ACS Earth and Space Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Electrical Conductivity of NaCl Solutions at High Temperatures and Pressures","authors":"Rajorshi Chattopadhyay*,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Sandro Jahn,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00139","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrical conductivity measurements of subsurface geochemical systems are used to detect the presence of aqueous fluids that drive chemical reactions in the Earth’s crust and mantle. Experiments on NaCl solutions show that their electrical conductivities (<i>σ</i>) have a non-monotonic dependence on pressure and temperature. In this paper, we study this important property based on an atomic-scale simulation approach. We perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of 1.05 mol/kg NaCl solutions along 473 K, 673 and 1073 K isotherms at pressures from 0.1 to 5 GPa. Two different interaction models are used for our MD simulations: ReaxFF, a many-body dissociative force field, and SPC/E, a two-body rigid force field. The simulations suggest that the non-monotonic behavior of the electrical conductivity is caused by a complex interplay between ion self-diffusion and ion pairing. Both models differ in their predictions. Electrical conductivity in the ReaxFF simulations is influenced by both ion self-diffusion and ion pairing at all the studied conditions, whereas the conductivity from the SPC/E model is completely diffusion-driven at low temperatures, with ion pairing effects observed at higher temperatures. We find that the absolute values of <i>σ</i> obtained from MD simulations are largely consistent with the experimental data up to about 1 GPa, but the surprisingly large increase of <i>σ</i> with temperature at higher pressures reported recently could not be reproduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2313–2323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Melt Composition and Gas Speciation on Nitrogen Solubility in Basaltic Melt","authors":"G. Libourel,&nbsp;F. Humbert,&nbsp;B. Marty,&nbsp;E. Gayer and M. Roskosz*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00074","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To complement our survey of factors controlling nitrogen solubility in basaltic magmas, we present a new set of equilibration experiments aimed at documenting the specific effect of melt composition and gas speciation on nitrogen solubility in natural melts. Equilibration was performed at 1 atm and at 1425 °C over a large range of oxygen fugacity controlled by mixtures of gases belonging to either [C–N–O] or [C–N–O–H] systems. Nitrogen contents in equilibrated samples were measured by using a technique based on laser extraction under high vacuum and analysis by static vacuum mass spectrometry. This study shows, in agreement with previous studies, that the effect of the melt composition on nitrogen solubility depends mainly on the oxygen fugacity of the system. Between air and IW-1, we found that the solubility of nitrogen is low and increases with bulk polymerization of the melt, as noble gases do. This effect is consistent with a nitrogen solution controlled by the steric effect of the N₂ molecule. This differs from results obtained in more reducing conditions (&lt;IW-1), in which high N solubility is anticorrelated with the bulk polymerization of the melt due to the substitution of nonbridging oxygen for nitrogen in the melt silicate network, very likely by forming Si(O₃N)^5– structural groups where nitrogen is 3-fold coordinated to silicon. Equilibration under H₂-bearing gaseous environments does not alter the physical solubility of nitrogen between the air and IW-1. In contrast, under highly reducing conditions (below IW-1), a significant decrease of approximately 33% in nitrogen solubility is observed compared to that of H₂-free gas mixtures. This reduction is attributed to the increased stability and abundance of reduced nitrogen species, including NH₂^–, NH^2–, and N^3–. As a direct consequence, the saturation of nitride phases, such as TiN and SiN, occurs at a lower oxygen fugacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2245–2259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar-Gas-Rich Chondrite Pebbles as a Potential Source of Terrestrial Noble Gases, Inferred from Mantle Noble Gas Abundances and Isotopic Compositions","authors":"Junji Yamamoto*,&nbsp;Ryuji Okazaki,&nbsp;Yu Tobimatsu,&nbsp;Masahiro N. Machida and Mark D. Kurz,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00100","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Noble gas compositions of oceanic basalts provide valuable constraints on potential primordial sources of mantle noble gases and enable exploration of large-scale events during Earth’s formation, such as magma ocean fractionation processes. Specifically examining solar wind-like ²⁰Ne/²²Ne and ³He/²²Ne in the mantle, a model of nebula gas incorporation by equilibrium dissolution into an early earth magma ocean suggests a scenario explaining noble gases in the Earth’s mantle. However, that model is inconsistent with noble gas elemental ratios of the present-day primordial mantle, which differ greatly from those equilibrated with nebula gas. Some alternative scenario must explain solar wind-like noble gas presence in mantle. We propose alternative potential sources of mantle noble gases based on present-day noble gas compositions of ocean island basalts (OIB) and midoceanic ridge basalts (MORB). As the mantle noble gas source, we assumed chondrite pebbles irradiated by solar wind. Given a mixture with approximately 85–87% contribution from the solar wind in ²²Ne equivalents, the ²⁰Ne/²²Ne, ³⁸Ar/³⁶Ar, and noble gas elemental ratios of the mixture are consistent with those of OIB mantle. Moreover, calculation of noble gas fractionation of disequilibrium outgassing from an early earth magma ocean followed by diffusive ingassing of noble gases, from the deeper mantle into the magma ocean, can explain differences in noble gas elemental and isotopic ratios between the present-day OIB and MORB mantles. These findings can explain mantle noble gas source and formation processes without direct association of nebula gas with the magma ocean, suggesting that nebula gas disappeared before magma ocean emergence on the Earth.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2291–2303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric Oxidation of N-Methyl Succinimide Initiated by OH Radicals: A Theoretical Study","authors":"Tan M. Dang,&nbsp;Thi D. T. Nguyen,&nbsp;Tam V.-T. Mai,&nbsp;Son Tung Ngo and Lam K. Huynh*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00118","url":null,"abstract":"<p ><i>N</i>-methyl succinimide (NMS), the main atmospheric oxidation product of <i>N</i>-methylpyrrolidinone (a common industrial solvent), can expose developmental toxicity; however, the atmospheric chemistry of NMS has not been well-characterized yet. In this work, the kinetic mechanism of the OH-initiated NMS reaction is investigated for the first time by using ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T)/CBS//M06–2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory combined with the master equation/Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (ME/RRKM) rate model. The results show that H-abstractions at the −CH₃ moiety (to generate C₄H₄NO₂CH₂^•, <b>P</b>_<b>α</b>) and −C_ringH₂– moiety (to form ^•C₄H₃NO₂CH₃, <b>P</b>_<b>β</b>) dominate the OH-addition at the −C═O site. The simulated rate constants demonstrate a negative temperature dependence with the rate constant expression of <i>k</i>(<i>T</i>) = 1.21 × 10^–16 × <i>T</i>^0.98 × exp(1286.2 K/<i>T</i>) cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 for <i>T</i> = 200 – 500 K at 760 Torr. A mechanism shift with temperature is also observed for the major abstraction pathway from the −CH₃ site (<i>T</i> &lt; 280 K) to the −C_ringH₂– site (<i>T</i> &gt; 280 K). A small positive pressure dependence was observed at low temperatures (<i>T</i> = 200 K), and it is insignificant under atmospheric conditions. Further analysis and calculations reveal that the title process is entropically driven, and the alkyl radicals from the abstraction pathways can be subsequently oxidized into <i>N</i>-formyl succinimide and 1-methylpyrrolidine-2,3,5-trione. It is suggested that NMS and its oxidation products are less harmful to human health than their parent compound, <i>N</i>-methylpyrrolidinone. Our results provide a theoretical understanding of the atmospheric mechanism and fate of NMP and other NMS-related processes, which is important for assessing and managing their impact on the troposphere and human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2304–2312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sedimentary Environment and Uranium Mineralization of the Neogene Shawan Formation in the Beisantai Uplift, Eastern Junggar Basin","authors":"Niannan Chen,&nbsp;Mangen Li*,&nbsp;Jianbing Duan*,&nbsp;Shengming Wu,&nbsp;Xiangfei Tang,&nbsp;PengFei Fan,&nbsp;Baowen Guan,&nbsp;Jin Wang and Rui Jin,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00087","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The Beisantai Uplift, situated on the eastern margin of the Junggar Basin, has recently attracted attention due to the discovery of uranium-bearing strata within the Neogene Shawan Formation. This study investigates the depositional and diagenetic controls on uranium mineralization using back-scattered electron (BSE) microscopy, whole-rock geochemistry, and in situ trace element and sulfur isotope analyses of pyrite. Coffinite is the dominant uranium mineral, typically occurring along pyrite margins, within detrital fractures, and associated with calcite cement. Titanium–uranium oxides are distributed on rutile and pyrite surfaces or within calcite dissolution pores, indicating that uranium precipitation was governed by localized reducing microenvironments. Geochemical proxies such as Cr, V, Ni, Sr, and Ba suggest that the Shawan Formation was deposited under semisaline, arid conditions with high evaporation and weak oxidation─favoring early uranium mobility. Subsequently, δ³⁴S values of pyrite (−48.08‰ to −40.26‰) indicate formation via bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), with hydrocarbons providing both reducing agents (e.g., CH₄, H₂S) and sulfur sources. This hydrocarbon-driven BSR process led to early pyrite formation under strongly reducing the conditions. Uranium minerals are frequently observed replacing or surrounding pyrite, suggesting that pyrite acted as a redox buffer and facilitated U⁶⁺ reduction. The enrichment of redox-sensitive elements (Mo, U, Ni, Co) in ore-related pyrite further supports the development of sulfidic anoxic microenvironments. Collectively, mineralogical, isotopic, and geochemical evidence reveals a two-stage mineralization model: uranium was first introduced under oxidizing conditions and then locally precipitated in response to hydrocarbon-induced reducing environments. The close spatial and temporal association among hydrocarbons, pyrite, and uranium highlights their synergistic role in controlling mineralization within the Shawan Formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2272–2290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ab Initio Structures and Energetics of Hydrated Flat and Terrace-Step Surfaces of Forsterite (Mg2SiO4)","authors":"Duo Song*,&nbsp;Sebastien N. Kerisit and John S. Loring*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄), a model divalent metal silicate mineral, has been extensively studied in the context of mineral carbonation. Although dissolution is a key step in this process, the mechanisms by which forsterite dissolves under high CO₂ conditions remain poorly understood. Atomistic simulations could aid in exploring these mechanisms, but it is essential first to understand the structures and energetics of the relevant forsterite surfaces. We present an ab initio study of the structure and surface energy at 0 K of the flat (010), (110), (001), (111), (021), (101), and (120) faces of forsterite using the density functional PBE Hamiltonian and a plane-wave basis set. Dry surfaces became stabilized upon hydration through the formation of bonds between surface Mg and O from water, as well as by the formation of hydrogen bonds. According to surface energy values, the stability order of the hydrated forsterite faces was found to be (120) &lt; (101) &lt; (021) &lt; (111) &lt; (001) &lt; (110) &lt; (010). We also investigated the energetics of the terrace-step (04̅1) surface as a model site for forsterite dissolution. Among all the facets, the (04̅1) surface is the least stable termination in water. Hydration of Mg atoms on the (04̅1) surface increases their susceptibility to dissolution. The presence of a step and its hydration destabilize the terraces, making the step retreat more likely than a dissolution front advancing along the [010] direction. This research will support future simulations to investigate forsterite dissolution in water under CO₂-rich conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2222–2229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harold Linnartz: A Life in the Molecular Universe","authors":"Alexander Tielens*,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Wim Ubachs,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 8","pages":"1960–1963"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hartmut Herrmann Festschrift","authors":"V. Faye McNeill*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 8","pages":"1958–1959"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric Fate and Emissions of Hydrofluoroether-356pcf3 in Indian Scenario","authors":"Sandhiya Lakshmanan*,&nbsp;Vikas Kumar Maurya,&nbsp;G. Manonmani and K. Senthilkumar*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00080","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In recent decades, hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) have been developed as fourth generation synthetic refrigerant alternatives for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), most of which are climate forcing agents. Most of the HFEs are recently developed, and their atmospheric impacts are overlooked in the literature. In the present study, the atmospheric fate of HFE-356pcf3 which has a moderate global warming potential (GWP) of 532 has been studied using quantum chemical calculations. The emissions of HFE-356pcf3 from the domestic and residential sectors of India are estimated for a period of 2020–2050 and compared with those of HFC emissions using a bottom-up approach. The atmospheric fate is determined through the OH radical initiated oxidation reactions of HFE-356pcf3 and the associated secondary oxidation processes. The results reveal that carbonyl fluoride is formed as a major product from the atmospheric sink of HFE-356pcf3, which is a toxic compound. The lifetime of HFE-356pcf3 is estimated to be ∼1 year in the troposphere and around 12–5 years in the stratosphere. The estimated emissions demonstrate that the emissions are much higher in the operational and disposal stages than in the installation stage during the entire lifecycle of HFE-356pcf3. The emissions from the reference compound HFC-134a are three times higher than that of HFE-356pcf3. A correlation analysis between the emissions and fate suggests that the OH radical scavenging process and the relevant secondary oxidation processes reported in the present work are important in determining the atmospheric HFE-356pcf3 concentration. Thus, in addition to GWP, the atmospheric oxidation potential of the refrigerant gases is an important metric in evaluating their atmospheric and climate impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2260–2271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygroscopicity Depends on Aerosol Acidity and Sulfate Content during the Reactive Uptake of Isoprene Epoxydiols","authors":"N. Cazimir Armstrong,&nbsp;Sahir Gagan,&nbsp;Alana J. Dodero,&nbsp;Nahin Ferdousi-Rokib,&nbsp;Molly Frauenheim,&nbsp;Avram Gold,&nbsp;Zhenfa Zhang,&nbsp;Akua Asa-Awuku,&nbsp;Yue Zhang* and Jason D. Surratt*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00163","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Aerosol liquid water content has a significant but highly uncertain effect on atmospheric radiative forcing. Hygroscopicity of organic–inorganic mixed aerosols is complex, especially when they are also phase-separated, and little is understood about their dependence on acidity. We conducted cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measurements during smog chamber studies, where secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was generated from the acid-driven reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) onto sulfate seed aerosols at pH 0.9 (pure H₂SO₄), 1.1, and 2 [mixtures of H₂SO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄]. Direct CCN measurements were compared to predictions of the hygroscopicity parameter κ using a weighted-sum model with measured κ values of authentic standards for the three major particle constituents, including inorganic sulfate (Sulf_inorg), 2-methyltetrols (2-MT), and methyltetrol sulfates (MTS). Sulf_inorg was quantified using ion chromatography (IC), while 2-MT and MTS were quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography interfaced to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and equipped with electrospray ionization (HILIC/ESI–HR-QTOFMS). SOA κ values ranged from 0.2 to 0.6, while single-component aerosols generated from authentic standards of 2-MT and MTS had κ values of 0.11 and 0.15, respectively. We found that predicted and measured κ values matched well at high IEPOX/Sulf_inorg, but the discrepancy varied with initial IEPOX/Sulf_inorg and seed solution pH and changed over the course of an experiment. The density of 2-MT and MTS was measured using an aerodynamic aerosol classifier and used to calculate total mass loadings from the measured volume concentration, revealing that, although 2-MT and MTS make up the bulk of IEPOX-derived SOA, other constituents may be significantly denser.</p>","PeriodicalId":15,"journal":{"name":"ACS Earth and Space Chemistry","volume":"9 9","pages":"2324–2335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}