ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Glucose-Fueled Cascade Catalytic Micro/Nanomotors: Recent Advances and Biomedical Applications","authors":"Junyi Hu,&nbsp;Leilei Xu","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01331","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01331","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the advancement of micro/nanomotors toward greater functionalization and intelligence, increasing attention has been devoted to their biomedical applications, which in turn impose more stringent requirements on biocompatibility and propulsion performance. Given that glucose serves as both an energy source and a metabolic intermediate in living cells, glucose-fueled micro/nanomotors hold particular promise for life science applications. In this review, we focus on glucose-fueled micro/nanomotors driven by cascade catalytic reactions, which exhibit inherently favorable biocompatibility and enhanced propulsion. Beginning with the fundamental principles of cascade reactions, we summarize the types and current development status of cascade reactions employing glucose as a substrate. We then discuss the design strategies of glucose-fueled cascade catalytic micro/nanomotors in terms of carrier engineering, enzyme loading methodologies, propulsion mechanisms, and motility behaviors. Subsequently, we review recent progress in biomedical applications, with particular emphasis on in vitro and in vivo studies for cancer therapy, biological barrier penetration, and antibiofilm eradication. Finally, we conclude by addressing the current limitations of glucose-fueled cascade catalytic micro/nanomotors and the challenges that must be overcome to advance their practical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"5967–5985"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149236280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"19F MRI-Traceable PLGA Nanocarriers: Influence of Particle Architecture on Co-Encapsulation and Release of Immiscible Payloads","authors":"Naiara Larreina Vicente,&nbsp;Alessandra Lodrini,&nbsp;Esmee Groeneveld,&nbsp;Oya Tagit,&nbsp;Marie-José Goumans,&nbsp;Mangala Srinivas","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00915","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00915","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two perfluorocarbon (PFC)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) of different architectures were previously established as ¹⁹F MRI tracers: sodium cholate (NaCh)-stabilized core–shell particles (CSPs) and PVA-stabilized multicore particles (MCPs). Differing in their stabilizers and internal PFC distribution, they exhibited significant differences in stiffness, permeability, cell uptake, and biological behavior, with MCPs showing dramatically faster in vivo fluorine clearance, addressing an important barrier to the clinical translation of PFCs. Here, we explore the incorporation of rapamycin, a small hydrophobic drug, as a third immiscible phase to develop a theranostic platform for cardiac regeneration. By comparing the drug-loaded particle systems (Rapa-MCPs and Rapa-CSPs) against drug-free and PFC-free (Rapa-PLGA NPs) controls, we study how PFC presence and stabilizer-governed NP architectures affect multipayload incorporation, release, and biological behavior. PFC presence was associated with enhanced drug loading but faster release. A higher drug-to-polymer ratio increased loading but constrained PFC encapsulation above 2 wt %. NP architecture governed multipayload incorporation trade-offs: Rapa-CSPs showed preferential stabilization of the PFC phase over the drug and dye, and unpredictable drug release, reflecting greater sensitivity to multipayload incorporation; Rapa-MCPs could more flexibly accommodate multiple immiscible payloads at the expense of robust PFC stabilization, and showed a fast but gradual release. In vitro, encapsulated rapamycin retained mTOR-inhibitory activity, and Rapa-MCPs reduced TGF-β-driven fibrotic signaling in human living myocardial slices, supporting their therapeutic potential. These findings indicate that the stabilizers and resulting particle architectures govern payload partitioning and release in mutually immiscible multiphasic systems and provide practical design guidelines for structurally tunable polymer nanocarriers for ¹⁹F MRI-guided drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6175–6189"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149259594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Bond-Mediated Self-Adaptive Injectable Conductive Hydrogels for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","authors":"Qin hu,&nbsp;Xiao Wu,&nbsp;Lu Jiang,&nbsp;Lingtao Li,&nbsp;Xiaohuan Li,&nbsp;Jiajia Liu,&nbsp;Juan Chen,&nbsp;Huanhuan Liu","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01075","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Injectable conductive hydrogels show promise for peripheral nerve regeneration. However, a trade-off exists between mechanical adaptability and stable electrical conductivity, limiting their therapeutic effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, a self-adaptive injectable hydrogel (AuSeGD) was developed. It features a hierarchical dynamic network comprising weak diselenide (Se–Se) bonds and strong gold–selenium (Au–Se) coordination bonds. The Se–Se bonds dissipate mechanical stress, while the Au–Se bonds maintain the integrity of the conductive framework. AuSeGD is created through UV-initiated polymerization of methacrylated gelatin, a diselenide-containing crosslinker, and gold nanoparticles. It exhibits shear-thinning injectability, rapid self-healing, moderate tissue adhesion, and stable electrical conductivity under repeated mechanical loading. In vitro studies demonstrate support for Schwann cell viability and excellent hemocompatibility. In a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model, AuSeGD forms an integrated electroactive bridge, accelerating axonal regeneration and remyelination. This is evidenced by increased expression of neurofilament and myelin basic protein, thicker myelin sheaths, and an optimized <em>G</em>-ratio. The structural repair leads to motor functional recovery, improving the sciatic function index and reducing gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. This bond strategy effectively balances adaptability and conductivity, offering a versatile material platform for electroactive biomaterials in complex tissue repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6388–6400"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149284157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant Zein/ACP/Epigallocatechin Gallate Composite Scaffold for Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging and Bidirectional Regulation of Bone Remodeling","authors":"Jing Han,&nbsp;Jianyuan Qiu,&nbsp;Zhaoqing Gong,&nbsp;Wenying Wang,&nbsp;Guojian Zhou,&nbsp;Kun Ge,&nbsp;Liqing Lu,&nbsp;Guoqiang Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01376","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01376","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Overcoming oxidative stress resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) overload in the microenvironment of bone injury is crucial for bone repair. This study developed a multifunctional composite scaffold composed of zein, adenosine-calcium phosphate (ACP), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for enhanced bone regeneration through antioxidant activity. For the preparation of the Zein/ACP/EGCG (Z/A/E) composite scaffold, ACP nanoparticles were first synthesized using an enzymatic reaction and characterized by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD. ACP nanoparticles showed great biocompatibility and osteoinductivity within a certain dose range in vitro. A three-dimensional (3D) porous Zein/ACP (Z/A) composite scaffold was fabricated by compression molding and particulate leaching, followed by the adsorption of EGCG onto its surface. The final Z/A/E composite scaffold exhibited enhanced surface hydrophilicity, which facilitated the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts. Mechanistically, the Z/A/E composite scaffold promoted osteogenesis while concurrently inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, primarily through its ROS-scavenging capability. The bidirectional regulation of bone remodeling by the Z/A/E composite scaffold was demonstrated by significant repair of hydrogen peroxide-induced calvarial defects in ex vivo cultured explants from neonatal mice, confirmed by μ-CT and histological evaluation. Collectively, this Z/A/E composite scaffold, which leverages antioxidant activity to rebalance bone homeostasis, represents a promising strategy for bone regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6417–6430"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Enzyme-Driven Thermosensitive Hydrogel Triggers Disulfidptosis and Alleviates Hypoxia for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Radiosensitization","authors":"Tianyi Zhu,&nbsp;Yingying Liu,&nbsp;Weixin Hu,&nbsp;Jing Tang,&nbsp;Shaoran Song,&nbsp;Ke Li,&nbsp;Yonghua Zhan,&nbsp;Changhu Liu,&nbsp;Yangyang Feng,&nbsp;Yun Zhou,&nbsp;Wenhua Zhan","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00686","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00686","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Osteosarcoma shows poor responsiveness to radiotherapy (RT), largely due to the efficient DNA damage repair capacity of tumor cells and the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. In addition, achieving adequate safe surgical margins after resection remains difficult, contributing to low long-term patient survival. Current clinical radiosensitization strategies are limited by insufficient tumor specificity and considerable systemic toxicity. In this study, we loaded glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT) into a thermosensitive hydrogel to construct a local cascade catalytic system, termed FS-GC. The SLC7A11-mediated conversion of cystine to cysteine is highly dependent on glucose availability. GOx consumes glucose and depletes NADPH, increasing the NADP⁺/NADPH ratio and promoting cystine accumulation. This triggers filamentous actin contraction and downregulation of filamin A, thereby inhibiting DNA repair proteins and inducing disulfidptosis. Meanwhile, CAT converts H₂O₂ generated by GOx into oxygen to alleviate local hypoxia. FS-GC exhibits favorable biosafety, structural stability, and sustained enzyme release and degrades almost completely within 14 days. In vitro and in vivo results confirm that FS-GC suppresses DNA repair and relieves hypoxia through disulfidptosis and the dual catalytic activity of GOx and CAT, leading to significantly enhanced RT efficacy and inhibition of osteosarcoma progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6154–6174"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149226737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized Chinese Medicine-Derived Quercetin Carbon Dots for the Treatment of Osteoporosis","authors":"Qi Gan,&nbsp;Yuechao Zhang,&nbsp;Jiayi Wang,&nbsp;Pengfei Xue,&nbsp;Yu Fu,&nbsp;Yuan Yuan","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01241","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01241","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound formulas are widely employed in the clinical management of osteoporosis; however, their principal bioactive constituents and primary molecular targets remain poorly characterized. Consequently, there is an urgent need for systematic functional exploration of TCM-derived chemicals. In this study, we applied a network pharmacology-based approach to screen four canonical TCM compound prescriptions for antiosteoporotic compounds, identifying a total of 20 candidate molecules. Among these, quercetin was selected as a lead compound for the synthesis of biologically active carbon dots (CDs), which were then integrated with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to construct a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanocarrier system. <em>In vitro</em> cellular assays demonstrated that both the quercetin-derived CDs and the drug-loaded nanocarriers exhibited excellent cytocompatibility, robust osteogenic-promoting activity, and potent osteoclast-inhibitory effects. Collectively, our findings underscore the utility of network pharmacology in identifying quercetin as a promising TCM-derived lead compound for osteoporosis intervention, and the rational functionalization strategy developed herein provides a valuable paradigm for advancing the therapeutic application of TCM-derived chemicals in bone metabolic disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6128–6143"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-Printed Microneedles for Periodontal and Oral Mucosal Therapy: A Systematic Review of Therapeutic and Fabrication Strategies","authors":"Luís M. Pereira,&nbsp;Catarina Costa Lei,&nbsp;David Herrera,&nbsp;José M. Oliveira,&nbsp;Joana Mesquita-Guimarães","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01471","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01471","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microneedles (MNs) technologies have emerged as a promising platform for localized drug delivery in the mouth, offering minimally invasive access to the oral mucosa, including gingival tissues. However, their integration with advanced additive manufacturing remains underexplored, despite the need for high-precision, patient-specific devices that can overcome the limitations of conventional pharmacotherapy. This review analyzes the recent developments in 3D-printed MNs for intraoral drug delivery, focusing on polymeric designs enabled by stereolithography, digital light processing, continuous liquid interface production, and two-photon polymerization. High-resolution vat-photopolymerization systems demonstrate superior spatial resolution and fabrication accuracy, allowing the reproducible production of MNs geometries with optimized tip radii, internal channels, and drug-loading microstructures. MNs-mediated delivery of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and healing-promoting agents demonstrates potential not only for the management of periodontal inflammation, oral mucosal lesions, and soft-tissue defects but also for preventive interventions in early-stage diseases and for the control of recurrence. Despite these advances, major barriers persist, including limited <em>in</em> <em>vivo</em> validation under dynamic oral conditions, insufficient mechanical assessment under masticatory forces and salivary flow, and a lack of standardized regulatory frameworks for intraoral MNs devices. Overall, the current findings indicate that 3D-printed MNs represent an emerging and highly promising class of localized therapeutic delivery systems for the management of conditions affecting the periodontal tissues and the oral mucosa, with substantial opportunities for technological refinement and clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6033–6053"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149284186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Surface Free Energy, Thermal Properties, and Protein Adsorption of 3D-Printed PAEK Polymers","authors":"Paul M. DeSantis,&nbsp;Tabitha Derr,&nbsp;Abigail Tetteh,&nbsp;Gwyneth Steele,&nbsp;Hannah Spece,&nbsp;Steven M. Kurtz","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00745","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00745","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is often considered the standard non-metal alternative for orthopedic implants, it is also just one member of a larger family of polyaryletherketones (PAEKs) that have not been as thoroughly studied for biomedical applications. This work aims to evaluate the surface properties of two medical-grade PEEKs (Types 1 and 2), two grades of polyetherketoneketone (PEKK A and C), and one low-melt PAEK, and to understand how these results correlate with protein adsorption. The surface free energy (SFE) of additively manufactured PAEK samples was measured using the Owens, Wendt, Rabel, and Kaelble (OWRK) method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the thermal properties of these samples, and protein adsorption was quantified after immersion in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Despite both being classified as PEEK, Types 1 and 2 exhibited significant differences in water contact angle (89.55° vs 76.15°) and in the polar component of SFE (0.02 vs 1.57 mN/m) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). After 8 h of immersion in BSA, PEKK A had significantly more protein adsorption than all other groups, and in FBS, PEKK A and Type 2 PEEK both had significantly more protein adsorption than Type 1 PEEK (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Using a Pearson analysis, a significant correlation was found between the polar component of SFE and protein adsorption in FBS after 8 h (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). This work demonstrates that innate differences in surface properties exist among members of the same PAEK material family, and that these differences can substantially influence protein adsorption.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6119–6127"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149101004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Enhanced Interface Attachment for Sustained Ocular Drug Delivery: Mussel Foot Protein Incorporated Pullulan/Gellan Gum Nanofibers","authors":"Constanze Zwies,&nbsp;Henrike Lucas,&nbsp;Marie-Luise Trutschel,&nbsp;Joana Heinzelmann,&nbsp;Arne Viestenz,&nbsp;Karsten Mäder,&nbsp;Franziska Seifert,&nbsp;Ahmad Hivechi","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01302","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01302","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Effective treatment of ocular inflammation is hindered by limited drug uptake and rapid clearance, resulting in poor bioavailability and frequent dosing of conventional eye drops. To improve drug retention and bioavailability, we designed and manufactured electrospun mucoadhesive nanofibers based on modified mussel foot protein (<em>m</em>Mefp-3). Their composition and small diameter (≈250 nm) provide a high surface area, enabling rapid water uptake and <em>in situ</em> gelation on the ocular surface. SEM, light, and fluorescence microscopy confirmed homogeneous, smooth, and bead-free fibers. Ocular residence studies demonstrated prolonged retention and a shift from first-order to zero-order clearance kinetics. <em>In vitro</em> cell culture assays with fibroblasts, and corneal epithelial cells confirmed the biocompatibility of <em>m</em>Mefp-3 loaded nanofiber constructs. These findings demonstrate that <em>m</em>Mefp-3 incorporation enhances ocular drug residence while maintaining biocompatibility, making these nanofibers a promising ocular drug delivery system.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6261–6276"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Polymer-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review of Materials, Function, and Translation","authors":"Ziyun Huang,&nbsp;Huilin Zhao,&nbsp;Zengzilu Xia,&nbsp;Jingxi Wang,&nbsp;Kaiyong Cai","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00767","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00767","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scaffold-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) represents a pivotal strategy in regenerative medicine, offering substantial promise for repairing damaged bone. These scaffolds provide essential structural support and promote new bone formation by mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM). The rational design of an ideal scaffold requires careful balancing of biomaterial properties with biomechanical performance. Natural polymers have gained considerable attention in this context due to their inherent bioactivity, biocompatibility, and tunable mechanical properties. Their key advantage lies in their ability to replicate the complex architecture and function of bone ECM, thereby facilitating cellular interactions and tissue ingrowth. Recent progress in the processing and assembly of natural polymers has enabled innovative scaffold designs, including hydrogels as well as fibrous and porous architectures. These advances allow for the fabrication of scaffolds with precisely tailored features, such as optimal stiffness, controlled pore sizes, and surface topographies conducive to cell adhesion and differentiation. Furthermore, degradation kinetics can be adjusted to match the rate of new tissue formation. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the role of natural polymers in BTE. It critically discusses state-of-the-art fabrication techniques and highlights the critical physicochemical and biological properties that determine scaffold performance. By consolidating these key aspects, the review aims to identify current challenges and outline future directions for the development of natural polymer-based scaffolds. Ultimately, this work seeks to offer practical guidance for the rational design and translational advancement of these materials in bone regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"5769–5801"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}