Environmental Science: Nano最新文献

{"title":"Montmorillonite loaded with nano calcium peroxide as an effective material to mitigate methane emission in shallow lakes","authors":"Shiming Fan, Tong Li, Xuexin Han, Yu Gu, Biao Li, Qinglong L. Wu","doi":"10.1039/d5en00221d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00221d","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow lakes are significant contributors to methane (CH<small>₄</small>) emissions, which is a greenhouse gas that intensifies with eutrophication. Currently, geoengineering materials in lake ecosystems are mainly used for eutrophication control and pollutant removal, with limited focus on reducing CH<small>₄</small> emissions. Here, a composite material, montmorillonite (MMT) loaded with nano calcium peroxide (nanoCaO<small>₂</small>@MMT), was developed to study its effect on mitigating CH<small>₄</small> emissions and nutrient loading and to explore the potential mechanisms through a mesocosm incubation experiment. Results showed that nanoCaO<small>₂</small>@MMT reduced CH<small>₄</small> concentration in the surface sediment by up to 69.4% and decreased total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the water column by up to 80.3% and 68.6%, respectively. The CH<small>₄</small> production potential (MPP) was reduced significantly while the CH<small>₄</small> oxidation potential remained stable with the addition of nanoCaO<small>₂</small>@MMT. High-throughput sequencing revealed substantial shifts in the prokaryotic microbial community following the addition of nanoCaO<small>₂</small>@MMT, while methanogenic and methanotrophic communities remained largely stable. This study verified that nanoCaO<small>₂</small>@MMT effectively mitigates both CH<small>₄</small> emissions and nutrient loading, highlighting its potential for future applications as a multi-objective synergistic geoengineering material in shallow lake restoration.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver nanoparticles mitigated cadmium toxicity in tobacco by modulating biochemical, cellular and genetic responses","authors":"Shaista Jabeen, Ahmed Mukhtar, Saddam Hussain, Sadam Hussain, Maqsood Ul Hussan, Munib Ahmad, Mushtaq Ahmad, Lixin Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d5en00220f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00220f","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil poses hazardous impact on tobacco growth. The present study investigated the role of soil applied silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) to reduce Cd stress in tobacco by exploring morphological traits, photosynthetic efficiency, ROS (H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>, O<small>₂</small><small>^·−</small>) level, antioxidants as defense markers, cell death/viability, cellular and subcellular structural changes, and real-time qRT-PCR based gene expression analysis. The treatments comprised of a control (CK), 20 mg kg<small>^-1</small> cadmium stress (Cd), 50 µM amino silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) suspension, and combined cadmium and silver nanoparticles application (Cd + Ag-NPs). Results indicated that tobacco leaves recorded the maximum Cd content (144.53 µg g<small>^-1</small>), followed by stem (70.96 µg g<small>^-1</small>) and then root (50.15 µg g<small>^-1</small>). The SEM and TEM analyses indicated Cd-induced stomatal injury and massive damage at subcellular level. Confocal microscopic visualization clarified the ROS accumulation and cell death by Cd-mediated redox imbalance. However, application of Ag-NPs effectively reduced Cd bioaccumulation (BCF) and root-to-shoot Cd translocation (TF) rate. Moreover, the Ag-NPs application (Cd + Ag-NPs) mitigated Cd-induced oxidative damage by improving the activities/levels of antioxidants such as APX, AsA, and SOD by 248.45%, 132.67% and 29.43%, respectively, compared with Cd only. The Ag-NPs also upregulated the expression of genes related to growth, chlorophyll, carotenoid biosynthesis, and antioxidative defense. Therefore, Ag-NPs can be employed as a sustainable approach to reduce environmental toxic impact of Cd and also to ensure food safety.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"240 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of the effects of polystyrene and polycaprolactone nanoplastics on macrophages.","authors":"Veronique Collin-Faure, Maeva Boulée, Helene Diemer, Daphna Fenel, Christine Moriscot, Sarah Cianferani, Elisabeth Darrouzet, Marie Carrière, Thierry Rabilloud","doi":"10.1039/d5en00074b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00074b","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics are persistent in the environment, which suggests that they may induce adverse effects due to their progressive accumulation over time. This progressive accumulation is facilitated by the fact that macroplastics released in the environment progressively fragment into micro and nanoplastics, which are easily taken up by a wide range of living organisms. As these micro and nanoplastics are particulate materials, they are handled in these living organisms by specialized phagocytic cells, namely macrophages in vertebrates, opening the possibility that plastics accumulating in macrophages may elicit a variety of responses. Thus, one way of alleviating such accumulation in macrophages and in other cell types would be to use biodegradable plastics. Polycaprolactone is a biodegradable plastic showing favorable degradation characteristics in several environments. We thus investigated the responses of macrophages upon treatment with polycaprolactone nanobeads, using a combination of proteomics and validation experiments, and compared these results to the ones induced by polystyrene nanobeads. Many changes detected by proteomics, for example in the mitochondrial, lysosomal or reticulum proteins did not induce detectable physiological consequences. A slight decrease in the phagocytic capacity of polycaprolactone-treated cells was detected, but not for polystyrene-treated cells. We also showed that polycaprolactone nanobeads degrade within a few days in macrophages, modulating the macrophage responses. The derease in phagocytosis disappeared, while polystyrene induced a delayed surge in the phagocytic response. A delayed decrease in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also observed in of polycaprolactone-treated cells, which may be linked to the release of hydroxycaproic acid.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SiNPs improves the waterlogging tolerance of ginger by increasing water absorption in root system","authors":"Peihua Yang, Ye Tian, Jiawei Ma, Weihua Han, Chong Sun, Junliang Yin, yongxing Zhu, Gang Li","doi":"10.1039/d5en00254k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00254k","url":null,"abstract":"Waterlogging stress is a major global constraint on agricultural productivity. While silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been shown to enhance plant tolerance to waterlogging, their mechanisms of action in ginger remain poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of SiNP200 in mitigating waterlogging stress, providing a foundation for utilizing SiNPs to counteract the detrimental effects of abiotic stress in plants. The results showed that waterlogging stress had adverse effects on the growth, photosynthetic and plant water content of ginger seedlings. SiNP200 treatment significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, reduced the oxidative damage of leaf cells, and alleviated plant senescence and wilting. Additionally, SiNP200 application can increase leaf relative water content by 9.61% under waterlogging stress, thus maintain osmotic balance and increase water state of the whole plant. Besides, SiNP200 enhanced root growth and significantly increased root hydraulic conductivity (by up to 113.46%) in ginger seedlings. This improvement was further supported by the upregulated expression of aquaporin genes, including ZoPIP1;3, ZoTIP2;2, and ZoNIP2;6, which collectively facilitated water absorption and elevated tissue water content. Under waterlogging conditions, the activities of anaerobic respiratory enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), significantly increased. Following SiNP200 treatment, the activities of ADH and LDH were further enhanced, potentially intensifying the anaerobic respiration in ginger seedling roots. This enhancement may enable the roots to better adapt to the dramatic reduction in soil oxygen levels, thereby improving their tolerance to waterlogged environments. Therefore, this study will help to better understand the role of SiNP200 in alleviating waterlogging stress and provide foundation for the use of SiNPs in plants to offset the negative effects of abiotic stress.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano enabled fertilizer commercial product – unveiling the mechanisms of toxicity in non-target soil invertebrate species – a high-throughput transcriptomics approach","authors":"Susana Gomes, Janeck James Scott-Fordsmand, Monica Amorim","doi":"10.1039/d5en00314h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00314h","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoagrochemicals have the potential to increase agricultural productivity while being more environmentally friendly, compared to conventional agrochemicals. However, and given its early days, concerns regarding their risks to human health and environment remain to be investigated. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are on high demand, e.g. omics, allowing to move beyond standard hazards, providing insights into the mechanism of toxicity of chemicals. The toxicity of WELGRO®, a commercial nanoagrochemical, was studied in the non-target soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) but the mechanisms are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms that lead to the toxicity of WELGRO®, this based on high-throughput transcriptomic analysis (4x44K microarray), measuring the Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs). The animals were exposed in the natural soil LUFA 2.2, for 2 and 21 days, to control (un-spiked soil) plus 100-1000 mg WELGRO®/kg, the lower dose corresponding to realistic topsoil concentrations, based on the recommended application rates. Results showed that gene transcription was clearly time dependent. The impacts after immediate exposure (2d) were highest at lowest concentration while the opposite occurred for the longer exposure time (21d), at highest concentration. The main findings showed that, regardless of the exposure period, ABC transporters were shut down, leading to accumulation of waste products and further endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a possible cause of toxicity. DNA damage seems to also occur as part of the impact. Immediate exposure (2 days) affected neurotoxicity related pathways, although probably a transient/ reverted impact, as this was no longer observed after 21 days. Indications are that WELGRO® is probably up-taken (at cellular level) by clathrin-mediated endocytosis – a nano-related pathway. This study provides the first insights into the mechanisms of toxicity of a commercially available nanoagrochemical, based on a realistic exposure scenario for a non-target species. Our findings support the principle that risk assessment of nanoagrochemicals should consider the nano-specific features of those products.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Transcriptomics and Proteomics Data for Understanding the Mechanisms of Positive Effects of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Plant Tolerance to Salt Stress","authors":"Sajedeh Rezaei Cherati, Mariya Khodakovskaya","doi":"10.1039/d5en00327j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00327j","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) can regulate seed germination, plant growth, and response to environmental stresses. Understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying these positive effects is limited. Integrating transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data—known as multi-omics data integration—is a powerful strategy for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of CBNs on a plant's molecular level, providing detailed insights into their biological impacts. Here, we combined transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and proteomics (Tandem MS) data to understand mechanisms of improvement of tolerance to salt stress in tomato plants exposed to CBNs (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene). At the proteome level,exposure to CNTs resulted in complete restoration of the expression of 358 proteins and partial restoration of the expression of 697 proteins in tomato seedlingsexposed to salt stress.Similarly, exposure to graphene resulted in the complete restoration of 587 proteins and the partial restoration of 644 proteins affected by salt stress. In the integrative analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics data86 upregulated and 58 downregulated features showed the same expression trend (restoration expression towards normal level) at both “omics” levels in NaCl-stressed seedlings exposed to CBNs. Our data indicated that elevated salt tolerance of CBN-treated tomato plants can be associated with the activation of MAPK and inositol signaling pathways, enhancing the ROS clearance, stimulation of hormonal and sugar metabolisms, regulation of water uptake through work of aquaporins, regulation of the production of heat-shock proteins, and promotion of the production of secondary metabolites with defense functions.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substitution-functionalized copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/carbon nitride (g-C3N4) electrocatalysts for the simultaneous detection of 4-nitroaniline and nitrofurantoin","authors":"Nandini Nataraj, Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh, Shen-Ming Chen, Amr Sabbah, Saravanakumar Muthusamy, Sumangala Devi, Yi-Feng Lin, Agalya Mahalingam","doi":"10.1039/d5en00092k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00092k","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we developed a straightforward and highly sensitive electrochemical technique for detecting 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) and nitrofurantoin (NFT) in water samples, utilizing electron-withdrawing group (Cl and F) functionalized copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small>). CuPc and g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> exhibit consistent π–π stacking interactions, with electron-withdrawing substituents on CuPc enhancing the electrochemical sensitivity of 4-NA and NFT, while Cu(<small>II</small>) serves as a single-atom catalyst. The electrochemical performances of 4-NA and NFT were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at various pH levels, scan rates, and concentrations. Cl-CuPc/g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> has been shown to have enhanced electrocatalytic activity, demonstrating better electrochemical performances with good selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. Consequently, we achieved an extensive linear response range of 0.2498–589.3 μM for 4-NA and 0.2498–589.3 μM for NFT, respectively. It achieved a low detection limit of 6 nM for both analytes, demonstrating high sensitivity. The analysis of environmental water samples indicated the presence of trace amounts of 4-NA and NFT. Consequently, Cl-CuPc/g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> was developed, demonstrating enhanced effectiveness in dual detection. Thus, the employed simple and cost-effective catalysts will be useful with further modification in various electrochemical applications.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"229 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144304728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles in water purification: multifunctional roles, challenges, and sustainable applications","authors":"Adnan I. Khdair, Ghaida A. Aburumman, Shayan Gholipour, Masoud Afrand","doi":"10.1039/d5en00268k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00268k","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced nanoparticles represent a new direction in water purification technology because they remove water pollutants which traditional methods cannot handle effectively. This review examines the diverse functionality of nanoparticles that combines adsorption properties with photoreactivity and nanomembrane composition features, high surface area and reactivity, among other characteristics. The water purification efficiency can be significantly improved by using nanoparticles including iron, titanium dioxide, and metal oxides because these materials demonstrate strong potential for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants. The filtration process using graphene oxide membranes achieves pathogenic bacteria and salt removal exceeding 98%. Water treatment using nanoparticles faces three main disadvantages including expensive fabrication methods, limited scalability and unclear toxicity and lasting effects of nanoparticles. The review emphasizes sustainable nanoparticle analysis by warning that researchers must carefully examine these applications to prevent environmental harm. This paper presents the challenges related to nanotechnology applications in water treatment while providing recommendations for future research studies.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144278817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Proportion of Three-coordinated Al Active Sites on Co/Al2O3 for Efficient CF4 Decomposition","authors":"Heping Chen, Hang Zhang, Xiaojian Wang, wenjie Luo, Jialin Zheng, Kang Liu, Junwei Fu, Hongmei Li, Zhang Lin, Liyuan Chai, Hu Nan, Min Liu","doi":"10.1039/d5en00355e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00355e","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum (Al) based catalysts are the most widely used materials for CF4 Catalytic hydrolysis, where three-coordinated Al (AlIII) active sites play a pivotal role in C–F bond activation. The limited proportion of AlIII active sites in conventional Al-based catalysts suppresses their catalytic activity, thereby requiring high temperatures to achieve complete CF4 decomposition. In this work, we developed a Co-modified strategy to enhance CF4 hydrolysis performance by increasing the proportion of AlIII active sites. Structure characterization revealed that Co modification significantly raised the proportion of AlIII sites from 2% (pure Al2O3) to 13%. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) analysis showed that the 0.1Co/Al2O3 catalyst exhibits a CF4 adsorption capacity that is 2.0 times higher than that of unmodified Al2O3. Furthermore, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) detected a 2 cm–1 red shift in the characteristic C–F bond peaks on 0.1Co/Al2O3 catalyst, indicating enhanced C–F bond activation. As a result, 0.1Co/Al2O3 catalyst achieved 100% CF4 decomposition at 580 °C for over 170 hours, significantly outperforming pure Al2O3 (58% and 20 hours). This work opens up a new approach for developing highly efficient catalysts for CF4 hydrolysis at low temperatures.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"585 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144260179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide composited with nano-Fe3O4 for enhancing root reducibility in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)","authors":"Wenwen Li, Ruoyao Shen, Yi Zhang, Yu Ran, Wenbin Yang, Shiyong Yang","doi":"10.1039/d4en01227e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en01227e","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene derivatives are the fastest developing nanomaterials of the 21st century. Graphene oxide (GO) is versatile and is usually used in the form of composite materials and is inevitably introduced into the environment. However, studies on the potential effects on plant physiological parameters and metabolism, particularly concentration-dependent effects, remain limited. In this study, four concentrations (0, 10.0, 100, and 500 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>) of GO/Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> (a laboratory-made graphene oxide and nano ferroferric oxide composite) were added to hydroponic ryegrass (<em>Lolium perenne</em> L.) <em>via</em> root application to investigate the impact on physiological parameters. Scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that GO/Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> is highly aggregated and negatively charged, making it difficult for the composite to enter plant cells. Results showed that GO/Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> at low and medium concentrations (10.0 mg L<small>⁻¹</small> and 100 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>) increased ryegrass root reducibility and catalyzed H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> reduction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and the Fe content of ryegrass roots indicated that GO/Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> facilitated root accumulation of Fe in a concentration-dependent manner. Reverse transcription-qPCR results demonstrated that an appropriate concentration of GO/Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> significantly down-regulated the expression of genes associated with proline synthesis and up-regulated <em>LpGCLC</em>, <em>LpGR</em>, <em>LpGST6</em>, and <em>LpDHAR</em> in the glutathione–ascorbic acid (GSH–ASA) cycle. These findings provide a basis for the use of GO/Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> in modulating physiological processes in ryegrass.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144219241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}