Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Development of the global measurement system and its ongoing importance for accurate and effective air quality measurements.","authors":"Richard J C Brown","doi":"10.1039/d4em00511b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00511b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article emphasizes the crucial role of metrology, the science of measurement, in modern life. It explores the history and importance of the global measurement system in ensuring reliable and comparable data; how this system has evolved over the years into what we now recognise as the International System of Units; and the recent changes that have future proofed our system of measurement against the challenges of technological developments yet to come. The text highlights the particular significance of accurate measurements for air quality studies as having direct impact on policy decisions and assessment of the health effects of air pollution. To enhance the credibility and efficiency of air quality research, the article advocates for widespread adoption the principles of accreditation - the independent assessment and recognition of one's measurement capabilities - to strengthen the confidence in the conclusions made by air quality studies and thereby improve the discipline's effectiveness in supporting and assessing evidence-based policies to reduce air pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new empirical equation for the gas/particle partitioning of OPFRs in ambient atmosphere.","authors":"Man Li, Wenhao Hou, Lina Qiao, Hong Zhang, Mengdan Wang, Yonghui Wen, Zejiang Jia","doi":"10.1039/d4em00531g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00531g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gas/particle (G/P) partitioning is a core process governing the atmospheric transport of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). However, accurately predicting the G/P partition performance of OPFRs remains a challenge. In this study, four independent models were employed to estimate the characteristics of OPFR G/P partitioning within the octanol-air partition coefficient range of 4.7 (TMP) to 14.2 (TMPP). The results showed that in the maximum partition domain, the Li-Ma-Yang steady-state model fitted the best, with 85.2% of the predicted G/P partition quotient (log <i>K</i>_P) values within an acceptable deviation range of ±1 log units for OPFRs. Accordingly, no significant deviations were observed between the predicted (0.56 ± 0.32) and monitored (0.52 ± 0.11) values of the average particle-bound fraction (<i>φ</i>_P) for the Li-Ma-Yang model in the maximum partition domain. Large deviations were observed between the monitored values and predicted log <i>K</i>_P values by these four models in the equilibrium domain. Several factors responsible for the significant deviations observed in G/P partitioning values of OPFRs were discussed. These identified factors were used to develop a new empirical equation, which substantially improved log <i>K</i>_P predictions for OPFRs to 75.8% in the equilibrium domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142833087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling indoor radical chemistry during the HOMEChem campaign.","authors":"Freja F Østerstrøm, Toby J Carter, David R Shaw, Jonathan P D Abbatt, Andrew Abeleira, Caleb Arata, Brandon P Bottorff, Felipe J Cardoso-Saldaña, Peter F DeCarlo, Delphine K Farmer, Allen H Goldstein, Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz, Tara F Kahan, James M Mattila, Atila Novoselac, Philip S Stevens, Emily Reidy, Colleen Marciel F Rosales, Chen Wang, Shan Zhou, Nicola Carslaw","doi":"10.1039/d4em00628c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00628c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the indoor environment, occupants are exposed to air pollutants originating from continuous indoor sources and exchange with the outdoor air, with the highest concentration episodes dominated by activities performed indoors such as cooking and cleaning. Here we use the INdoor CHEMical model in Python (INCHEM-Py) constrained by measurements from the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign, to investigate the impact of a bleach cleaning event and cooking on indoor air chemistry. Measurements of the concentrations of longer-lived organic and inorganic compounds, as well as measured photolysis rates, have been used as input for the model, and the modelled hydroxyl (OH) radicals, hydroperoxyl radicals, and nitrous acid (HONO) concentrations compared to the measured values. The peak modelled OH, , and HONO concentrations during cooking and cleaning activities are about 30%, 10%, and 30% higher than the observations, respectively, within experimental uncertainties. We have determined rates for the rapid loss of HONO formed through cooking activities onto a wet surface during the cleaning events and also for the subsequent slow release of HONO from the cleaned surface back into the gas-phase. Using INCHEM-Py we have also predicted peak concentrations of chlorine (Cl) atoms, (0.75-2.3) × 10⁵ atom per cm³ at the time of cleaning. Model predictions of the Cl atom and OH radical reactivities were also explored, showing high Cl atom reactivity throughout the day, peaking around 5000-9000 s^-1. The OH reactivity was found to increase from a background value close to urban outdoor levels of 20-40 s^-1, to levels exceeding observations in outdoor polluted areas following cooking and cleaning activities (up to 160 s^-1). This underlines the high oxidation capacity of the indoor atmospheric environment through determining the abundance of volatile organic compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142833089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the motion characteristics and critical hydraulic parameters of microplastics in a freshwater environment.","authors":"Ming Dou, Zhen Wang, Yuxuan Li, Bin Sun, Yongyong Zhang, Yuze Zhou, Ruipeng Jia","doi":"10.1039/d4em00574k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00574k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The migration behavior of microplastics in water is affected by many factors; in particular, the migration mechanism of microplastics in the terrestrial freshwater environment is more complicated than that in the marine environment. In order to understand the migration behavior of microplastics in the freshwater environment, the hydraulic parameter thresholds of different types of microplastics in water were identified based on hydraulic experiments and force analysis methods. The results show that the motion state of microplastics is affected by their own internal factors and external environmental factors, and the flow rate is the key external factor affecting the change of their motion state. In the vertical direction, the higher the density, the rougher the environment, and the closer the shape to the flake, the greater the critical starting flow velocity and the critical resuspension flow velocity. The settling velocities, critical initiation velocities, and critical resuspension velocities of microplastics range from 0.05 to 0.17 m s^-1, 0.03 to 0.44 m s^-1, and 0.251 to 0.83 m s^-1, respectively. Horizontally, the bottom rolling velocities of microplastics vary significantly. These velocities are positively correlated with water flow velocity but are inversely proportional to the density of the microplastics and the roughness of the substrate. By combining experimental data, mathematical expressions for the critical hydraulic parameters of microplastics were derived, showing improved accuracy compared to traditional methods. This paper explores the trajectory of different types of microplastics after entering the water body and analyzes their migration mechanism in the river. The research results have certain theoretical guiding significance for revealing the migration law of microplastics in the freshwater environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142816619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing nitrate contamination sources and dynamics in an unconfined alluvial aquifer system (Velika Gorica well field, Croatia).","authors":"Patricia Buškulić, Zoran Kovač, Ioannis Matiatos, Jelena Parlov","doi":"10.1039/d4em00527a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00527a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrate ions (NO₃^-) are one of the most common contaminants in the groundwater of the Zagreb alluvial aquifer, which hosts strategic groundwater reserves of the Republic of Croatia and supplies drinking water to one million inhabitants of the capital city. To better understand the origin and the dynamics of NO₃^- in the unsaturated and saturated zones, the stable isotopes of nitrogen (<i>δ</i>¹⁵N) and oxygen (<i>δ</i>¹⁸O) in dissolved nitrate, combined with physico-chemical, hydrogeochemical and water stable isotope data, were used in the current work, together with statistical tools and mixing models. The study involved monthly sampling of groundwater, surface water, precipitation and soil water samples. Additionally, the isotopic composition of total nitrogen (<i>δ</i>¹⁵N_bulk) was determined in solid samples representing the local nitrate sources. The combination of a nitrous oxide isotopic analyzer and the titanium(III) reduction method provides reliable measurements of <i>δ</i>¹⁵N_NO₃ and <i>δ</i>¹⁸O_NO₃, with optimal stability achieved under specific conditions. Nitrate in the study area predominantly originates from organic sources, with nitrification as the main biogeochemical process, while denitrification was identified at sampling sites under specific anaerobic conditions. Although statistical analysis can be a valuable tool, it should be applied with caution if NO₃^- originates from multiple sources. The isotopic composition of water showed that groundwater is predominantly recharged by the Sava River but its contribution varied spatially. The results also show the existence of a different recharge source in the southern part of the aquifer. Our findings highlighted the importance of employing a diverse range of analytical methods to obtain reliable and comprehensive understanding of nitrate contamination. By integrating multi-method approaches, stakeholders can better understand the complexities of groundwater contamination and implement more targeted measures to safeguard the water supplies for future generations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Fluorinated aromatic PCBTF and 6:2 diPAP in bridge and traffic paints.","authors":"Mitchell L Kim-Fu, Ansel R Moll, Esteban E Hernandez, Boris Droz, Thierry N J Fouquet, Jennifer Field","doi":"10.1039/d4em90053g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4em90053g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Correction for 'Fluorinated aromatic PCBTF and 6:2 diPAP in bridge and traffic paints' by Mitchell L. Kim-Fu <i>et al.</i>, <i>Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts</i>, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EM00546E.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11626506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PFAS surveillance within a highly militarized island: a case study of Okinawa, Japan.","authors":"Camden G Camacho, Kaylie Anne Costa, Shannon McMahon, Jeffrey Jolly, Timothy Ravasi, Joe Aufmuth, John A Bowden","doi":"10.1039/d4em00508b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4em00508b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a resilient class of anthropogenic contaminants of emerging concern with over 12 000 individual compounds that have been noted for industrial applications, consumer goods, and food packaging materials. In general, the most common contributors to PFAS environmental pollution are aviation facilities, specifically those that use aqueous film forming foams (<i>e.g.</i>, at military bases and airports). In this study, we examined the presence of PFAS across Okinawa Island (Japan) due to its large-scale U.S. military presence throughout the island. Surface water was collected at 61 sites across the island to achieve maximum geographical coverage of the island while also collecting near suspected PFAS sources; 31 PFAS were monitored using a 12 min HPLC-MS/MS method. A total of 15 PFAS were detected and quantified around the island with a mean Σ₁₅PFAS of 16.3 ng L^-1 and a maximum site concentration of 164.3 ng L^-1. Region-specific PFAS profiles were observed across the island, including the overwhelming presence of PFHpA in the northern region of the island, revealing the possibility of multiple PFAS source points in Okinawa. The resultant data herein provides the first island-wide examination of PFAS \"hotspots\" across Okinawa and is a critical first step toward increasing PFAS awareness and action.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene and phenanthrene hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of longer-term air pollution exposure.","authors":"Xiangtian Wang, Yihui Ge, Yan Lin, Emily A Craig, Ruoxue Chen, Richard K Miller, Emily S Barrett, Sally W Thurston, Thomas G O'Connor, David Q Rich, Junfeng Jim Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d4em00551a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4em00551a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urinary hydroxylated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with half-life less than 2 days, are established biomarkers of short-term exposure to PAHs, a ubiquitous constituent of air pollution mixture. In this study, we explore the use of PAHs-hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of longer-term exposure to air pollution by leveraging an extant resource of blood samples collected from 235 pregnant women residing in Rochester, NY. We measured red blood cells for benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene-tetrols (BaPT) and phenanthrene-tetrols (PHET), both of which are hydrolysis products of PAH-hemoglobin adduct. We utilized previously estimated PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentrations within the 1 km² grid surrounding each participant's residence, calculated for up to 20 weeks before the blood collection date. Associations between PAHs tetrols and cumulative exposures to ambient PM_2.5 or NO₂ over different time periods were examined using a linear mixed-effects model with participant-specific random intercepts adjusting for season, gestation age, maternal age, maternal income level, and pre-pregnancy BMI. We observed positive associations between PHET concentration and cumulative PM_2.5 exposure over gestational weeks 12-17, and between BaPT concentration and cumulative PM_2.5 exposure over gestational weeks 3-16 prior to sample collection. Each interquartile range (IQR) increase in 14 week PM_2.5 exposure (1.26 μg m^-3) was associated with a 9.02% (95% CI: 0.30%, 17.7%) increase in PHET and a 12.8% (95% CI: 1.09%, 23.5%) increase in BaPT levels. In contrast, no associations were observed between either biomarker and cumulative NO₂ exposures. These findings underscore the potential of PAH-hemoglobin adducts as longer-term (weeks to 4 months) exposure biomarkers of ambient PM_2.5.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11606450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low molecular weight organic acids stabilise siderite against oxidation and influence the composition of iron (oxyhydr)oxide oxidation products.","authors":"Katherine A Rothwell, Laurel K ThomasArrigo, Ralf Kaegi, Ruben Kretzschmar","doi":"10.1039/d4em00363b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4em00363b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Siderite (FeCO₃) is an important reservoir of mineral-bound ferrous iron in non-sulfidic, reducing soils and sediments. It is redox sensitive, and its oxidation may facilitate the reduction of a range of pollutants, produce reactive oxygen species, or induce the formation of oxidation products with large surface areas for contaminant sorption. However, there is currently a limited understanding of the stability of siderite in complex environments such as soils and sediments. Here, we use a series of batch experiments complemented with thorough characterisation of mineral oxidation products to investigate the oxidation of siderite in the presence and absence of the low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) citrate, tiron, salicylate, and EDTA as analogues for naturally occurring compounds or functional groups of natural organic matter that ubiquitously coexist with siderite. Our results show that siderite alone at pH 7.5 was completely oxidised to form ferrihydrite, nanocrystalline lepidocrocite, and nanocrystalline goethite in less than 6 hours. However, in the presence of LMWOAs, up to 48% of the siderite was preserved for more than 500 hours and the formation of goethite was inhibited in favour of ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite. Using experimental data from electron microscopy and chemical speciation modelling, we hypothesise that the siderite may be preserved through the formation of an Fe(III)-passivation layer at the siderite surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11606451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of coke oven emission exposure with pulmonary function, blood pressure, blood cell parameters, and biochemical indices in coking workers: a cross-sectional pilot study.","authors":"Min Sun, Xin Li, Mengmeng Geng, Xiaoling Zhou, Zhiyan Zhang, Huixiang Nie, Na Xia, Guoshun Huang, Xuhong Wang, Hongmei Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d4em00306c","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4em00306c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and objective</i>: Coke oven emissions (COEs) are formed in the process of coking production, mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene; however, the health impacts of COE exposure in coking workers are not fully clear so far. We aimed to explore the associations of occupational COE exposure with pulmonary function, blood pressure, blood cell parameters, and blood biochemical indices, and to bolster health surveillance and disease prevention and control in coking workers. <i>Methods</i>: We investigated 566 coking workers at a large state-owned enterprise coking plant in Taiyuan, Shanxi, China, measured the concentrations of plasma 16 PAHs and urinary phenol, assessed the health outcomes including pulmonary function, blood pressure, the levels of peripheral hematologic parameters and biochemical indices, and examined the associations of PAH and phenol concentrations with the health outcomes using multiple linear regressions, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). <i>Results</i>: After adjustment for confounders, plasma ∑₁₅PAH concentration was significantly associated with increases in hemoglobin (HGB) and triglyceride (TG) levels in coking workers, and urinary phenol concentration was significantly associated with increases in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level, and decreases in platelet (PLT) count. When phenol concentration and PAH concentration were simultaneously included in the multiple linear regression model, both of them were associated with the level of HGB. LASSO and BKMR indicated that the PAHs with four rings and above contributed to the HGB level. <i>Conclusion</i>: PAH exposure could damage hematological parameters and blood lipids, and benzene exposure could increase blood pressure and decrease PLT count.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}