ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A Novel High-Strength Dental Resin Composite Based on BaSi₂O₂N₂ for Caries Restoration.","authors":"Song Fuxiang, Chen Qian, Yang Rui, Shi Naiyu, Liu Bin","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental resin composite (DRC) is the most widely used restorative material for caries filling treatments. However, DRC has limitations, including incomplete curing and suboptimal mechanical properties, which restrict its clinical application. In this study, we combined the mechanoluminescent material BaSi₂O₂N₂:Eu²⁺ (BSON) with DRC to create a novel DRC (BD) capable of emitting blue light under occlusal force. This study explored a resin composite with enhanced curing efficiency and improved mechanical properties. Characterization of the mechanical properties demonstrated that, as the BSON doping ratio increased (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 wt %), the compressive strength, flexural strength, and surface hardness of BD initially increased and then decreased. The composite doped with 4 wt % BSON (BD₄) exhibited the best mechanical properties. Compared to DRC, BD₄ showed an 11% increase in compressive strength (211.9 ± 13.9 MPa), a 36% increase in flexural strength (71.9 ± 8.4 MPa), and a 7% increase in surface hardness (111.0 ± 6.4 HV). Based on these findings, BD₄ was selected for further experiments. The study of luminescent properties revealed that the mechanoluminescent wavelength of BD₄ (470-720 nm) partially overlapped with the wavelength range of the light-curing unit (420-490 nm). Additionally, after cyclic loading, BD₄'s compressive strength and degree of conversion (DC) improved. After applying a cyclic load of 300 N for 240 s, BD4's compressive strength increased by 70% (142.2 ± 1.2 MPa), and the DC increased by 8% (74.4%). Moreover, biocompatibility evaluations showed that the cell survival rate of L929 fibroblast cells exceeded 90%. Thus, we developed an effective strategy to enhance DRC by incorporating BSON, resulting in a resin composite with superior mechanical properties, enhanced curing efficiency, and favorable biocompatibility, offering a promising new solution for caries restorations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adhesive and Antioxidant Hydrogel with Glucose/ROS Dual-Responsive Drug Release for Diabetic Oral Mucosal Wound Healing.","authors":"Yi Yu, Mingjin Zhang, Jing Li, Zhengyuan Liu, Liang Lyu, Yujia Xiao, Gengchen Yang, Jiayi Liu, Qirui Wang, Xiaoyang Ding, Ting Zhang, Yuguang Wang, Xing Wang, Tingting Yu, Dawei Liu","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a global health threat, with chronic wounds, including oral mucosal wounds, being a severe complication. These wounds are characterized by delayed healing and increased inflammation due to hyperglycemia, affecting patients' quality of life. Current treatments for oral mucosal wounds cannot offer sustained management of these injuries in diabetic patients. Here, a glucose/ROS dual-responsive hydrogel incorporating sitagliptin was developed for the treatment of diabetic oral mucosal wounds. After chemical modification of tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol) succinimidyl glutarate (tetra-PEG-SG) by dopamine (DA) and tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol) amine (tetra-PEG-NH₂) by phenylboronic acid (PBA), the resulting hydrogel was capable of rapid gelation, robust tissue adhesion, self-healing, antioxidant capacity, and dual response to glucose and reactive oxygen species (ROS), enabling the feasible injection and stable adherence in the moist oral environment while ensuring sustained therapeutic sitagliptin release. <i>In vivo</i> experiments on oral mucosal defects in diabetic mice revealed that the sitagliptin-loaded hydrogel could effectively reduce inflammation and promote wound healing. Collectively, this finding identifies a potential wound dressing as a therapeutic strategy for diabetic oral mucosal wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteria-Responsive Drug Delivery System Utilizing Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework for Enhanced Antibacterial Efficacy.","authors":"Pingping Yuan, Mengying Zhang, Sheng Wang, Lin Li, Runan Zuo, Shaoqi Qu","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial infections pose a significant threat to human health and economic stability. The overuse of antibiotics has exacerbated bacterial resistance, highlighting the urgent need for innovative strategies to combat this issue. Bacteria-responsive drug delivery systems present a promising solution to overcoming bacterial resistance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), versatile porous materials created by linking metal clusters with organic ligands, are ideal candidates for such applications. Here, we employed the zeolite imidazole framework 8 (ZIF-8) as a carrier for ceftiofur (EFT), enhanced with carboxymethyl cellulose to develop a smart drug delivery system (CMC-EFT@ZIF-8) responsive to pH and cellulase. <i>In vitro</i> tests demonstrated that this system released a higher quantity of EFT under acidic conditions and in the presence of cellulase, leading to more effective disruption of bacterial membranes and subsequent bacterial death. The CMC-EFT@ZIF-8 system achieved a 99% clearance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> within 6 h and showed superior efficacy in a mouse skin wound model. These findings underscore the potential of our smart drug delivery system to significantly improve treatment outcomes for bacterial infections, representing a significant advancement in the fight against antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing Mechanopathology Induced by Dengue NS1 Using Organ Chips and Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy.","authors":"Huaqi Tang, Tom M J Evers, Mehrad Babaei, Alireza Mashaghi","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capillary leakage is a hallmark of severe dengue, yet its precise mechanisms remain elusive. Emerging evidence highlights the dengue virus's targeting of mechanically active endothelial cells as a key contributor to dengue shock syndrome. The viral nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) has been identified as a central player, disrupting endothelial integrity and inducing vascular hyperpermeability independently of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study provides a direct assessment of NS1-induced endothelial pathology by combining single-cell force spectroscopy and a microvessel-on-a-chip platform. We demonstrate that NS1 significantly alters endothelial cell mechanics, reducing cell stiffness and compromising junctional integrity, thereby directly linking these mechanical alterations to vascular dysfunction. These findings establish a framework for understanding the mechano-pathology of dengue and offer a platform for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate severe disease outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injectable Functional Microspheres Capable of BMSC Recruitment and Osteogenic Induction for <i>In Situ</i> Bone Regeneration.","authors":"Wenliao Chang, Peipei Lu, Shuxiang Li, Jinghua Xiang, Jiachen Liu, Yimin Wang, Lei Zhang, Han Sun","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently, bone defects remain a major challenge in clinical treatment. Recruiting target cells at the defect site and inducing them to differentiate into bone tissue are effective treatment methods. In previous studies, we used the CD271 antibody to construct bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) recruitment microspheres for the treatment of bone defects. However, the osteoconductivity of the microspheres themselves was poor, and the system lacked osteoinductivity, which affected the repair efficiency. In this study, we prepared submillimeter-sized porous chitosan (CS) microspheres through process optimization, and the BMSCs were able to directly adhere and proliferate on their surfaces. After the bioconjugation of the CD271 antibody, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was further loaded onto the pore structure of microspheres to obtain the injectable microspheres with BMSC recruitment and osteogenic differentiation induction functions. Microspheres could efficiently recruit BMSCs through the combined action of the CD271 antibody and BMP-2 and further induce the recruited BMSCs, differentiating into osteoblasts through BMP-2, which ultimately exhibited promising bone regeneration ability in rats. We expect that the novel functional microspheres have great potential in biomedical applications for <i>in situ</i> treatment of bone defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing a Bioink Assessment Protocol: Gelma and Collagen in the Bioprinting of a Potential <i>In Vitro</i> Intestinal Model.","authors":"Mariangela Rea, Luana Di Lisa, Giorgia Pagnotta, Nunzia Gallo, Luca Salvatore, Federica D'Amico, Noelia Campilio, José Manuel Baena, Juan Antonio Marchal, Arrigo F G Cicero, Claudio Borghi, Maria Letizia Focarete","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collagen and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) are widely studied biomaterials for extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) due to their excellent biological properties and ability to mimic the extracellular matrix of native tissues. This study aims to establish a preliminary workflow for approaching EBB by assessing collagen and GelMA printability and biological performance. GelMA was selected for its cost-effectiveness and ease of synthesis, while our collagen formulation was specifically optimized for printability, which is a challenging aspect of bioprinting. A parallel evaluation of their printability and biological performance is provided to develop a preliminary 3D intestinal model replicating the submucosa, lamina propria, and epithelial layer. Rheological analyses demonstrated that both materials exhibit a shear-thinning behavior. Collagen (u-CI) displayed a shear-thinning parameter <i>p</i> = 0.1 and a consistency index <i>C</i> = 80.62 Pa·s, while GelMA (u-GI) exhibited a more pronounced shear-thinning effect and enhanced shape retention (<i>p</i> = 0.06, <i>C</i> = 286.6 Pa·s). Postextrusion recovery was higher for collagen (85%), compared to GelMA (45%), indicating its greater mechanical resilience. Photo crosslinking improved hydrogel stability, with an increase in storage modulus <i>G</i>' for both materials. Printing tests confirmed the suitability of both hydrogels for bioprinting, with GelMA demonstrating higher print fidelity than collagen. Dimensional stability assessments under incubating conditions revealed that collagen constructs maintained their shape for 14 days before degradation, whereas GelMA constructs exhibited a gradual decrease in diameter over 21 days. Cell culture studies showed that human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8) could be successfully cocultured in an optimized RPMI 1640-based medium. AlamarBlue assays and Live/Dead staining confirmed high cell viability and proliferation within both hydrogel matrices. Notably, HSFs in GelMA exhibited more elongated morphologies, likely due to the material's lower stiffness (380 Pa) compared to collagen (585 Pa). HCT-8 cells adhered more rapidly to GelMA constructs, forming colonies within 7 days, whereas on collagen, colony formation was delayed to 14 days. Finally, a layered intestinal model was fabricated, and immunostaining confirmed the expression of tight junction (ZO-1) and adhesion (E-cadherin) proteins, validating the epithelial monolayer integrity. These findings highlight the potential of collagen and GelMA in 3D bioprinting applications for gut tissue engineering and pave the way for future developments of <i>in vitro</i> intestinal models.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidized Xanthan Gum Cross-Linked N-O Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogel Promotes Spheroid Formation of Murine Fibroblast by Increasing Cell-Cell Interaction and Integrin αv Expression.","authors":"Thai Huynh Anh, Thao Thi-Phuong Nguyen, Hang Phuong Huynh, Thu-La Ngoc Minh, Hai-Nguyen Huu, Hoan Ngoc Doan, Binh Thanh Vu, Vo Minh Quan, Thi-Hiep Nguyen, Han Thi Ngoc To","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Naturally derived Schiff-based hydrogels are widely fabricated for tissue engineering applications. However, limited studies have explored how the physicochemical and functional groups on polymer chains affect cell behavior in three dimensions. To address this limitation, we fabricated cytocompatible N-O carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) cross-linked with oxidized xanthan gum (OXG), incorporating various aldehyde (-CHO) contents (NO1, NO2, and NO3) while maintaining a constant concentration of NOCC, resulting in hydrogels with diverse viscoelastic and aldehyde content properties. The results demonstrated significant differences in storage modulus (<i>G</i>') and loss modulus (<i>G</i>″), attributed to cross-linking density through imine bonds (-C═<i>N</i>-). These differences influenced murine fibroblast aggregation, spheroid formation, and cell migration, proliferation, and viability over time. Both NO1 and NO2 exhibited good cell viability, with slight differences in spheroid morphology compared to those of NO3 and Matrigel samples. To further explore cell behaviors, integrin αV (CD51) expression was assessed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and immunofluorescence. The results aligned with prior observations, with the quantitative analysis of integrin αV expression, normalized to 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence, revealing a notable 2.1-fold increase in fluorescence intensity for the NO2 hydrogel in comparison to NO1 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). These findings indicate that the hydrogel composed of 2% (w/v) NOCC cross-linked with 2% (w/v) OXG in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio represents the optimal condition for promoting murine fibroblast growth and spheroid formation. These results provide a robust foundation for future research aimed at modulating cell behavior through precise adjustments of scaffold properties, thereby advancing the potential for translational applications from laboratory research to clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Models of Orthopedic Implant-Associated Infections and Revisions.","authors":"Feiyang Chen, Naomi E Schiffer, Jie Song","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02331","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orthopedic implant-associated infections such as prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) lead to devastating complications for patients and impose significant financial burdens on the healthcare systems. Although the primary orthopedic implant associated infection rate is relatively low (0.3-9%), the reinfection rate after implant revisions can be as high as 20% to 40%. To evaluate novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating infections associated with primary and revision implants, it is essential to develop appropriate animal models that closely emulate clinical realities. Here we discuss existing animal models developed for orthopedic implant revision surgeries including small animal models in rats and mice, and larger animal models in rabbits, sheep, and mini-pigs. While larger animal models offer the advantage of more closely mimicking human surgical procedures, implant dimensions, and infection treatment protocols, rodent models are more cost-effective and better suited for screening experimental prophylaxes and therapeutics. Existing animal revision models have focused on primary infections established by <i>Staphylococcal aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and revisions involving both one-stage and two-stage procedures. Further development of smaller animal implant revision models that implement more clinically relevant surgical procedures and recapitulate polymicrobial infections could facilitate the discovery and more rigorous evaluation of novel implant coating prophylaxes and therapeutics for reducing reinfection rates following implant revisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Biomedical Devices and Biosensors: A New Frontier for Precision Healthcare.","authors":"Eslam M Hamed, Sam F Y Li","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as groundbreaking materials in the field of biomedical applications, particularly in the development of biosensors and medical devices. Their unique electronic and optical properties, combined with their tunability and biocompatibility, position TMDs as promising candidates for enhancing early disease detection and enabling personalized medicine. This perspective explores the multifaceted potential of TMDs, highlighting their applications in fluorescence and Raman-based biosensing, wearable and implantable devices, and smart therapeutic systems for targeted treatment. Additionally, we address critical challenges such as regulatory hurdles, long-term stability, and ethical considerations surrounding continuous health monitoring and data privacy. Looking to the future, we envision TMDs playing a vital role in the advancement of precision medicine, facilitating real-time health monitoring and individualized treatments. However, the successful integration of TMDs into clinical practice necessitates interdisciplinary collaboration among materials science, bioengineering, and clinical medicine. By fostering such collaboration, we can fully harness the capabilities of TMDs to revolutionize healthcare, making it more accessible, precise, and personalized for patients worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143661570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomaterials in Relative Devices for Traumatic Cataract: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Si-Ting Sheng, Xing-Di Wu, Jing-Wei Xu, Zhe Xu, Shuang Ni, Wen Xu, Zhi-Kang Xu","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ocular trauma deprives one of the vision for high-quality life. Management of a traumatic cataract requires extensive surgical experience with a range of biomaterials and biomedical devices including intraocular lenses (IOLs), capsular tension rings (CTRs), prosthetic iris (PSI) implants, bandage contact lenses (BCLs), artificial corneas (ACs), and surgical sutures. Numerous demands, involving biocompatibility, cell toxicity, processability, mechanical strength, toughness/flexibility, transparency/opacity, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and stability/biodegradability, are widely considered for fabricating these biomaterials and devices. Furthermore, a multifunction including drug-release and photothermal therapy is also endearing to those biomaterials in IOLs, CTRs, BCLs, and surgical sutures for anti-inflammational and antibacterial characteristics during traumatic cataract treatments. More recently, 3D printing has been demonstrated to effectively fabricate PSI and ACs with complex shapes to meet the personal requirements of patients. We summarize the main principles and the recent achievements of these advances. We also suggest the potential directions for their future development and discuss the remaining challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}