and FL-HBP-3) with 4-NP recognition, adsorption, and antibacterial abilities were prepared via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Initially, a RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA-NO2) containing nitro groups and carbon–carbon double (C═C) bonds was synthesized using N-methyl-4-nitrobenzenamine and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride as starting materials. Subsequently, the nitro group was reduced to an amino group. Meanwhile, a fluorescent unit (NN) containing a naphthalimide fluorescent group and a polymerizable double bond (C═C) was introduced into the polymerization system. Through RAFT polymerization, a hyperbranched fluorescent polymer (FL-HBP-1) with fluorescence response capability was successfully obtained. On this basis, functional monomers bearing quaternary ammonium groups, namely diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and allyltrimethylammonium chloride (ATMAC), were further introduced to synthesize FL-HBP-2 and FL-HBP-3 with antibacterial performance. All three polymers exhibited narrow polydispersity indices (PDI) of 1.056, 1.061, and 1.155, respectively. FL-HBP-1, FL-HBP-2, and FL-HBP-3 exhibited selective 4-NP recognition with low detection limits of 6.72 nM, 2.52 nM, and 4.03 nM, respectively. Moreover, the polymers demonstrated 4-NP adsorption capability with a removal efficiency of 44.7%. Furthermore, the introduction of quaternary ammonium monomers endowed FL-HBP-2 and FL-HBP-3 with strong antibacterial activity. These multifunctional polymers show great potential for pollutant treatment and microbial inhibition.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic Behavior of a Gas–Liquid–Solid Microfluidized Bed with a Fractal Tree Structure","authors":"Dewen Jin,Yongli Ma,Mingyan Liu","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03989","url":null,"abstract":"A fractal tree-structured gas–liquid–solid microfluidized bed was developed to overcome the limited throughput of single-tube microfluidized beds and the hydrodynamic changes caused by direct scale-up. The minimum liquid fluidization velocity, cross-level particle migration, and bubble dynamics at different hierarchical levels were systematically investigated. The results show that the minimum liquid fluidization velocity can be identified by combining the empty-bed-corrected pressure drop-liquid velocity curve with the Hurst exponent. With gas introduction, both the minimum liquid fluidization velocity and the critical liquid velocity for particle migration decrease as the superficial gas velocity increases. The mean bubble diameter decreases with increasing liquid velocity but increases with increasing gas velocity and particle diameter. These results indicate that the fractal tree structure provides a potential pathway for hierarchical scale-up of gas–liquid–solid microfluidized beds.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149210886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}