Global Biogeochemical Cycles最新文献

{"title":"Interannual Variability in African Regional Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes and Their Drivers Revealed by Satellite Observations","authors":"Jeongmin Yun,&nbsp;Junjie Liu,&nbsp;David F. Baker,&nbsp;Sourish Basu,&nbsp;Frédéric Chevallier,&nbsp;Fei Jiang,&nbsp;Matthew S. Johnson,&nbsp;Xing Li,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Liu,&nbsp;Scot M. Miller,&nbsp;Sajeev Philip,&nbsp;Sanam N. Vardag,&nbsp;Jingfeng Xiao,&nbsp;Ning Zeng","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008597","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The sparseness of ground-based observations hinders our ability to understand the processes driving the interannual variability (IAV) of the African ecosystem carbon cycle. This study explores the regional pattern of the IAV in net biosphere exchange (NBE), defined as the sum of gross primary production (GPP), respiration, and biomass burning emissions, across Africa and its climate drivers from 2015 to 2021, by integrating satellite-derived carbon flux estimates. Our analysis reveals that moisture-driven IAV of GPP determines the IAV of total NBE in Africa, but the magnitude of NBE IAV is not uniformly proportional to the GPP IAV across regions. Though IAV of NBE in eastern and southern grasslands is comparable, the IAV of GPP in the east is 29% ± 9% greater, offset by respiration with higher moisture sensitivity. By contrast, the IAV of NBE in northern forests is around twice that of southern forests, despite a smaller IAV of GPP. The larger NBE IAV is attributed to the higher moisture sensitivity of biomass burning emissions and the stronger temperature sensitivity of respiration in northern forests, which prevents respiration from declining despite significant GPP reductions under dry and warm conditions (e.g., the 2016 El Niño year). We also find that in northern grasslands, unlike other regions, IAV of NBE is primarily determined by respiration, which responds strongly to soil rewetting in the late dry season. Our results underscore the potential of satellite observations in uncovering the drivers of the IAV in the African ecosystem carbon cycle at regional as well as continental scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Global Emission Inventory of Particulate Phosphorus From Fertilizer Production and Handling","authors":"Sagar D. Rathod,&nbsp;Douglas S. Hamilton","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008555","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with many species limited by P availability for primary productivity. While dust and primary biological aerosols, such as pollen, are shown to be large atmospheric P sources, emissions from phosphatic fertilizer production—comprising phosphate rock mining, grinding, and chemical processing—remain unquantified. We present the first global estimate of P aerosol emissions from fertilizer production using publicly available production and emission factor data. Present-day annual P emissions in the sub-10-micron fraction are ∼120 Gg P/year, comparable to dust, but are more directly upwind of P-limited ocean basins like the North Atlantic. Between 2002 and 2022, these emissions increased by 60%, fluctuating regionally with fertilizer production trends. With P demand projected to triple by the year 2100, understanding this source and its impacts on ecosystems is important.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GB008555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144647379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Remineralization Is a Depth-Varying Contributor to Particle Flux Attenuation in the Southern Ocean","authors":"L. Petiteau,&nbsp;P. W. Boyd,&nbsp;F. A. C. Le Moigne,&nbsp;M. Villa-Alfageme,&nbsp;I. Vioque,&nbsp;E. C. Laurenceau-Cornec,&nbsp;K. Baker,&nbsp;L. Lacour,&nbsp;T. Rohr,&nbsp;R. F. Strzepek,&nbsp;M. Bressac","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008498","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The biological carbon pump contributes to set the magnitude of carbon sequestration in the oceans' interior. Estimating the relative contribution of microbial versus zooplankton-mediated processes to particulate organic carbon (POC) flux attenuation provides insights into how this pump functions. Our study took place during the high productivity summer period in the Subantarctic and Polar Front Zone. In the upper mesopelagic (i.e., 180–300 m depth), we concurrently measured the downward POC flux, particle size and morphology, microbial remineralization rates and estimated size-specific sinking velocities. These concomitant measurements revealed two different export systems, dominated by fecal material in the Subantarctic, and phyto-aggregates in polar waters. These two systems were characterized by similar low particle sinking velocities (∼10 m d⁻¹), while microbial remineralization rates differed by an order of magnitude. Higher microbial remineralization rates in the Subantarctic (0.11 d⁻¹), compared to polar waters (0.04 d⁻¹), were likely driven by the confounding effect of temperature and particle characteristics. Despite this difference in microbial remineralization rates, these two export systems were characterized by relatively similar transfer efficiencies, suggesting that microbes had differing influences. A comparison of microbially mediated (i.e., scaled using observed remineralization rates) with total POC flux attenuation (i.e., driven by the dual impact of microbes and flux-feeders) revealed a higher microbial contribution to the flux attenuation in the upper mesopelagic of the subantarctic compared to the polar region. This deconstruction of the flux attenuation revealed an increasing influence of microbes on POC degradation with depth to become the predominant actor in the lower mesopelagic.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GB008498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy Effects of the Siberian Heatwave of 2020 on Above- and Belowground Processes","authors":"Min Jung Kwon,&nbsp;Philippe Ciais,&nbsp;Ana Bastos,&nbsp;Christian Beer","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008607","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the first half of 2020, Siberia experienced an intense and persistent heatwave (HW). This HW induced earlier and stronger CO₂ uptake in the early growing season compared to previous years, which then led to reduced CO₂ uptake in the late growing season partly due to soil desiccation, that is, seasonal legacy effects. Using the land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT, we investigated whether the 2020 HW influenced the ecosystem processes in the following year 2021 (legacy effects) by the differences between simulation results with the observed climate forcing in 2020 and counterfactual simulations without a prominent HW event in 2020. The 2020 HW, combined with increased snowfall in late 2020, resulted in a 1.2°C warmer soil temperature, 20 kg m⁻² more soil water content (in the top 1 m), and a 0.04 gC m⁻² day⁻¹ increase in heterotrophic respiration (CO₂ emissions) in early 2021 in central Siberia. The 2020 HW also affected photosynthesis (CO₂ uptake) in early summer 2021, with contrasting responses between biomes: CO₂ uptake increased in forests (i.e., positive legacy effects), while it decreased in grasslands (i.e., small negative legacy effects). Due to the 2020 HW, forests gained 6 gC m⁻² on land (combined plant and soil carbon), while grasslands lost 10.9 gC m⁻². Our results highlight that the effects of HWs can persist aboveground (vegetation) and belowground (soil temperature and moisture) and significantly affect carbon pools and net CO₂ fluxes in the following year.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GB008607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Biogeochemistry of Natural Climate Solutions Based on Fish, Fisheries, and Marine Mammals: A Review of Current Evidence, Research Needs, and Critical Assessment of Readiness","authors":"James R. Collins,&nbsp;Mattias R. Cape,&nbsp;Robert E. Boenish,&nbsp;Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson,&nbsp;Scott C. Doney,&nbsp;Rod Fujita,&nbsp;Steven D. Gaines,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Gruby,&nbsp;Di Jin,&nbsp;Heather H. Kim,&nbsp;Kristin M. Kleisner,&nbsp;Gaël Mariani,&nbsp;Lisa A. Moore,&nbsp;Andrew J. Pershing,&nbsp;Douglas N. Rader,&nbsp;Joe Roman,&nbsp;Grace K. Saba,&nbsp;James N. Sanchirico,&nbsp;Steven Saul,&nbsp;Matthew S. Savoca,&nbsp;Alexander Waller","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several initiatives to conserve, restore or better manage fisheries, fishes, whales, and other marine animals have been proposed as natural climate solutions to sequester carbon from the atmosphere or avoid new emissions. We reviewed the knowledge and uncertainties surrounding carbon fluxes and storage mediated by these organisms to evaluate their suitability to support climate mitigation interventions. Estimates of the carbon stored within fish and marine mammal biomass ranged from 0.1 to 1.9 Pg C for mesopelagic fishes, 0.7–0.6 Pg C for all fishes, 0.0020–0.016 Pg C for great whales, and 0.0065–0.0113 Pg C for all marine mammals, compared to an estimated 1.5–6 Pg C stored in all ocean biota. Mesopelagic fishes, epipelagic fishes and great whales contribute on the order of 1–3 Pg C yr⁻¹, 0.03–0.06 Pg C yr⁻¹, and 0.001–0.004 Pg C yr⁻¹, respectively, to export from the ocean's surface below the euphotic zone, compared to an estimated total marine biological export of 9–10 Pg C yr⁻¹. The combined flux of carbon to the atmosphere from benthic trawling, biomass extraction, and fuel consumption during commercial fishing ranged from 0.05 to 0.25 Pg C yr⁻¹. Substantial uncertainties were associated with nearly all fluxes and reservoirs. The contributions of whales to carbon export and the mobilization of sediment carbon during benthic trawling were least certain, limiting the readiness of associated pathways to provide quantifiable, high-quality carbon credits. Although substantial uncertainties also surrounded mesopelagic fishes, we found that even conservative estimates of these organisms' contribution to ocean carbon export are large enough to justify conservation actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking Surface Phytoplankton Dynamics to Small-Particle Fluxes in the Mesopelagic Zone: Insights From High Latitude Bioregions Using BGC-Argo Floats","authors":"Elsa Simon,&nbsp;Léo Lacour,&nbsp;Hervé Claustre,&nbsp;Nicholas Bock,&nbsp;Marin Cornec,&nbsp;Raphaëlle Sauzède,&nbsp;Catherine Schmechtig,&nbsp;Laurent Coppola","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008447","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding factors controlling the biological carbon pump (BCP) at the regional scale is of major interest for better characterizing carbon sequestration into the deep ocean and, therefore, the ocean's role in climate regulation. This study focuses on high-latitude marine regions, which are responsible for the majority of marine CO₂ absorption. Using data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats, a bioregionalization method was performed on 335 annual time series of chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentration and particulate backscattering coefficient, variables from which particulate organic carbon (POC) could be estimated. This analysis highlighted six regimes characterized by distinct seasonality in productivity, export, and transfer of small POC (&lt;100 μm). Both hemispheres exhibited regimes with strong summer blooms and others with deep chlorophyll maxima. Across these regimes, variations in phytoplankton phenology and particle assemblages drove three distinct systems of BCP strength and efficiency for small particles. Despite these differences, processes such as gravitational sinking, the mixed layer pump, or particle fragmentation facilitated the export of small particles down to ∼1,000 m across all regions. This resulted in an average annual contribution of ∼10% of small particles to total organic carbon fluxes at depth, highlighting the role of small particles in long-term carbon sequestration. These findings emphasize the need for future investigations into processes driving small-particle carbon export and transfer in the mesopelagic zone at annual and seasonal scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diatom and Dinoflagellate Cyst Fluxes Over Four Annual Cycles in a High Arctic Fjord, Northeast Greenland","authors":"M. Mäkelä,&nbsp;T. Luostarinen,&nbsp;S. Ribeiro,&nbsp;K. Weckström,&nbsp;M. Sejr,&nbsp;M. Winding,&nbsp;M. Heikkilä","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008478","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Retreating sea ice and freshening surface waters are rapidly changing Arctic coastal environments. To predict the impacts of cryosphere change, it is essential to understand ecosystem variability beyond the instrumental era. Diatoms and dinoflagellate resting cysts have been abundantly used to reconstruct past marine conditions. Our understanding of microfossil species' ecologies is predominantly based on ecophysiological studies, the spatial distribution of species in surface sediments in relation to surface-ocean conditions and sediment-core studies. However, little is known about their seasonal ecologies and how biotic interactions impact species abundances. Here, we present sediment trap records of diatom and dinocyst succession over 4 years in a seasonally ice-covered Northeast Greenland fjord. We found highly seasonal diatom blooms and dinocyst production, but no clear separation in the timing between sea-ice indicating and open-water species fluxes. The interannual variation was not linked with the timing of sea-ice breakup. Instead, we linked higher production of heterotrophic dinocysts with high river discharge, while the highest diatom fluxes were often recorded during relatively low river discharge, suggesting that land-derived meltwaters controlled the blooms through stratification and light limitation. Thus, while we were not able to detect detailed species-environment dynamics due to the resolution of the trap data, our results indicate that the limitation of light and nutrients due to river discharge may override the impacts of sea-surface temperature and sea-ice cycle. We highlight that land-derived inputs should be considered alongside other parameters of sea-surface conditions when using diatoms and dinocysts as paleoecological proxies in Arctic fjord settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008478","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Impacts of Acclimation and Adaptation of Photosynthetic Capacity to Temperature and CO2 Across Biomes","authors":"Rebecca J. Oliver,&nbsp;Lina M. Mercado,&nbsp;Belinda E. Medlyn,&nbsp;Phil P. Harris,&nbsp;Douglas B. Clark","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008398","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The response of photosynthesis to temperature and CO₂ is poorly represented in land surface models, contributing uncertainty to estimates of the land carbon sink. We assess the sensitivity of carbon uptake to temperature adaptation and acclimation of photosynthetic capacity and CO₂ acclimation of photosynthesis in the JULES model forced with an RCP8.5 climate scenario. Simulations show enhanced global gross primary productivity (GPP) when these processes are included, but over time the enhancement of GPP is weakened. In extratropical regions, temperature acclimation enhances GPP by aligning the photosynthetic temperature optimum with seasonal temperatures, allowing higher rates of carbon assimilation. In the tropics, temperature adaptation weakens the rate of global carbon uptake by reducing the CO₂ sensitivity of photosynthesis and limiting the CO₂ fertilization response, while acclimation sustains higher rates of photosynthesis as temperatures rise. Combined, our results suggest enhanced thermal resilience of modeled global GPP to warming. Downregulation of photosynthetic capacity in response to elevated CO₂ could substantially affect future GPP. However, this response remains uncertain, highlighting the need for improved understanding and representation of CO₂ acclimation across biomes, especially in tropical ecosystems where field data are scarce. Results suggest models omitting these processes may underestimate global carbon uptake and ignore important spatial variability in response to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008398","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic Matter Availability and the Production of Methane-Derived Dissolved Organic Carbon at Methane Seeps","authors":"Ellen Lalk,&nbsp;John W. Pohlman,&nbsp;Laura L. Lapham","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Methane seeps located along continental margins and slopes export sedimentary methane and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into the ocean. The flux of these reduced carbon molecules from the seafloor into the ocean impacts ocean chemistry and supports deep-sea life. While significant effort has been made to understand how the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) regulates the release of methane from the seafloor, little is known about the production of DOC in association with AOM or its flux and fate in the ocean. We hypothesize a mechanism for methane incorporation into DOC at seeps and investigate the relationship between sediment total organic carbon (TOC) availability and the incorporation of methane-derived carbon into DOC at four methane seep regions along the Cascadia margin, with a range of microbial and thermogenic methane sources. At sites with &lt;2.0 wt.% TOC (Hydrate Ridge and Bullseye Vent), up to 60%–80% of carbon in DOC is methane-carbon, much more than sites with &gt;2.0 wt.% TOC (Astoria Canyon and Barkley Canyon). We attribute the greater methane contribution at the more TOC-limited sites to a greater role of AOM in the carbon cycle, whereas at the organic matter-rich sites, microbial competition for sulfate as an electron acceptor for organic matter decomposition limits AOM and hence the transfer of carbon from methane to DOC. We estimate that the global diffusive flux of methane-derived DOC from the seafloor is 0.07–10.1 Tg C/yr, contributing to the stock of DOC present in the deep ocean and/or fueling the deep-sea microbial loop.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Imprint of Southern Ocean Storms on Modeled Surface Chlorophyll, Their Drivers and Satellite Biases","authors":"Cara Nissen,&nbsp;Genevieve L. Clow,&nbsp;Nicole S. Lovenduski,&nbsp;Katherine E. Turner,&nbsp;Magdalena M. Carranza,&nbsp;Kristen M. Krumhardt","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008550","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Southern Ocean (SO) phytoplankton chlorophyll is highly variable on sub-seasonal time scales. Although the SO is the windiest ocean basin globally, it is not conclusively understood how storms impact SO phytoplankton dynamics. Much of our existing knowledge stems from satellites, but biases due to data gaps from cloud cover and low solar angles remain unquantified. Here, we use ocean–sea-ice simulations with the Community Earth System Model to quantify the climatological 1997–2018 imprint of storms on chlorophyll and phytoplankton dynamics in the ice-free SO. Additionally, by comparing the full-field model output to synthetic satellite observations, we quantify sampling biases in satellite-derived estimates. We find that both the sign and the magnitude of the average surface chlorophyll imprint vary substantially across storms but last for at least 4 days after the storm passing. Based on our analysis, more than one third of the storms explain the majority of local non-seasonal chlorophyll variability, but satellite-derived storm imprints are often too large in magnitude. On the day of the storm passing, changes in vertical mixing predominantly cause surface chlorophyll anomalies, and reduced light availability due to enhanced cloud cover outweighs the enhanced nutrient availability due to entrainment. Interestingly, storms imprint differently on total net primary production than on surface chlorophyll, demonstrating the difficulty to derive carbon-cycle impacts from a surface-chlorophyll assessment. With SO future storm activity projected to increase, complementing satellite observations with other observing technologies, for example, profiling floats, is necessary to better constrain how storms impact biological carbon cycling in the SO.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GB008550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}