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{"title":"Cell type-dependent role of transforming growth factor-β signaling on postnatal neural stem cell proliferation and migration.","authors":"Kierra Ware, Joshua Peter, Lucas McClain, Yu Luo","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00623","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202603000-00039/figure1/v/2025-06-16T082406Z/r/image-tiff Adult neurogenesis continuously produces new neurons critical for cognitive plasticity in adult rodents. While it is known transforming growth factor-β signaling is important in embryonic neurogenesis, its role in postnatal neurogenesis remains unclear. In this study, to define the precise role of transforming growth factor-β signaling in postnatal neurogenesis at distinct stages of the neurogenic cascade both in vitro and in vivo , we developed two novel inducible and cell type-specific mouse models to specifically silence transforming growth factor-β signaling in neural stem cells in ( mGFAPcre - ALK5fl/fl - Ai9 ) or immature neuroblasts in ( DCXcreERT2 - ALK5fl/fl - Ai9 ). Our data showed that exogenous transforming growth factor-β treatment led to inhibition of the proliferation of primary neural stem cells while stimulating their migration. These effects were abolished in activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5) knockout primary neural stem cells. Consistent with this, inhibition of transforming growth factor-β signaling with SB-431542 in wild-type neural stem cells stimulated proliferation while inhibited the migration of neural stem cells. Interestingly, deletion of transforming growth factor-β receptor in neural stem cells in vivo inhibited the migration of postnatal born neurons in mGFAPcre - ALK5fl/fl - Ai9 mice, while abolishment of transforming growth factor-β signaling in immature neuroblasts in DCXcreERT2 - ALK5fl/fl - Ai9 mice did not affect the migration of these cells in the hippocampus. In summary, our data supports a dual role of transforming growth factor-β signaling in the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells in vitro . Moreover, our data provides novel insights on cell type-specific-dependent requirements of transforming growth factor-β signaling on neural stem cell proliferation and migration in vivo .</p>","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"1151-1161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metformin remodels the myelin landscape.","authors":"Bandy Chen","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01495","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01495","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"1120-1121"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell Phf8 ['feɪt] control: Epigenetic regulation during oligodendroglial development.","authors":"Marco Kremp, Michael Wegner","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01414","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01414","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"1110-1111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic insights of neuronal death and neuroprotective therapeutic approaches in stroke.","authors":"Chun Li, Yuping Luo, Siguang Li","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01324","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke, particularly ischemic stroke, is the leading cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. It occurs due to the occlusion of the cerebral arteries, which significantly reduces the delivery of blood, oxygen, and essential nutrients to brain tissues. This deprivation triggers a cascade of cellular events that ultimately leads to neuronal death. Recent studies have clarified the multifactorial pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, highlighting the roles of energy failure, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive insight into the fundamental mechanisms driving neuronal death triggered by ischemia and to examine the progress of neuroprotective therapeutic approaches designed to mitigate neuronal loss and promote neurological recovery after a stroke. Additionally, we explored widely accepted findings regarding the potential pathways implicated in neuronal death during ischemic stroke, including the interplay of apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necrosis, which collectively influence neuronal fate. We also discussed advancements in neuroprotective therapeutics, encompassing a range of interventions from pharmacological modulation to stem cell-based therapies, aimed at reducing neuronal injury and enhancing functional recovery following ischemic stroke. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in translating mechanistic insights into effective clinical therapies. Although neuroprotective strategies have shown promise in preclinical models, their efficacy in human trials has been inconsistent, often due to the complex pathology of ischemic stroke and the timing of interventions. In conclusion, this review synthesizes mechanistic insights into the intricate interplay of molecular and cellular pathways driving neuronal death post-ischemia. It sheds light on cutting-edge advancements in potential neuroprotective therapeutics, underscores the promise of regenerative medicine, and offers a forward-looking perspective on potential clinical breakthroughs. The ongoing evolution of precision-targeted interventions is expected to significantly enhance preventative strategies and improve clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"869-886"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential role of astrocyte on gamma-aminobutyric acid tone regulation during developmental period.","authors":"Erva Ozkan, Wuhyun Koh","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01484","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":"21 3","pages":"1118-1119"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could inorganic polyphosphate be a valid target against neuronal senescence?","authors":"Luca Tagliafico, Maria E Solesio","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01559","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01559","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"1106-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological characteristics and corresponding functional properties of homeostatic human microglia.","authors":"Pariya Khodabakhsh, Olga Garaschuk","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01568","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01568","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"1112-1113"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotection provided by polyphenols and flavonoids in photoreceptor degenerative diseases.","authors":"Théo Henrique de Lima-Vasconcellos, Gabrieli Bovi Dos Santos, Marília Inês Móvio, Giovanna Klemenc Donnici, Gabriela Maria Badin, Daniele Ribeiro de Araujo, Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01638","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intricate landscape of neurodegenerative diseases complicates the search for effective therapeutic approaches. Photoreceptor degeneration, the common endpoint in various retinal diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision loss or blindness. While primary cell death is driven by genetic mutations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, additional mechanisms contribute to disease progression. In retinitis pigmentosa, a multitude of genetic alterations can trigger the degeneration of photoreceptors, while other retinopathies, such as age-related macular degeneration, are initiated by combinations of environmental factors, such as diet, smoking, and hypertension, with genetic predispositions. Nutraceutical therapies, which blend the principles of nutrition and pharmaceuticals, aim to harness the health benefits of bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications. These compounds generally possess multi-target effects. Polyphenols and flavonoids, secondary plant metabolites abundant in plant-based foods, are known for their antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on the potential of polyphenols and flavonoids as nutraceuticals to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Furthermore, the importance of developing reliable delivery methods to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of these compounds will be discussed. By combining nutraceuticals with other emerging therapies, such as genetic and cell-based treatments, it is possible to offer a more comprehensive approach to treating retinal degenerative diseases. These advancements could lead to a viable and accessible option, improving the quality of life for patients with retinal diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"908-922"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of synaptic function and lipid metabolism.","authors":"Tongtong Zhang, Yunsi Yin, Xinyi Xia, Xinwei Que, Xueyu Liu, Guodong Zhao, Jiahao Chen, Qiuyue Chen, Zhiqing Xu, Yi Tang, Qi Qin","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01412","DOIUrl":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-01412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synapses are key structures involved in transmitting information in the nervous system, and their functions rely on the regulation of various lipids. Lipids play important roles in synapse formation, neurotransmitter release, and signal transmission, and dysregulation of lipid metabolism is closely associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. The complex roles of lipids in synaptic function and neurological diseases have recently garnered increasing attention, but their specific mechanisms remain to be fully understood. This review aims to explore how lipids regulate synaptic activity in the central nervous system, focusing on their roles in synapse formation, neurotransmitter release, and signal transmission. Additionally, it discusses the mechanisms by which glial cells modulate synaptic function through lipid regulation. This review shows that within the central nervous system, lipids are essential components of the cell membrane bilayer, playing critical roles in synaptic structure and function. They regulate presynaptic vesicular trafficking, postsynaptic signaling pathways, and glial-neuronal interactions. Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity and promotes the formation of lipid rafts. Glycerophospholipids contribute to the structural integrity of synaptic membranes and are involved in the release of synaptic vesicles. Sphingolipids interact with synaptic receptors through various mechanisms to regulate their activity and are also involved in cellular processes such as inflammation and apoptosis. Fatty acids are vital for energy metabolism and the synthesis of signaling molecules. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism may lead to impairments in synaptic function, affecting information transmission between neurons and the overall health of the nervous system. Therapeutic strategies targeting lipid metabolism, particularly through cholesterol modulation, show promise for treating these conditions. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dysregulation of lipid metabolism is closely linked to synaptic dysfunction. Therefore, lipids are not only key molecules in neural regeneration and synaptic repair but may also contribute to neurodegenerative pathology when metabolic dysregulation occurs. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms linking lipid metabolism to synaptic dysfunction and to develop targeted lipid therapies for neurological diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":" ","pages":"1037-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoplasmic reticulum: Regulator of structural potentiation of dendritic spines.","authors":"Philip J Dittmer, Mark L Dell'Acqua","doi":"10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00433","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19113,"journal":{"name":"Neural Regeneration Research","volume":"21 3","pages":"1114-1115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}