{"title":"Passive Single-Chamber Micromixer with High Throughput and Low-Pressure Drop","authors":"Hewen Shang, Cong Xu","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00965","url":null,"abstract":"Passive micromixers play a vital role in microfluidic chemical engineering; however, enhancing their throughput while maintaining low energy consumption, specifically low-pressure drop, remains a significant challenge due to the constraints imposed by their narrow microchannels. In this study, a passive single-chamber micromixer (SCM) was designed to achieve high throughput and efficient mixing at low-pressure drop. The novel micromixer has a simple and streamlined mixing chamber, in which a strong oscillating flow is generated based on the Coanda effect. Consequently, intensive chaotic convection is induced to achieve efficient mixing at low-pressure drop. A mixing effectiveness index (MEI), including the mixing index, global energy dissipation rate, residence time, and fluid properties, was proposed to assess the comprehensive performance of the proposed micromixer and others. The flow patterns, mixing performance, and pressure drop of the SCM were investigated using CFD simulations and dye tracer experiments. The results show that the SCM generates a periodic oscillation at a high throughput of 7.2∼21.6 mL/min (<i>Re</i> = 100∼600), achieving the maximum mixing index of 0.81 and a reduction of 5–9% in the pressure drop. The MEI of the SCM is significantly higher than that of existing passive chaotic convection micromixers. The SCM provides a way to significantly increase throughput at low-pressure drop and can advance the application of passive micromixers in large-scale production.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of Gel on the Payne Effect and Mullins Effect of Butadiene Rubber","authors":"Xuanyu Shi, Yaping Qu, Yutao Di, Qi Zhou, Wei Li","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01101","url":null,"abstract":"Gel is an unavoidable byproduct of butadiene rubber (BR) polymerization that significantly impacts the Payne and Mullins effect. Unfortunately, the impact mechanism remains unclear. Herein, the compounds of BR and gel (BR/gel) with varying cross-linking densities (<i>v</i><sub>c</sub>) are prepared and their rheological and mechanical properties are investigated. In low-cross-linking systems (systems’ <i>v</i><sub>c</sub> < gel’s <i>v</i><sub>c</sub>), gel amplifies the Payne effect by restricting chain mobility and intensifying dissipation. In high-cross-linking systems (systems’ <i>v</i><sub>c</sub> > gel’s <i>v</i><sub>c</sub>), gel creates defects and weakens the Payne effect. During cyclic tensile deformation, the gel exhibits increased recovery hysteresis and accumulated softening energy losses, suggesting elevated dissipation due to chain friction and defects, thereby amplifying the Mullins effect. This investigation provides insights on the Payne effect and Mullins effect for BR/gel with increasing <i>v</i><sub>c</sub>.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Wang, Yi Zuo, Gudan Li, Jiajun Cai, Zhenghao Jia, Hong Yang, Xinwen Guo
{"title":"Regulating the Morphology and Catalytic Performance of Titanium Silicalite-2 Zeolite","authors":"Xin Wang, Yi Zuo, Gudan Li, Jiajun Cai, Zhenghao Jia, Hong Yang, Xinwen Guo","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01423","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology of zeolites plays a crucial role in determining their catalytic performance by influencing the effective access to active sites of the zeolites. In this study, the morphology of a titanium silicalite-2 (TS-2) zeolite (molar Si/Ti = 40) is regulated by adding ammonium carbonate into the synthesis system. This effectively alters the morphology of TS-2 particles, from the large 5–10 μm spherical aggregates made of self-assembled small crystals of ∼300 nm to monodispersed grain-shaped submicron-sized particles or monodispersed thin ribbon crystals of ∼25 nm thickness along the crystallographic <i>b</i>-axis. Concurrently, the content of octahedrally coordinated Ti increases in TS-2 samples synthesized in the presence of ammonium carbonate. When tested as catalysts in phenol hydroxylation, it reveals that this transformation from large spherical aggregates to grain-like smaller particles and then to thin ribbon crystals leads to a significant increase in the catechol selectivity and a small but steady increase in phenol conversion. The noticeable increase in catechol selectivity highlights the important effect of particle morphology on the effectiveness of TS-2 zeolites.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixed-Matrix Membranes Embedded with Ultramicroporous Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets for Enhanced Propylene/Propane Separation","authors":"Rimin You, Xiaobing Wang, Xiaofei Lu, Xian Suo, Liyuan Chen, Lifeng Yang, Huabin Xing, Xili Cui","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00833","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) show great promise for C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> separation by combining polymers and inorganic fillers, but issues such as filler agglomeration and poor compatibility reduce performance. Herein, high-performing CPL-type MOFs/6FDA-DAM MMMs were developed with uniformly dispersed ZU-901 nanosheets achieved through solvent optimization and filler morphology control. At 20 wt % ZU-901 loading, the selectivity reached 49.7 (309% improvement) with a C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> permeability of 84.5 Barrer, exceeding the 2020 upper bound and outperforming most MOF-based MMMs. In contrast, MMMs with CPL-1 and CPL-1-NH<sub>2</sub> showed lower selectivity due to larger pores and poor interfacial compatibility. This study offers valuable insights into achieving highly selective C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>/C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> separation by precisely regulating the filler dispersion and interfacial compatibility.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lirui Lu, Shilong Su, Feifei Long, Lizhuang Zhong, Ming Liu, Jing Hu
{"title":"Enhanced Multifunctionality of Cellulose Paper via Conjugating with Photocontrollable Profragrances","authors":"Lirui Lu, Shilong Su, Feifei Long, Lizhuang Zhong, Ming Liu, Jing Hu","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00635","url":null,"abstract":"Multifunctional paper-based materials have garnered considerable attention due to their biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, recyclability, and flexibility. However, they often face intrinsic wettability, microbial growth, and thermal instability. Herein, we developed an innovative multifunctional cellulose paper by covalently conjugating with coumarin-based photocontrollable profragrances. The synthesized profragrances exhibited enhanced thermal stability, precise photocontrol, and sustainable release properties. Subsequently, the cellulose paper achieved significantly ultrahigh conjugation than those observed with physical modification of fragrances or profragrances, ensuring robust adhesion and preventing wash-out. Additionally, the incorporation of hydrophobic profragrances enhanced the hydrophobicity of the multifunctional paper, yielding a water contact angle exceeding 95°. The chemical modification remarkably improved thermal stability compared to the physical modification. Ultimately, the novel cellulose paper exhibited photocontrollable pleasant aroma and demonstrated high antibacterial activity, which significantly enhanced bioactive availability during use and stability during storage, suggesting its great potential for food packaging, air clearing, mold prevention, and anticounterfeiting.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zuofeng Yin, Yun Li, Hongfei Guo, Xiuwu Liu, Jilin Cao
{"title":"Research on the K2SO4 Synthesis Process Based on the Nonequilibrium-Phase Diagram of the Na+, K+//Cl–, SO42––H2O System","authors":"Zuofeng Yin, Yun Li, Hongfei Guo, Xiuwu Liu, Jilin Cao","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00555","url":null,"abstract":"To optimize the production process of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, this study employs the equilibrium cosaturated solution boiling evaporation crystallization method to determine the nonequilibrium-phase diagram of the Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>//Cl<sup>–</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>–H<sub>2</sub>O quaternary system under boiling evaporation conditions. Based on the nonequilibrium-phase diagram and the 25 °C equilibrium-phase diagram of the Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>//Cl<sup>–</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>–H<sub>2</sub>O system, the traditional two-step method for preparing and separating K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> via the double decomposition reaction of KCl and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is optimized. Process calculations and experimental validations are conducted to evaluate the improvements. In addition to reducing the circulation volume of the mother liquor and the evaporation water volume, thereby lowering energy consumption, the optimized production process also achieved a 26.85% increase in the single-pass yield of the byproduct NaCl.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Felipe G. Camacho, Paulo Affonso Latoh de Souza, Nader Mahinpey
{"title":"Techno-Economic Assessment of Three Different Cases for Hydrogen Production Using Carburization Looping Reforming","authors":"Felipe G. Camacho, Paulo Affonso Latoh de Souza, Nader Mahinpey","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00019","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the economic viability of carburization reactions as a novel approach for chemical looping reforming using transition metal oxides, particularly tungsten, to produce hydrogen from natural gas. Three process routes are assessed based on capital investment, operating costs, and hydrogen production expenses, supported by sensitivity analysis. The first route (CS) uses air as the combustion agent; the second (ASU-CS) employs air separation units to provide high-purity oxygen; and the third (CS-CCU) adds a carbon capture unit to the CS system. Among them, ASU-CS proves to be the most cost-effective, reducing hydrogen production costs by an average of 48.53% compared to the other routes. When benchmarked against Steam Methane Reforming with 85% carbon capture, the ASU-CS pathway shows a 49.30% cost reduction, particularly when carbon costs are excluded. These findings highlight the economic potential of integrating carburization reactions into reforming processes to advance more sustainable hydrogen production technologies.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impacts of Heat Treatment and Long-Term Storage on Methylaluminoxane Composition, Catalytic Activity, and Polyethylene Properties","authors":"Zhongyao Zhang, Hengyu Zhong, Yanjiao Xu, Mengbo Zhang, Haomiao Zhang, Jingdai Wang, Yongrong Yang","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01770","url":null,"abstract":"Methylaluminoxane (MAO) is a critical activator in olefin polymerization, but it exhibits limited stability under high temperatures or prolonged storage. In industrial processes, MAO is typically concentrated by heating in toluene under vacuum and stored for months before use, however, the effects of these processes on its stability are poorly understood. We investigate the stability of freshly prepared MAO subjected to heat treatment and long-term storage, focusing on changes in aluminum content, methyl-to-aluminum ratio, polymerization activity, and properties of the resulting polymer. Our results demonstrate that higher temperatures, extended treatment or storage times, and increased initial MAO mass fractions contribute to gel formation within MAO solutions, declining cocatalytic activity. Using heat-treated-MAO/Cp<sub>2</sub>ZrCl<sub>2</sub> for ethylene polymerization results in PE with reduced molecular weight compared to fresh MAO, while the effect on dispersity (D̵) is complex, exhibiting both increases and decreases in different cases. The aging of MAO leads to the formation of insoluble, high-molecular-weight gels. Analysis of the gel phase reveals an elevated Me/Al ratio, indicating selective partitioning of MAO species during gelation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that these gels consist of coalesced, interconnected clusters with a porous, amorphous morphology composed of nanoscale primary particles. Such morphological evolution correlates with the observed decline in polymerization activity. Our findings offer insights for optimizing MAO concentration processes and storage conditions to preserve its performance in industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-93 and Its Derivatives: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications","authors":"Yu Liang, Haiqi Zhang, Linmei Li, Baiming Liang, Wenli Xu, Yu Wang, Hongxia Xi, Chongxiong Duan","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00549","url":null,"abstract":"Zeolitic imidazolate framework-93 (ZIF-93) has attracted significant attention owing to its ultrahigh specific surface area, permanent porosity, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. The existence of functional groups (−CH<sub>3</sub> and −CHO) in the organic ligand contributes to its exceptional performance in various fields such as adsorption, separation, nanofiltration, and sensing. In this perspective, the synthesis and structural characterization of ZIF-93 and its derivatives are summarized, with particular attention given to well-known examples. Furthermore, recent advances in the applications of ZIF-93 and its derivatives in adsorption, separation, and sensing have been elaborately discussed. Finally, the challenges hindering the industrial application of ZIF-93 are addressed, and the potential future prospects are outlined.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hydrogenation of Nitrophenol via Nickel-Based Catalytic Membranes with Engineered Surface Affinity","authors":"Yiqun Liu, Zhengyan Qu, Jiuxuan Zhang, Hong Jiang, Zhenchen Tang, Weihong Xing, Rizhi Chen","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01244","url":null,"abstract":"Selective hydrogenation of nitro groups to amino groups is a crucial reaction in industries, with the hydrogenation of <i>p</i>-nitrophenol (PNP) to <i>p</i>-aminophenol (PAP) being a key step in the production of fine chemicals and environmental pollution mitigation. Conventional catalysts often suffer from nanoparticle agglomeration and poor separation, limiting their efficiency. Here, we developed Ni-based catalytic membranes derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with –NH<sub>2</sub> groups to enhance catalytic performance and stability. The Ni/CMs were prepared by growing Ni-based precursors in situ on ceramic membranes (CMs) via hydrothermal synthesis and pyrolysis. Among three different Ni/CMs, Ni/CM-ABDC, using 2-aminobenzene dicarboxylic acid (ABDC) as the ligand, exhibited the highest catalytic activity, achieving the PNP reduction rate of 14.3 h<sup>–1</sup> and its complete conversion in 90 min and maintaining high stability over five reaction cycles. This was due to the uniform dispersion of Ni nanoparticles (Ni NPs), the mesoporous N-doped carbon matrix, and the highest Ni<sup>0</sup>/Ni<sup>2+</sup> ratio. In contrast, Ni/CM-Urea and Ni/CM-BDC showed inferior performance. Mechanistic studies revealed that the N-doped carbon matrix enhanced selective adsorption of PNP and desorption of PAP, promoting the hydrogenation process. This work demonstrates the potential of MOF-derived Ni/CMs for efficient hydrogenation of nitro-groups.","PeriodicalId":39,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}