ACS Applied Bio Materials最新文献

{"title":"Biosensor Innovations for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Diagnostics.","authors":"Nurain Najihah Alias, Asad Masood, Poh Choon Ooi, Mohsen Ahmadipour, Mohd Ambri Mohamed, Abdul Manaf Hashim, Akrajas Ali Umar, Muhammad Aniq Shazni Mohammad Haniff","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal failure, characterized by declining kidney function and impaired blood filtration, arises from diverse conditions and medications that induce acute or chronic damage to glomerular, tubular, or vascular structures. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent the two primary forms of renal disease, both associated with high morbidity, mortality, and clinical complexity. Current diagnostic criteria lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity, driving the search for biomarkers and rapid detection methods to enhance diagnostic precision. Electrochemical, plasmonic, nanoparticle-based, and molecular probe biosensors have emerged as promising platforms for point-of-care (POC) devices, leveraging advanced surface chemistry. These technologies play a crucial role in identifying and quantifying emerging AKI and CKD biomarkers, enabling timely interventions to mitigate renal impairment. This review comprehensively explores recent advances in biosensor design, fabrication methodologies, and strategies to optimize efficacy for diverse applications. We focus specifically on electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric transduction principles due to their distinct advantages. Additionally, we detail the classification of biological recognition elements and transduction mechanisms and explore the role of materials in advancing noninvasive biosensor diagnostics for renal disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145290330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Printed HA/β-TCP Scaffold: A Macroscopic Microscopic Analysis and Biological Validation Study of the Effect of the Component Ratio on Performance.","authors":"Zhitao Yin, Yutong Chen, Guang Yang, Shuaishuai Wang, Bingbing Wang, Kefeng Wang, Shun Zhang, Xujing Zhang, Yanen Wang, Yan Xu","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The component ratio of a material is the key factor determining the quality of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds. This study aimed to investigate the basic properties of hydroxyapatite (HA)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold material with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a binder. The interfacial binding energies, bonding behaviors, and mechanical characteristics of the materials were investigated by molecular dynamics simulation (MD), and it was found that the types of functional groups and the molar occupancy of elements affected the interfacial binding behaviors of the materials. Moreover, the properties of the slurry and structural characteristics of the scaffolds at different HA/β-TCP component ratios were analyzed. The variation in the shear-thinning capacity of the slurry was explained by investigating the zeta potential, solid content, and interfacial binding energy of the materials. The basic properties of the material were not the only factors determining the mechanical properties of scaffolds; the pore and bonding characteristics, and the interfacial binding energy of the material together determine the mechanical properties of scaffolds. These analyses elucidated the impact of the component ratio on the scaffolds from both microscopic and macroscopic perspectives. Finally, the biological characterization study of the material was verified by in vitro simulation experiments, and it was found that scaffolds containing β-TCP demonstrated relatively better performance in supporting bone tissue formation compared with β-TCP-free controls. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the selection and optimization of material combinations in 3D printing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Three-Dimensional Microporous Decalcified Bone Matrix Combined with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Bone Regeneration in Critical-Sized Calvarial Defect of Nude Mouse.","authors":"Ying He, Tianze Sun, Jiazhou Wu, Zexian Liu, Yingzhuan Ye, Jie Li, Tao Qian, Xiantong Hu, Jiayi Wang, Xiaomei Bie, Gang Xu, Yantao Zhao","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c00992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical repair of bone defects is hindered by limitations in donor material and complications arising from autologous bone grafting. Consequently, the development of efficient bone regeneration materials is of great clinical importance. The present study investigated a three-dimensional microporous demineralized bone matrix (DBM) combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to enhance the outcomes of bone defect repair. The DBM has been developed to enhance the collagen preparation process, with the aim of retaining the collagen fiber network of the natural bone matrix and forming a three-dimensional microporous structure with good mechanical property. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the biocompatibility of DBM was superior to that of traditional cancellous and cortical bone materials, and they promoted cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation as well as osteogenesis-related genes. In vivo experimentation was conducted to verify the efficacy of the treatment on a critical-sized cranial bone defect in nude mice. Micro-CT and histological analysis showed more formation of bone at 4 weeks and 8 weeks postsurgery. The DBM with optimized pore structure, degradation rate, and bioactivity enhanced the efficiency of bone defect repair by synergizing the osteogenic activity of BMSCs. The DBM with a porous and cross-linked structure could provide BMSCs with more internal surface area for attachment space to promote cell adhesion and growth and create advantages for the bone formation. Moreover, the DBM contains multifarious osteoinductive growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and insulin growth factors (IGFs), which can enhance osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. This study may provide an innovative strategy for bone regeneration and bone defect repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Fab-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles-Mediated Thermal Enhancement during High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation in a Mouse Tumor Model.","authors":"Nabin Khanal, Michael A Marciniak, Marie-Christine Daniel, Liang Zhu, Charles Dumoulin, Keith Stringer, Matthew R Myers, Pavel Yarmolenko, Rupak K Banerjee","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c00879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c00879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) stands out as a noninvasive modality that is gaining prominence for the localized treatment of malignant tumors. A mouse tumor model was used to assess the level of thermal enhancement afforded by Fab-functionalized gold nanoparticles (gNPs) during HIFU treatment. Prostate cancer cells (PC3) were used to grow tumors on the right flank of immunodeficient NSG mice. Three levels of gNPs concentrations (0%, 0.019%, and 0.125%) were injected directly into the tumors. HIFU sonication was performed at acoustic power levels of 30W, 40W, and 50W for the duration of 16 s inside a 1.5 T magnetic resonance system. Temperature rise data were recorded for each power level and gNPs concentration during the experiment and analyzed. Tumors were harvested 4 h after the sonication for a histopathology study. A histopathology study was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) as well as cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) staining. For an acoustic power of 50W, temperature increases of 16.77 ± 2.33 °C, 19.95 ± 2.98 °C, and 27.78 ± 5.31 °C were recorded for gNPs concentrations of 0%, 0.019%, and 0.125%, respectively. Also, for an acoustic power of 50W, thermal doses of 0.08, 282.87, and 31563.70 min were obtained for gNPs concentrations of 0%, 0.019%, and 0.125%, respectively. Cellular damage around the focus was observed in histopathology studies using H&E staining in HIFU-treated tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Side-Chain Sulfonation to Modulate Hydroxyl Radical Generators for Efficient Suppression of Hepatoma Cells under Hypoxia.","authors":"Shouchi Ji, Junjun Wang, Lixin Ma, Guiyan Xu, Ting Wang, Xuan Zhao, Yingyong Ni, Shengyu Shi, Hongping Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of type I photosensitizer (PS) targeting subcellular organelles that directly destroy key subcellular compartments and overcome the hypoxic environment has become a critical breakthrough for improving therapeutic effects on tumors. Herein, we proposed a simple tactic of side-chain sulfonation to construct the subcellular organelles targeting type I PS. Initially, the traditional lipophilic donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) system (3SSYDI) was constructed, which exhibited type II reactive oxygen species generation capability and lipid droplets (LDs)-targeting property. Innovatively, the heavy-atom-free sulfonate ion was introduced to achieve side-chain sulfonation. The modulated 3SSYDS not only exhibited optimal biosafety but also possessed lower impedance and higher photocurrent intensity, which facilitated superior electron transfer to generate superoxide anions (O₂^-•). Notably, in biological aqueous systems, O₂^-• combined with protons to further produce hydrogen peroxide, thereby triggering the Haber-Weiss reaction to produce the most reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH), achieving more effective suppression of cancer cells even under hypoxic conditions. This study presents a simple strategy of side-chain sulfonation that activated highly toxic •OH generation in traditional D-π-A systems, providing an efficient solution for treating hypoxic tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescent Peptide-Containing Naphthalimide-Conjugated Boronic Acid-Based Nanoassembly for Rapid Mitochondrial Targeting and Antibacterial Activity.","authors":"Purnadas Ghosh, Rajkumar Sahoo, Swapnendu Deb, Kousik Gayen, Supratim Bose, Arindam Banerjee","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondria have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. However, a major challenge in developing effective therapies lies in the poor efficiency of drug delivery, specifically to mitochondria. Most mitochondria-targeting molecules reported so far rely on lipophilic cationic moieties, which often cause cytotoxicity due to their excessive accumulation. To address this limitation, we designed a negatively charged boronic acid-conjugated naphthalimide-appended peptide (PNGB) that spontaneously forms a fluorescent nanoassembly in aqueous medium, emitting greenish-yellow fluorescence. The PNGB nanoassembly exhibits a uniform spherical morphology with an average diameter of 13.5 nm. Remarkably, it enters KB cells (human oral epidermal cancer cells) via a nonendocytic pathway and rapidly localizes within mitochondria, achieving strong colocalization (PCC = 0.90 ± 0.03) within just 5 min of incubation. In addition to its mitochondrial targeting capability, the PNGB nanoassembly displays potent antibacterial activity, with low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 24 and 36 μg/mL against Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) bacteria, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of amphiphilic peptide-based nanoassemblies as efficient, rapid mitochondria-targeting agents with dual functionality as antimicrobial therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programmed Cell Death via Type IV Photodynamic Therapy Using Internalized Two-Photon Activated Molecular Nanomachines.","authors":"Thomas S Bradford, Dongdong Liu, James M Tour, Robert Pal","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Direct photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a growing research area currently being explored as an alternative treatment for various cancers. Compared to traditional, indirect PDT, which exploits the reaction of oxygen with the photosensitizer (PS) to damage specially targeted cells, direct PDT utilizes the PS itself to disrupt the target cell, meaning no reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. The activation of Type IV technologies specifically induces a structural change within the photosensitizer, resulting in the activation of its therapeutic effect. In contrast to traditional invasive surgeries, chemotherapy, or ROS-based methods, direct methods of PDT pose significantly less damaging off-target effects. Here, we propose an exciting extension of our prior reported, near-infrared light-activated, molecular nanomachines (MNMs), previously shown to promote cell-specific necrosis via disruption of cellular membranes. We show that the modification of MNMs with polyethylene glycol (PEG), or triphenol phosphonium (TPP+) containing functional groups, allows for homeostatic crossing of the phospholipid bilayer and localization at the mitochondrial membrane. By subsequent activation of the rotor from within the targeted cells, we present the ability to eliminate cells without triggering necrotic cell death, instead inducing an additional mechanism of programmed cell death (PCD), while maintaining the integrity of the cellular membrane, thus enacting a significantly cleaner, more therapeutically favorable mode of inducing cell death. A significant development is in the use of light-activated molecular machines for cancer treatments, with a single MNM-based technology being able to access both necrotic and non-necrotic modes of cell elimination by simply switching the excitation procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Method for Assembly Homogeneity Analysis and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of RNA Nanoparticles.","authors":"Yidi Wu, Xin Li, Zhongping Liao, Hao Lin, Xingyan Liu, Zhe Sun, Zhefeng Li, Po Ju Huang","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA nanoparticles (RNA NPs) have emerged as a class of delivery vehicles for therapeutic oligonucleotides with the advantages of versatile design and programmable pharmacology properties. Composed of chemically modified oligonucleotide strands that self-assemble into nanostructures exceeding 100 kDa, their complexity poses significant challenges during early discovery and chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) development. This paper introduced a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) platform for characterizing RNA therapeutics delivery vehicles using four-way junction RNA NPs carrying hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase siRNAs as a model molecule. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to understand RNA NPs assembly and separate fully assembled molecules from partially assembled intermediates and single strand impurities. SEC × SEC 2D-LC results demonstrated the thermodynamic stability of RNA NPs under physiological conditions. Ion-pairing reverse phase (IPRP) chromatography identified component strands and key impurities within the peak of interest as well as to quantify antisense strands. SEC × IPRP 2D-LC data showed the uniformity of the assembly and strand composition. The distribution of molecular weight, as shown by SEC coupled with multiangle light scattering (MALS), was consistent with the findings on assembly homogeneity from the SEC × IPRP method. The native mass of RNA NPs was obtained with SEC coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, achieving a mass error of less than 0.0025%. <i>In vitro</i> gene knockdown analysis demonstrated that the presence of partially assembled intermediates did not have a significant effect on the potency of RNA NPs. These findings enhance the understanding of RNA NPs assembly and structural integrity, crucial for their development and clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Imaging Nanoassembled Agarose Microspheres for Drug Delivery in Transarterial Chemoembolization.","authors":"Yuqing Zhang, Longzi Liang, Quanming Kou, Haojun Sun, Yiwei He, Lihua Li, Changsheng Shi","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Embolization microspheres are widely used in transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) surgery, which improves treatment efficacy and patient survival by embolizing tumor blood vessels and locally releasing chemotherapy drugs. At present, embolized microspheres face challenges such as invisibility, valuableness, and drug loading limitations, which may affect treatment efficacy and postoperative examination. In this study, we designed multifunctional and low-cost nanoassembled agarose microspheres (NAAMs) and evaluated their drug loading and release capabilities, multimodal imaging capabilities, and biocompatibility. NAAMs are assembled from gold magnetic nanoparticles and inexpensive agarose microspheres, which are tightly bonded by chemical bonds and modified by a sulfonic acid group on the surface. NAAMs have excellent ability of rapid drug loading and slow drug release. 1 mL of NAAMs can load with 84 mg of doxorubicin (DOX) or 89 mg of irinotecan, and the drug loading process can be completed almost within 30 min, while drug release can last for more than 120 h. Meanwhile, NAAMs have outstanding imaging capabilities and can achieve sensitive X-ray imaging/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/Raman multimodal imaging, meeting clinical examination requirements. Cell experiments and hemolysis coagulation tests have confirmed that NAAMs have good biocompatibility. Therefore, NAAMs with multimodal imaging and high drug loading capacity have great application prospects in the TACE treatment of liver cancer and colorectal cancer liver metastases.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration: Synergistic Strategies in Controlled Active Ingredient Delivery and Pathologically Responsive Microenvironment Modulation.","authors":"Wei Zuo, Xujie Pan, Zhaolin Liu, Zongqi He, Xuefeng Zhou, Yunzhu Qian","doi":"10.1021/acsabm.5c01545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c01545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The periodontium is a connective tissue complex comprising alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva and provides structural support and physiological protection for dentition. Pathological conditions, including traumatic injuries, neoplastic processes, and chronic inflammatory states, can induce progressive tissue degradation. Regenerative engineering of periodontal osseous tissues is a multifaceted biological process. It relies on precise biomaterial-cell interactions, which are coregulated by local microenvironmental factors and systemic signaling molecules. Significant research efforts have focused on innovating therapeutic strategies through structural engineering, including encompassing fabrication methodologies, surface functionalization, compositional optimization, and controlled bioactive agent delivery. Scaffolds design paradigms emphasize synergistic integration of osteoinductive capacity with multitherapeutic modalities. These modalities specifically target inflammation suppression, ROS clearance, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and microbial control. This perspective comprehensively evaluates current advancements in optimized drug-loading scaffolds designed to address the multifactorial challenges of the periodontal microenvironment. The discussion concludes with an evaluation of persistent limitations and promising research trajectories in this evolving field.</p>","PeriodicalId":2,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Bio Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}