ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"3D-Printed Stent-Like Polymeric Structures with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Ionic Conductivity for Reinforced Nerve Guidance Conduits.","authors":"Isteaque Ahmed, Andrew E Bryan, Shihab M Bhuiyan, Greg M Harris, Aashish Priye","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peripheral nerve injuries present a critical clinical challenge, particularly when bridging larger defects that exceed the capacity of conventional grafts. Although electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) provide a promising solution due to their piezoelectric properties and extracellular matrix-mimicking structure, in electrospun scaffold form, they lack the mechanical strength to resist luminal collapse and compressive forces from surrounding tissues. Here, we report a stent-inspired approach to reinforce PVDF-TrFE conduits by integrating 3D-printed polymer lattices composed of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and ethylene glycol polyether acrylate (EGPEA). By modulating the EGPEA:PEGDA ratio, we tailored the mechanical stiffness, swelling behavior, and ionic conductivity of the photocurable resin, yielding structural designs that effectively support PVDF-TrFE conduits. Mechanical testing and finite element analysis (FEA) demonstrated that hexagonal lattice geometries significantly reduced stress concentrations and enhanced yield strength under physiologically relevant pressures compared to rectangular controls. Additionally, the PEG moieties facilitated ion transport through the reinforcement structures, a property with the potential to modulate the local electrochemical environment and amplify the piezoelectric advantages of PVDF-TrFE. We demonstrated the resin's biocompatibility through fibroblast assays, showing no significant reduction in cell viability or morphological disruption compared to controls following a 24-h ethanol wash. Taken together, this work establishes a material-level proof-of-concept that integrates mechanical reinforcement with ionic transport in a piezoelectric conduit platform for enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional-Printed <i>In Vitro</i> Model of Colorectal Cancer with Immune Microenvironment and Reprogramming Capabilities.","authors":"Hui Liu, Xiuyuan Shi, Danling Wang, Hengyuan Zhang, Zilong Xu, Zhikai Tan","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in determining tumor progression and influencing clinical therapy. The immunological microenvironment (IMM) is critical, as it directly influences tumor growth, metastasis, and response to treatment. The ability to simulate the interactions between tumor cells and immune cells in the TME <i>in vitro</i> can help investigate cancer growth and assess the effectiveness of therapies. In this study, <i>in vitro</i> 3D models of tumor tissues mimicking <i>in vivo</i> cell physiology were developed using tumor cells and macrophages. Colorectal cancer cells and macrophages were cocultured on 3D-printed Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds to create an immune microenvironment that promoted cell adhesion, proliferation, and modulated polarization of macrophages. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a 3.6-fold upregulation in the expression of CD68 and a 2.7-fold upregulation in the M2 macrophage marker CD163 in the 3D environment compared to the 2D culture. In regard to drug resistance tests, fewer dead cells were observed in the 3D printed model compared to the 2D environment. This 3D tumor immune tissue model exhibited excellent drug resistance and stable tumorigenic capacity in this study. In addition, the <i>in vitro</i> 3D tumor tissue model showed potential to simulate the tumorigenesis and development of tumors <i>in vivo</i>, where the tissue structure and malignant transformation of the tumor formed in this model showed similarity to tumor tissues obtained from patients. Taken together, these results indicate that this model can simulate the development of tumors, which offers a potential strategy for personalized cancer therapy and tumor immunity research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Osteocyte Networks under Pulsatile Unidirectional Fluid Flow Stimuli (PUFFS).","authors":"Anna-Blessing Merife, Arun Poudel, Angelika Polshikova, Zachary J Geffert, Jason A Horton, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Akash, Anupam Pandey, Saikat Basu, Daniel Fougnier, Pranav Soman","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although osteocytes are known to play a key role in skeletal mechanoadaptation, few in vitro models have investigated how pulsatile mechanical stimuli influence the properties of three-dimensional (3D) osteocyte networks. Here, we design and develop a microfluidic-based in vitro model to study 3D osteocyte networks cultured under Pulsatile Unidirectional Fluid Flow Stimuli (PUFFS). Digital light projection stereolithography was used to design and fabricate a three-chambered polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chip. Model osteocytes (murine MLO-Y4) were encapsulated in the collagen matrix within the chip to form self-assembled three-dimensional (3D) cell networks. Daily stimulus in the form of PUFFS was then applied for up to 21 days. A combination of experiments, computational simulation, and analytical modeling was used to characterize the mechanical environment experienced by embedded cells during PUFFS. Viability, morphology, cell-connectivity, expression of key proteins, gene expression, and real-time calcium signaling within 3D osteocyte networks were characterized at select time points and compared to static conditions. Results show that PUFFS stimulation at 0.33 and 1.66 Hz can initiate mechanotransduction via calcium signals that are propagated across the network of collagen-encapsulated osteocytes via the Cx43 junctions. Furthermore, osteocytes cultured in these devices maintain expression of several key osteocyte genes for up to 21 days. Taken together, this model can potentially serve as a testbed to study how 3D osteocyte networks respond to dynamic mechanical stimulation relevant to skeletal tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influencing Factors and Optimization Strategies of Bioinert Materials in the Process of Osseointegration.","authors":"Jin Zhang, Dali Xu, Xin Liu, Shuailin You, Tonglei An, Huazhe Yang, Xiaoting Sun, Tianlin Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioinert materials are a type of biomaterial that remain stable in biological environments. In bone healing therapy, due to their nontoxicity and nonirritation to biological tissues, biologically inert materials are often used in orthopedic surgeries as medical implants for bone defect repair and support. These materials mainly include biologically inert ceramics, medical metals, and polymers. They provide stable support and protection during the bone tissue healing process and reduce inflammatory responses. By regulating the mechanical environment and biological properties, they influence cell behavior. However, improper use may delay or hinder bone integration. Rapid and stable bone integration at the bone-implant interface is the key to the successful implantation of bone implant materials. The specific impact also depends on the reasonable control of the characteristics of bioinert materials, modification methods, and implantation methods. These factors jointly affect the process and quality of each stage of osseointegration. This review mainly discusses the various effects of bioinert materials on osseointegration, focusing on the regulatory role of material surface characteristics (such as morphology, roughness, porosity), modification methods (such as surface coating, chemical modification), and external factors on the fusion of the bone-implant interface, emphasizing the appropriate parameters for optimizing the design of bioinert implant materials to promote bone healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conductive Polymer Deposition via Inkjet Printing on Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.","authors":"Izabella Rajzer, Monika Rom, Elżbieta Menaszek, Janusz Fabia, Anna Kurowska, Jarosław Janusz","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we developed electroactive nanofibrous scaffolds composed of poly(l-lactide-<i>co</i>-d,l-lactide) (PLDL), enriched with the osteoinductive drug Osteogenon (OST) and patterned with conductive polyaniline (PANI) pathways via inkjet printing. The fabrication process combined electrospinning and precise inkjet deposition to achieve spatially controlled functionalization. Structural and chemical characterization using SEM, FTIR, DSC, and TGA confirmed the successful integration of PANI and OST into the scaffold. The modified scaffolds maintained thermal and morphological stability. In vitro studies demonstrated that the presence of PANI pathways did not hinder apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF), confirming their compatibility with biomineralization processes. NHOST cells adhered, proliferated, and showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition on the PLDL/OST/PANI scaffolds, indicating osteogenic potential. The conductive modifications support the future application of direct electrical stimulation during in vitro culture to further enhance bone tissue regeneration. These findings highlight the PLDL/OST/PANI electroactive scaffolds potential as multifunctional platforms for bone tissue engineering, combining biocompatibility, bioactivity, and electroconductivity to mimic the native bioelectric environment of bone and promote its repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small Extracellular Vesicles Released from ARPE-19 Cells Grown under Diabetic Retinopathy Conditions Promote NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.","authors":"Henry H Louie, Odunayo O Mugisho, Lawrence W Chamley, Ilva D Rupenthal","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that forms part of the innate immune system. Recent studies have shown that the inflammasome pathway is upregulated in diabetic retinopathy (DR), resulting in breakdown of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) barrier. It has been hypothesized that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may transport inflammasome-related cargo between cells, which in turn contributes to the DR pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sEVs released from ARPE-19 cells grown under basal, DR-like conditions, and DR-like conditions with Peptide 5 treatment differ in inflammasome cargo and uptake. Additionally, the effects of the released sEVs on inflammasome activation in ARPE-19 cells, as well as their effect on vascular growth in a choroidal explant model, were investigated. Results demonstrated that sEVs from ARPE-19 cells grown under DR-like conditions carried increased inflammasome-related cargo and promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation in recipient cells and tissues. Conversely, sEVs released from cells grown under basal and DR-like conditions with Peptide 5 treatment carried less inflammasome-related cargo. This research provides insights into the role of sEVs in the DR pathogenesis and suggests the potential therapeutic use of certain sEVs in treating DR.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of Sex-Based Comparisons in Preclinical Nanomedicine and Regenerative Chronic Wound Therapies.","authors":"Negar Mahmoudi, Mohsin Hassan Saeed, Lars Peereboom, Xinyue Liu, David R Nisbet, Morteza Mahmoudi","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is increasingly recognized that immune responses, plasma proteomes, and various biosystem reactions to advanced therapeutics, such as nanomedicine and regenerative medicine, differ by gender. While sex is a crucial factor influencing the safety and efficacy of these therapies, there is a notable lack of robust consideration of sex differences in both preclinical and clinical studies. This Perspective examines the current literature on the role of sex in nanomedicine and biomaterial-based products for preclinical chronic wound healing. While there is a growing trend of using both male and female animal models, most studies lack direct, side-by-side comparisons of sex-specific outcomes. Specifically, 77.8% of nanomedicine and 85.3% of biomaterial studies exclusively employed either male or female animals. Only 7.4% of nanomedicine and 2.1% of biomaterials publications included both sexes; however, apart from two studies, most did not perform direct sex-based comparisons. Instead, they often assigned different sexes to separate species, wound types, or experimental conditions (e.g., noninfected versus infected wounds). To deepen our understanding of sex differences in advanced therapeutics, future research should focus on direct, side-by-side comparisons of male and female <i>in vivo</i> models for safety and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional Metal Oxide-Doped Nanofluorophosphate Glass: A Bioactive Topical Formulation for Ischemic Wound Repair.","authors":"Mareeswari Balasubramanian, Sundara Moorthi Ganesan, Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel, Ravichandran Kandaswamy","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypovascular or ischemic ulcer healing remains a significant challenge in regenerative medicine. Here, we report a novel topical formulation incorporating metal oxide-doped fluorophosphate (FP) glass to accelerate the healing of ischemic ulcers through enhanced angiogenesis and fibroblast migration. The bioactive FP glass nanoparticles (ZnFP, MgFP, and AgFP) were integrated with polymeric bases (PPF, 1,2-Diol, PEG, and PPG) to form biocompatible, nontoxic topicals. The formulations were systematically evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity, migration assays, and angiogenesis potential using Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assays and in vivo on full thickness cut and burn wound models. The optimized MgFP-PPG formulation exhibited a 9.8-fold increase in Epithelial Growth Factor (EGF) expression compared to that of controls, while AgFP-PPG enhanced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) secretion by 4.2-fold. Scratch assays demonstrated considerably faster fibroblast migration, and CAM assays confirmed enhanced neovascularization with MgFP. In vivo, the MgFP-PPG formulation resulted in 72.5% wound contraction by day 7, compared to 61.3% with silver sulfadiazine and 45.8% in untreated wounds. Histopathological evaluation further revealed greater granulation tissue formation, increased Cluster of Differentiation 34 (CD34) expression, and enhanced VEGF signaling in burn wound models treated with MgFP-PPG and appreciably enhanced the wound healing by promoting cellular proliferation (Ki67). This study presents a promising approach for next-generation ischemic wound healing therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Rose Hip-Derived Nanoparticles for Psoriatic Skin Inflammation.","authors":"Masahiro Hashimoto, Shoko Itakura, Kosuke Kusamori, Katsuhiko Yajima, Shota Mitsuhashi, Shinichiro Hayashi, Hiroaki Todo, Makiya Nishikawa","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and excessive inflammation. Plant-derived nanoparticles (pdNPs) are promising agents for treating inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we examined the characteristics and functions of rose hip-derived nanoparticles (RNPs) rich in various bioactive compounds. RNPs were isolated from rose hips using sucrose ultracentrifugation and characterized using NanoSight and transmission electron microscopy. Cellular uptake by HaCaT human keratinocytes was analyzed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Uptake mechanisms were investigated using siRNA knockdown. Proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine expression were evaluated in a HaCaT psoriasis model. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in stimulated HaCaT and RAW264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells. The in vivo efficacy was evaluated in a mouse model of psoriasis via intradermal injection of RNPs. The RNPs obtained via ultracentrifugation exhibited a vesicular structure of approximately 100 nm in diameter. They were efficiently taken up by HaCaT cells and inhibited excessive inflammation-induced proliferation. RNPs reduced the mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ. Additionally, RNPs were efficiently internalized by mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells, decreasing the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. The intradermal injection of RNPs effectively suppressed epidermal hyperproliferation and macrophage infiltration in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. Collectively, these results suggest that RNPs can be used to treat psoriasis by regulating oxidative stress and inhibiting epidermal hyperproliferation. RNPs, which exerted potent effects on epidermal cells, target key pathological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and immune-driven keratinocyte proliferation. Therefore, they are promising natural therapeutic agents for psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced 3D Bioprinting Technology for Cartilage Engineering and Regeneration.","authors":"Xinyang Du, Hongyi Gu, Xinyi Ouyang, Zhiyang Ma, Hailong Guo, Rui Li, Xudong Yao, Yingchun Zhu, Xiaozhao Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Articular cartilage defects, caused by trauma or degenerative changes, pose significant challenges due to the restricted self-repair capability of the cartilage tissues. Current clinical treatments, such as autologous transplantation and microfracture surgery, often fail to achieve complete restoration of functionality. Advanced 3D bioprinting technology offers a promising strategy by facilitating the precise construction of biomimetic scaffolds. This review examines the application of 3D bioprinting in cartilage regeneration, emphasizing the key technologies such as inkjet, extrusion, stereolithography, and digital-light-processing printing, alongside advancements in material innovations involving synthetic, natural, and composite polymers. It discusses strategies for optimizing scaffold design, including pore structure, mechanical properties, and bioactive factor integration. The review also examines monophasic, biphasic, and gradient scaffolds, emphasizing their potential to mimic native tissue hierarchies and improve repair outcomes. Despite advancements, challenges, including long-term efficacy, mechanical stability, and clinical translation, remain. Future research should emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration to advance bioink formulation, printing precision, and scalable manufacturing, ultimately enhancing cartilage regeneration therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}