ACS Applied Bio Materials最新文献

{"title":"A Multiformat Alginate Hydrogel Platform for Persistent Luminescence-Based Biomolecule Detection in Human Serum.","authors":"Zied Ferjaoui, Federika Vokaty, Halima Alem, Daniel Scherman, Nathalie Mignet, Cyrille Richard","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integration of persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) into hydrogels represents a promising approach for in vitro biodetection. While PLNP-containing alginate hydrogels have previously been reported for in vivo biomedical applications, the novelty of the present work lies in the development of a ZGO-based hydrogel platform for the quantitative in vitro detection of H2O2, glucose, and antigens in human serum. This approach leverages the unique properties of PLNPs, such as prolonged luminescence and high photostability, in combination with the structural flexibility and encapsulation capabilities of hydrogels. In this study, PLNP-loaded hydrogels were engineered and implemented in three different formats: either deposited in microwells, or applied as spots on nitrocellulose membranes, or used as millimetric beads. The system was designed for the sensitive and specific detection of key biomolecules, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glucose, and antigens. The ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ (ZGO)-based PLNPs, whose luminescence has been shown to be amplified in the presence of H2O2, were synthesized via a hydrothermal method followed by calcination and mechanical grinding. The nanoparticles, at a concentration of 0.1 mg·mL-1 were incorporated into alginate (Alg) hydrogels at concentrations of 1%, 2%, or 3% (w/v), ensuring improved nanoparticle stability and enhanced interactions with target analytes. The study demonstrated the ability of PLNP-loaded hydrogels to detect H2O2 in human serum across all three formats. The lowest detection limit was achieved using 1% alg, reaching 1.8 μM in microwells, approximately 0.8 μM on membranes, and 1.01 μM in beads form, with a recovery rate of 99% ± 4%. Leveraging the responsiveness of hydrogel-PLNPs to H2O2, glucose detection assays were developed on membranes and in bead form using glucose oxidase as a specific added enzyme. Glucose detection limits in human serum were 0.6 μM on membranes and 0.3 μM in bead form, with detection ranges of 1-103 μM and 10-104 μM, respectively. Finally, hydrogel beads functionalized with capture antibodies were used to detect a model rabbit IgG, achieving a limit of detection of approximately 0.6 ng mL-1 and a dynamic range from 1 to 104 ng.mL-1. These three easy-to-prepare systems offer significant advantages in terms of sensitivity, signal durability, and compatibility with complex biological matrices. These results highlight the strong potential of PLNP-containing hydrogels as versatile and powerful platforms for advanced in vitro biodetection applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149339853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Photosensitizer Platform Significantly Boosts Immunogenic Cell Death and Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy by Targeting ER and Other Organelles Concurrently.","authors":"Ushasri Chilakamarthi, Souma Ghosh, Manne Naga Rajesh, Sai Prasanna Palacharla, Gobinda Bag, Lingamallu Giribabu, Rajkumar Banerjee","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photoimmunotherapy has recently emerged from photodynamic therapy (PDT) by leveraging the intrinsic immunogenic potential of PDT to stimulate the host immune system against cancer. An ideal photosensitizer (PS) should not only trigger efficient tumor regression but also elicit robust antitumor immunity, thereby preventing metastasis and tumor recurrence. Here, we report a rationally designed dual-photosensitizer system comprising (i) P-Nap-COOH, a diffusely localizing PS-targeting major subcellular organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria, and (ii) P-Nap-ER, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted PS with strong immunogenic cell death (ICD)-inducing capacity. PDT using this dual-PS strategy markedly reduced the IC50 and IC70 values of P-Nap-ER in breast cancer cells and enhanced ROS-mediated multiorganelle stress, thus demonstrating clear synergism. In addition, the dual system induced robust ICD, characterized by elevated ecto-calreticulin exposure, release of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) from the nucleus, extracellular release of ATP, upregulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and significantly increased phagocytosis of treated cancer cells by antigen-presenting cells. By concurrently activating distinct apoptotic and ER-stress pathways, this approach reduces drug dosage requirements and enhances antitumor immune response. Moreover, there was notable reduction in cell mobility indicating epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) reversal potential. Furthermore, there was marked reduction in PD-L1, a key modulator of immune escape mechanisms. These findings position the dual-PS platform as a promising strategy for in situ photoimmunotherapy as well as for the development of PDT-based therapeutic cancer vaccines or dendritic cell vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149356934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomolecular Condensation and l-Cysteine Signaling Activate Dormant Protease Activity of Papain Droplets: Application toward Efficient Meat Tenderization.","authors":"Saurabh Gupta, Brijeshwar Singh, Prashant Kodgire, Tushar Kanti Mukherjee","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteases are an important class of proteolytic enzymes having great importance in both basic science and industrial applications. In this context, the protease activity of papain and its regulation by l-cysteine are poorly understood in the literature. Herein, we discover that papain undergoes biomolecular condensation via spontaneous liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) under macromolecular crowding primarily through the involvement of intermolecular hydrophobic interactions. Although native free papain is found to be active toward synthetic and protein substrates, the proteolytic digestion produces heterogeneous peptide aggregates. In contrast, we found that papain droplets remain dormant toward protein digestion owing to the disulfide linkage of the active cysteine residue (Cys-25) in its compact conformational state. Further, we show that the protease activity of phase-separated papain can be reactivated in the presence of l-cysteine to produce uniform soluble peptide fragments. Our findings indicate that although disulfide linkages are not necessary for the phase separation of papain, upon phase separation, intermolecular interactions between phase-separated papain result in the formation of disulfide linkages involving active Cys-25 residues. Finally, we show that the activated papain droplets can remarkably boost the efficacy of meat tenderization compared to free papain. Therefore, the present study not only provides a fundamental understanding of the LLPS of papain and its reactivation by l-cysteine but also illustrates an innovative platform for technological advancement.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149339854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic Nanosystems as Emerging Catalysts for Translational Innovation in Healthcare.","authors":"Saloni Singhal, Saptarshi Mandal, Ankur Gupta","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomimetic nanosystems are engineered platforms at the nanoscale range that emulate selected structural and compositional features to reproduce their advantageous interactions with the complex biological environments. These systems, inspired by the biological cell membrane(s), have emerged as a promising technology with a variety of biomedical applications. However, they are still in their early stage of clinical development. Biomimetic nanosystems may be produced by incorporating the desired nanoparticles into synthesized membrane(s). Such nanosystems exhibit greater immunocompatibility, immune evasion, and extended circulation times. Therefore, this study examines the latest advancements in the design and engineering of biomimetic nanosystems, focusing on membrane insertion/integration, hybridization, surface functionalization and modification, and metabolic engineering that could enhance the multifunctionality, hybrid membrane engineering, stimulus-responsive behavior, and scalability of these systems. The unique characteristics of these nanosystems have been investigated and applied in various fields, including medicine delivery, vaccine research, antidote(s) manufacturing, imaging, and sensing, which are critically discussed. Furthermore, this review has summarized the practical challenges related to translation, such as stability, reproducibility, functionality, regulatory complexity, and efficacy. This review also highlights both the opportunities and limitations of these emerging platforms and outlines key directions for the development of clinically relevant nanomedicine. As a result, this study serves as the foundation for future research into the multifunctional nanobiomimetic system.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149356933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized Graphene/Hydroxyapatite/Biopolymer Nanocomposite for Fluorescent and Electrical Sensing Coupled with Adsorptive Sequestration of Chlorpyrifos.","authors":"Emee Das, Kangkan Jyoti Goswami, Arundhuti Devi","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c00919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c00919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide, harbors serious environmental and health ramifications due to its persistence and toxicity. To mitigate potential risks to human safety, reliable and sensitive on-site quantification of this pesticide at trace levels is essential. In this work, the engineering of a multifunctional graphene-based nanocomposite capable of serving as both a multimodal sensor and an adsorbent was orchestrated for the detection and treatment of chlorpyrifos-contaminated water. The KOH-assisted gas exfoliation and graphitization of Adenanthera pavonina seeds yielded graphene nanosheets, whose subsequent functionalization and hydroxyapatite incorporation resulted in a fluorescent nanocomposite. The fluorescence intensity was systematically dissipated in the presence of chlorpyrifos via a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, achieving a detection limit of 0.52 nM. Furthermore, an electrical sensing device was fabricated by integrating the nanocomposite onto a biopolymer-coated filter paper strip, which demonstrated a rapid current response toward chlorpyrifos with a detection limit of 0.67 nM. A cellular-phone-integrated system was also assembled for field applications, enabling visual monitoring of RGB intensity changes on probe solution-coated filter paper upon exposure to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos. The sensing system showed reliable performance in real cabbage extract, lake water, and tap water. For remediation, the solid fraction obtained during the synthesis exhibited a porous architecture with a surface area of 49.152 m2g-1. Under optimized conditions, the material demonstrated a monolayer adsorption capacity of 30.08 mg g-1, along with good reusability. This work provides a graphene-based platform that integrates multimodal chlorpyrifos sensing with adsorption-based remediation for safe and practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149339855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold Nanosphere-Mediated Morphology Transitions in Hybrid Assemblies of Helical Polypeptides.","authors":"Xuanlei Zhu, Nairiti J Sinha","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-assembly of polypeptides provides a versatile platform for constructing biomimetic materials with hierarchical and spatially organized architectures. However, strategies for directing polypeptide assemblies into controllable and discrete bent, curved, or closed structures reminiscent of those observed in higher-order biomacromolecular organization remain limited. Here, we report gold nanosphere (AuNS)-mediated self-assembly of α-helical poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) (PBLG), a synthetic polypeptide that serves as a biomimetic rod-like building block. We show that thiol-functionalized PBLG coassembles with AuNSs to form curved horseshoe-like intermediates and closed toroidal structures, whereas unfunctionalized PBLG exhibits no association with AuNSs and retains cylindrical architectures. The resulting morphology of the hybrid co-assembly is governed by AuNS size and loading, as well as PBLG chain length and secondary structure, highlighting the cooperative roles of molecular architecture and nanoscale compatibility in controlling supramolecular organization. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy suggest that AuNS incorporation generates local packing frustration within the anisotropic PBLG assemblies, thereby promoting progressive bending and, under appropriate conditions, toroid closure. These findings establish end-group-mediated nanoparticle incorporation as a simple strategy for controlling curvature in synthetic polypeptide assemblies, providing a foundation for exploring hybrid architectures for cargo delivery and DNA polycatenane-inspired hierarchical assemblies.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149339856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological and Terahertz-Derived Signatures of Polymer Nanocarrier-Induced Cellular Responses: Toward Structure-Response Relationships in Photodynamic Therapy.","authors":"Tiffany Campion, Blandine Lordon, Loïc Alauzet, Alexandre Wodrinski, Isabelle Fourquaux, Jean-Luc Putaux, Stéphanie Balor, Patricia Vicendo, Anne-Françoise Mingotaud, Guilhem Gallot, Laure Gibot","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymer micelles based on poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) are widely investigated as nanocarriers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their ability to solubilize hydrophobic photosensitizers such as pheophorbide a and enhance their delivery. In this study, we systematically assessed the impact of the morphology (spherical PEO5000-PCL4000 micelles vs PEO2000-PCL7000 worm-like nanovectors) and crosslinking status on PDT responses in both 2D cell cultures and 3D spheroid models. Although all pheophorbide-loaded formulations produced comparable phototoxicity in normal human dermal fibroblasts, human HCT-116 tumor cells, and canine MDCK-1 epithelial cells, detailed mechanistic analyses revealed distinct early cellular responses. Viability assays, membrane integrity measurements, ion homeostasis analyses, scanning electron microscopy, and terahertz (THz) spectroscopy demonstrated rapid membrane permeabilization, ionic imbalance, and ultrastructural remodeling following PDT. Worm-like nanovectors induced more pronounced membrane vesiculation, while THz spectroscopy revealed formulation-dependent membrane dynamics. Unexpectedly, blank nanovectors also altered ionic homeostasis and cellular behavior, indicating that these carriers are not biologically inert. Multivariate analyses integrating biological and THz-derived physical parameters generated distinctive signatures of nanocarrier formulations, enabling discrimination according to cargo loading, morphology, and crosslinking status. Together, these findings establish a multidimensional framework for characterizing nanocarrier effects on cells and highlight the value of combining biological and biophysical measurements to guide the rational design of PDT nanomedicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149331666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short ZnO Nanofiber-Integrated Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds as Advanced Antibacterial Wound Dressings.","authors":"Busra van Bennekom, Hande Hancer, Esra Bedir, Tulin Ozbek, Ozlem Altintas Yildirim, Turdimuhammad Abdullah, Mehmet Murat Ozmen","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections remain one of the most critical challenges in wound healing, necessitating advanced biomaterials that combine effective antibacterial activity with controlled physicochemical properties. In this study, zinc oxide short nanofibers (ZnO SNFs) were introduced as antibacterial nanofillers into electrospun poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibrous scaffolds for wound-dressing applications. Unlike conventional spherical nanoparticles or nanoflowers, ZnO SNFs were fabricated via electrospinning followed by calcination and ultrasound-assisted fragmentation, yielding a shortened anisotropic nanostructure. The formation and integration of SNFs within the PLA nanofiber (NF) matrix were confirmed by FESEM, while XRD analysis revealed the enhanced crystallinity of the nanocomposite scaffold. The incorporation of SNFs had no significant impact on the thermal transitions or chemical structure of the PLA NF scaffolds. Increasing ZnO SNF loading gradually enhanced surface hydrophilicity while maintaining excellent cytocompatibility across all loading levels. PLA/ZnO SNF scaffolds supported L929 fibroblast adhesion and maintained cell viability above 70%. Notably, antibacterial activity demonstrated a nonmonotonic response to ZnO SNF loading, with the lowest loading (1% w/w) exhibiting the highest activity. At 6 h, PLA/ZnO-1 SNFs achieved bacterial kill values exceeding 99.99% against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas higher SNF loadings showed lower antibacterial activity. Overall, incorporating ZnO SNFs into PLA NF matrices offers a promising route to functional antibacterial wound-dressing materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149331668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioengineered Andrias davidianus Skin Secretion Sponge: A Sustainable Hemostatic Material with Enhanced Wound Healing Capacity.","authors":"Wen-Li Wang, Ya-Qing Zhou, Wan-Yi Ge, Huan Liang, Wei-Hong Guo, Da-Chuan Yin","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The skin secretion of Andrias davidianus (SSAD) is a miraculous natural protein-based product with exceptional potential for treating bleeding wounds and has long been used in traditional folk medicine. However, its commercialization and societal benefits have been hindered by challenges in reproducibly manufacturing products with highly consistent properties and bacteria-free conditions. Here, we introduce a straightforward manufacturing method to produce a practically applicable hemostatic sponge derived from SSAD, which significantly enhances wound healing. To further improve antimicrobial properties, the antibacterial peptide ε-polylysine (EPL) was incorporated, resulting in composite sponges (SSAD-EPLs). The fabricated sponges exhibit excellent biocompatibility and are capable of degrading in vivo over a 21-day observation period. Compared to a commercial gelatin sponge (CGS), both SSAD and SSAD-EPL2 (containing 20% EPL) sponges demonstrated superior hemostatic performance, significantly reducing blood loss and clotting time. In a full-thickness skin defect model, SSAD and SSAD-EPL2 sponges showed remarkable efficacy in promoting wound healing and could be easily removed from the wound site without causing secondary injury. Our findings highlight the practical applicability of these sponges, not only due to their outstanding hemostatic and wound-healing properties but also because their production process ensures repeatable and sustainable manufacturing with guaranteed product consistency.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photo-Oxidized Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite as a Reactive Carbon Biointerface for Biomolecule Immobilization.","authors":"Ryota Isobe, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Haruyasu Asahara","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.6c01469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.6c01469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is a promising carbon material for biointerfacial applications. However, its chemically inert surface limits efficient biomolecule immobilization. In this study, we developed a carbon-based biointerface by introducing oxygen-containing functional groups onto HOPG surfaces using photoactivated chlorine dioxide radical treatment. Surface characterization using contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated enhanced hydrophilicity and the formation of oxygen-containing functionalities, including C-O, carbonyl, and carboxy-type species, on the oxidized HOPG surface. The effects of surface functionalization on biomolecule immobilization were also investigated. Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assays revealed a significant increase in the amount of immobilized protein on oxidized HOPG compared to that on untreated surfaces. Additionally, fluorescence imaging using fluorescently labeled immunoglobulin G (IgG) and washing stability tests demonstrated high fluorescence intensity and enhanced retention of immobilized biomolecules after repeated washing. To evaluate the functionality of immobilized biomolecules, β-d-galactosidase (β-Gal) was immobilized on the surface, and its enzymatic activity was assessed using fluorescein di-β-d-galactopyranoside (FDG) as a substrate. The oxidized HOPG exhibited a strong fluorescence response even at low enzyme concentrations and showed improved signal retention during repeated measurements. These results demonstrate that photoactivated chlorine dioxide radical treatment effectively functionalizes HOPG surfaces with oxygen-containing groups, thereby enhancing biomolecule immobilization and supporting the retention of enzymatic activity after immobilization. This simple and effective surface modification strategy provides a promising approach for constructing stable carbon-based biointerfaces and may facilitate the development of carbon-material-based biosensing platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149331667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}