Global Biogeochemical Cycles最新文献

{"title":"Zooplankton and Picocyanobacteria Contribute Characteristic Size Ranges of Organic Particles to Different Layers of the Anoxic Water Column","authors":"Clara A. Fuchsman,&nbsp;Jacob A. Cram","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008397","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) are key areas of nitrogen loss, a process dependent on organic matter. Understanding the sources of organic matter in the ODZ is necessary to predict how biogeochemical cycles will respond to ocean changes. Size fractionated (5–20, 20–53, 53–180, 180–500, &gt;500 μm) particulate organic C and N (POM) concentration and isotopic composition depth profiles from three stations in the offshore Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) ODZ were used to gain insights into the origins of POM in the ODZ. Since the within-ODZ <i>Prochlorococcus</i> cells assimilate nitrite, we used the resulting highly depleted δ¹⁵N signal to trace organic matter of cyanobacterial origin to medium sized particles at the secondary chlorophyll maximum, and to &gt;500 μm particles directly below the secondary chlorophyll maximum. This organic nitrogen was consumed in the upper ODZ. Other POM maxima were seen at the depths of the zooplankton vertical migration maxima with the increase in POM marked in the 5–20 μm fraction. In the deep ODZ, below the zooplankton migration depth, POM concentrations in the 5–20 μm fraction were unusually small, the C:N ratios were extremely high (&gt;20), and δ¹⁵N was enriched (8–12‰), indicating degraded material. In deep samples, δ¹³C was more depleted in larger particles and correlated with enriched δ¹⁵N, indicating increased degradation in 53–500 μm particles. This trend suggests an additional source of small particles, such as from in situ production, rather than just the fragmentation of large particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave Glider-Based Measurements and Corrections of Near-Surface pCO2 Gradients in the Coastal Ocean","authors":"Sean Morgan,&nbsp;Sara Wong,&nbsp;Tyler Byrne,&nbsp;Adam Comeau,&nbsp;Brian Ward,&nbsp;Mark Barry,&nbsp;Dariia Atamanchuk","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbonate system dynamics are highly variable in coastal and shelf regions, and poor spatiotemporal measurement resolution leads to inadequate constraints for global carbon sequestration estimates. Additionally, conventional <i>p</i>CO₂ measurement-based flux calculations require an assumption of homogeneity in near-surface waters, excluding effects such as biological drivers and air-sea disequilibrium. To quantify the effect of these drivers by capturing high resolution measurements during short-term events, we present the deployment of a Liquid Robotics Wave Glider equipped with mirrored gas sensor suites at the surface and sub-surface during the 2022 spring bloom on the Scotian Shelf in eastern Canada. The temporal variability in the data reveals biologically driven diurnal <i>p</i>CO₂ behavior that conventional low-resolution methods may overlook. Additionally, through direct measurement of surface and sub-surface <i>p</i>CO₂ levels, we demonstrate that conventional underway measurement methods systematically underestimate surface <i>p</i>CO₂ values in this region by 1–10 μatm, leading to flux estimation errors of up to 7%. These findings emphasize the value of high-resolution data for determining drivers of spatial variability and question the capacity of underway lines to measure true surface <i>p</i>CO₂ values. By employing vehicle-based measurement techniques, we can improve our understanding of carbon dynamics in coastal environments and refine flux estimates for accurate climate modeling and management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Water Masses, Biological Processes, Remineralization and Reversible Scavenging in Controlling the Distribution of Dissolved Nickel in the Arabian Sea","authors":"Nirmalya Malla,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Naman Deep Singh,&nbsp;Arvind Shukla,&nbsp;Venkatesh Chinni,&nbsp;Vineet Goswami,&nbsp;Robin John","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008441","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study describes the distribution of dissolved nickel (dNi) by sampling and analyzing seawater in the Arabian Sea. It aims to understand how different biogeochemical processes impact the distribution of dNi. The concentration of dNi ranges from 1.4–4.6 nM in surface waters to 6.8–12 nM in the deeper waters (&gt;1,000 m) of the Arabian Sea. The distribution of dNi in the Arabian Sea is modulated by sources such as dust, riverine and submarine groundwater discharge, sinks such as biological uptake and adsorption processes, as well as internal cycling such as remineralization, reversible scavenging, and consumption in intense oxygen deficient zone in the water column influence the distribution of dNi in the Arabian Sea. Dissolved nickel has a higher concentration in the surface waters of the Arabian Sea, unlike other micronutrients such as Fe, Cd, Zn, Co, etc., potentially due to its unavailability for biological uptake. A significant portion of dNi (30%–50%) in the intermediate and deeper waters of the Arabian Sea is derived from the remineralization of organic matter, and the reversible scavenging process, similar to that in the Pacific Ocean. This is confirmed by the presence of additional dNi in excess of the preformed dNi supplied by water mass mixing in the Arabian Sea. The results of this study indicate significant depletion of dNi over Phosphate in the intense oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea, implying a complex interplay of factors such as its loss as sulphides or Fe oxides or POC and due to varying ecosystem composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origins of the Nitrate 15N Depletion in the Mediterranean Sea","authors":"T. Wald,&nbsp;F. Fripiat,&nbsp;A. D. Foreman,&nbsp;Y. Ryu,&nbsp;D. Marconi,&nbsp;T. Tanhua,&nbsp;G. Sisma-Ventura,&nbsp;D. M. Sigman,&nbsp;G. H. Haug,&nbsp;A. Martínez-García","doi":"10.1029/2023GB008035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB008035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous studies have reported a nitrate ¹⁵N depletion in the Mediterranean Sea compared to the global ocean, attributed to either N₂ fixation or atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic N. In this study, we report basin-wide full-depth profiles of nitrate <i>δ</i>¹⁵N (vs. Air) and <i>δ</i>¹⁸O (vs. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, VSMOW) in the Mediterranean Sea. Our results confirm a consistent ¹⁵N depletion across the entire Mediterranean Sea, with significantly lower nitrate <i>δ</i>¹⁵N values in the eastern basin (2.2 ± 0.2‰) than in the western basin (2.9 ± 0.1‰). In contrast, there is no significant difference in nitrate <i>δ</i>¹⁸O between the two basins (2.2 ± 0.3‰ and 2.1 ± 0.2‰, respectively). These observations point to a supply of low-<i>δ</i>¹⁵N N to the Mediterranean Sea, accumulating as regenerated nitrate, which is diluted by the nitrate in the Atlantic inflow, creating an west-to-east gradient in nitrate <i>δ</i>¹⁵N. A four-box model reveals that, given a water residence time of 120–170 years in the Mediterranean, a modest input rate of 1–3 Tg N yr⁻¹—originating from N₂ fixation, atmospheric deposition, or their combination—is adequate to produce the observed low <i>δ</i>¹⁵N of Mediterranean nitrate. Additionally, partial degradation of dissolved organic nitrogen imported from the Atlantic may add low-<i>δ</i>¹⁵N nitrate to the Mediterranean, but it alone cannot explain the full isotopic signal. Distinguishing among these sources will be aided by the reconstruction of Mediterranean nitrate <i>δ</i>¹⁵N through time using either time-series data of nitrate <i>δ</i>¹⁵N or calcareous fossil-bound organic nitrogen isotope ratios.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023GB008035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing Cation Exchange Processes at Earth's Surface Using Mg Isotopes","authors":"Di Cai,&nbsp;Shouye Yang","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008411","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Investigations into the interaction between rock (sediment) and water at Earth's surface have primarily focused on mineral dissolution/precipitation processes. While the presence of exchangeable cations on mineral surfaces has long been recognized, the coupled chemical evolution of this labile pool with surface water remains less understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Mg isotopes (expressed as δ value-δ²⁶Mg) serve as an effective proxy for tracing cation exchange processes, as our batch exchange experiments and field investigations showed marginal Mg isotope fractionation (&lt;0.2‰) between concomitant dissolved Mg and exchangeable Mg. This finding suggests that Mg isotope exchange follows a simple mixing process, resulting in nearly identical δ²⁶Mg values between dissolved and exchangeable phases once equilibrium is achieved. Thus, the potential for exchangeable Mg to alter the δ²⁶Mg of water—or vice versa—depends on the relative masses of Mg in these two phases. We further investigated the relative proportions of dissolved and exchangeable Mg across the surface sediment cycling pathway, from regolith to rivers and ultimately to estuaries. Our compiled data suggest that the exchangeable Mg pools in regolith from various geological settings are substantial enough to buffer the concentration and isotopic composition of Mg in infiltrating water, reducing their variations in runoff under changing hydrological conditions. In river channels, however, exchangeable Mg in suspended sediments accounts for a small fraction (∼6 ± 1.5%) of total dissolved Mg globally, meaning that exchange reactions are expected to have little impact on water chemistry as suspended particulate matter enter the river channels or the ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Distribution and Influencing Factors of Plant-Available Phosphorus in (Semi-)Natural Soils","authors":"Xianzhen Luo,&nbsp;Conghui Guo,&nbsp;Xianjin He,&nbsp;Julian Helfenstein,&nbsp;Hans Lambers,&nbsp;Qingqing Ren,&nbsp;Muhammed Mustapha Ibrahim,&nbsp;Zhimin Li,&nbsp;Huiying Lin,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Chang,&nbsp;Lingling Zhang,&nbsp;Dazhi Wen,&nbsp;Enqing Hou","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008513","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phosphorus (P) is frequently a limiting nutrient for plant growth in natural ecosystems. Determining plant-available P concentration in soil is essential for pinpointing areas where P availability might restrict plant growth and terrestrial carbon sequestration. However, the worldwide distribution and factors influencing plant-available P in (semi-)natural soils are not well understood. Here, we have developed a comprehensive global database that compiles plant-available P measurements using five prevalent analytical methods: Olsen, Bray-1, Mehlich III, Colwell, and AB-DTPA. The data set encompasses 6,253 plant-available P measurements in (semi-)natural soils (under natural ecosystems and &gt;10 years since anthropogenic activities) at 3,353 globally distributed sites. Leveraging this extensive database, we initially examined the global distribution and influencing factors of plant-available soil P. Subsequently, we utilized a random forest model to delineate a detailed global map of plant-available soil P patterns. Globally, plant-available P varied over four orders of magnitude, from 0.01 to 99.2 mg kg⁻¹. The variation was best explained by parent material types and total soil P concentration. Random forest predicted plant-available P increased significantly with latitude in both hemispheres, though with large longitudinal variations. Global stock of plant-available P was estimated to be 0.73 Pg and 1.59 Pg at 0–30 cm and 30–100 cm soil depths. Our analysis provides insight into the underlying drivers of plant-available P in (semi-)natural soils, presents a spatially explicit assessment of plant-available soil P, which can provide a basis for assessing, predicting, and understanding global patterns of terrestrial P limitation and the functioning of the Earth system.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing Annual Δ14C During Miyake Events Using Deciduous and Evergreen Trees","authors":"M. R. Walker,&nbsp;C. M. Shobe,&nbsp;L. Andrea-Hayles,&nbsp;L. Dey,&nbsp;B. Suran,&nbsp;B. Nachin,&nbsp;A. E. Hessl","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008423","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cosmic rays and solar energetic particles pose significant risks to satellites, space stations, and human space exploration. They also produce atmospheric radiocarbon (¹⁴C), which enters the carbon cycle and is recorded by paleoenvironmental proxies. Miyake events, rapid increases in atmospheric ¹⁴C, first identified in annual tree rings and later confirmed through ice core ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl isotopes, are thought to result from extreme solar activity, are seven events identified over the last 14,300 years. However, uncertainty in annual ¹⁴C measurements limits precise inferences about their timing and magnitude. This study examines uncertainties in ¹⁴C during two Miyake events (774 CE and 993 CE) across trees with differing uptake, storage, and allocation of carbon. We hypothesize that tree species physiology affects tree-ring Δ¹⁴C, with deciduous species recording lagged, attenuated tree-ring Δ¹⁴C relative to evergreen species. Using Δ¹⁴C data from pine and larch in Mongolia and a larger multi-species Northern Hemisphere data set, we employed a Bayesian framework to estimate the timing, duration, and magnitude of these two events. Our AMS results showed no differences in Δ¹⁴C between evergreen and deciduous species growing at similar sites during the 774 CE event. The 993 CE event was variable, but parameter estimates were consistent between species. Northern Hemisphere comparisons indicated that annual series of Δ¹⁴C from evergreen and deciduous conifers yielded relatively more precise modeled estimates of start date and duration relative to deciduous broadleaf species. Future studies should consider the role of species-specific carbon allocation strategies and storage dynamics in determining the radiocarbon response to Miyake events.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term and Seasonal Drivers of Organic Matter in the Clearwater Tapajós River and Implications for the Amazon River Basin","authors":"Martin R. Kurek,&nbsp;Rafael Muniz,&nbsp;José M. S. Moura,&nbsp;Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink,&nbsp;Robert M. Holmes,&nbsp;Amy M. McKenna,&nbsp;Robert G. M. Spencer","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008545","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Amazon River exports over 10% of the global riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux to the ocean. However, several downstream clearwater tributaries, such as the Tapajós River, are typically not included in these measurements, omitting a crucial part of the Amazon carbon cycle. This study investigated near-monthly DOC and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition via optical, fluorescence spectroscopy, and ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) of the Tapajós River for 8 years (2016–2024) to better understand patterns and drivers of potential organic carbon export to the lower Amazon River. DOM composition and DOC export were driven by the seasonal flood pulse of the Tapajós River, exporting aromatic terrestrial DOM from the watershed during high discharge and internally produced algal or microbial DOM during dry periods. On average, we report that the Tapajós River exports 1.38 Tg DOC annually to the downstream Amazon mixing zone, representing an amount of DOC exported by other major world rivers such as the Yukon or Mekong River. Furthermore, organic carbon export varied interannually with less DOC exported during dry El Niño events and more algal-derived DOM exported during bloom periods. Finally, as grassland and cropland landcover increased over the study period, we observed an average decrease in aromatic DOM and an increase in microbially processed fluorophores. Our study suggests that temperature, precipitation, and anthropogenic land use changes in clearwater rivers will impact carbon export across the lower Amazon River network.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Influence on Subsurface Rates of Microbial Sulfate Reduction and Sulfur Isotope Fractionation in Coastal Sediments","authors":"Bizhou Zhu,&nbsp;朱碧洲,&nbsp;Harold J. Bradbury,&nbsp;Thomas I. Marquand,&nbsp;Angus Fotherby,&nbsp;Caroline M. Daunt,&nbsp;Josephine A. Clegg,&nbsp;Beth Williams,&nbsp;Jonathan D. Todd,&nbsp;Michael J. Bickle,&nbsp;Fiona Llewellyn-Beard,&nbsp;Alexandra V. Turchyn","doi":"10.1029/2025GB008558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008558","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sulfur isotope fractionation during microbial sulfate reduction is often preserved in the mineral pyrite (FeS₂), which has been used to reconstruct the biogeochemical sulfur cycle and redox geochemistry of the oceans over the Earth history. Understanding what controls the preserved sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite is therefore of paramount importance, but it has been difficult to deconvolve the influence of environmental changes from changes in sedimentation rate. We present a 16-month record of pore fluid geochemical profiles with in situ sampling apparatus installed in coastal sediments, one of which is dominated by microbial sulfate reduction and the other dominated by bacterial iron reduction. Our data include monthly sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and chloride concentrations (Cl⁻), dissolved iron concentrations (Fe²⁺), and the sulfur isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate (δ³⁴S_SO4) up to 36 cm below the sediment-water interface. We use a reactive transport model to determine the expressed sulfur isotopic fractionation factor for each month and a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate net sulfate flux into the sediment based on pore fluid profiles from the sulfidic sediment. Net rates of sulfate reduction in the sulfidic sediment vary by three orders of magnitude over the seasonal cycle and are positively correlated with air temperature. The expressed sulfur isotope fractionation factor varies between 20 and 70‰ and reaches the thermodynamic limit in the colder months. Our data suggest that the correlation between temperature and the subsurface microbial sulfur biogeochemical cycle should be considered when interpreting sulfur isotope ratios in pyrite over Earth history.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GB008558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Wave-Induced Variability on Ocean Carbon Uptake","authors":"P. Rustogi,&nbsp;L. Resplandy,&nbsp;E. Liao,&nbsp;B. G. Reichl,&nbsp;L. Deike","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008382","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;High-frequency wind and wave variability influence air-sea gas fluxes by modulating the gas transfer velocity at the interface. Traditional gas transfer velocity formulations scale solely with wind speed and neglect wave effects, including wave breaking and bubble-mediated transfer. In this study, we quantify the influence of wave effects on the air-sea &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; flux and ocean carbon storage using a wind-wave-bubble gas transfer velocity formulation in an ocean general circulation model (MOM6-COBALTv2). Wave effects introduce strong variability in global air-sea &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; fluxes at high-frequency and seasonal timescales (+15–40%). Compared to a traditional wind-dependent formulation, local &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; fluxes can be modified by 2–20 mmol &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${mathrm{m}}^{-2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;day&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{day}}^{-1}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (i.e., 20–50% flux difference), with the largest differences occurring during storms. The wind-wave-bubble formulation yields a modest global increase in ocean carbon storage (+0.07 PgC &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;yr&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}