Organic Process Research & Development最新文献

{"title":"Development of a Scalable Anodic Oxidation Process for (R)-Troloxamide Quinone (EPI-589) Using a Continuous Flow Approach","authors":"Hirotsugu Usutani, Jun Hirabayashi, Kenji Yamamoto, Xinlong Gao, Jianghong Chen, Jianye Jiao, Hsiao Yi, Pan Wang, Kazuki Hashimoto","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00016","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical methods in organic synthesis hold significant potential for next-generation chemical processes and are gaining attention not only in the pharmaceutical sector but also across the broader chemical industry. From an electrochemical perspective, electrons can be regarded as a reagent, which can be utilized in various oxidation and reduction reactions. Anodic oxidation is one example, by which it is possible to oxidatively cleave troloxamide to form troloxamide quinone. Thus, an electrochemical process can contribute to the synthesis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) EPI-589, a drug candidate for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Process development using electrochemical methods is often regarded as challenging for scale-up and manufacturing, but here we describe the establishment of a manufacturing method by combining the concepts of anodic oxidation (electroorganic chemistry) and continuous processing are described. The results of a scale-up proof-of-concept experiment are shown, in which the API was obtained with excellent quality on a kilogram scale.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143723985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multistep Continuous Heterogeneous Synthesis of C.I. Reactive Red 195 and Safety Evaluation of the Continuous Diazotization Process","authors":"Lei Li, Xinyu Ye, Huaixi Liu, Rongwen Lu, Bingtao Tang, Shufen Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00055","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating the diazotization and coupling reactions in solid–liquid heterogeneous systems to achieve large-scale, multistep continuous flow synthesis of water-soluble azo dyes remains a significant challenge. During the diazotization process of water-soluble azo dyes, considerable diazonium salt may precipitate, posing potential safety risks. In this study, we established a continuous dynamic tubular reaction system to achieve the multistep continuous heterogeneous synthesis of C.I. Reactive Red 195, a representative water-soluble azo dye. The optimal conditions for continuous diazotization and coupling reactions were determined, achieving a high throughput of 120 L/h and a yield of up to 736 kg/day. The purity of the synthesized dye increased by 20% compared to the commercial C.I. Reactive Red 195, with the <i>K</i>/<i>S</i> value rising from 19.07 to 22.16, indicating enhanced dyeing performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations show that 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid diazonium salt (NADA-DS) spontaneously aggregates into stable clusters due to dispersion forces, which leads to precipitation. Furthermore, the thermal stability, impact sensitivity, explosive propagation, and decomposition activation energy of NADA-DS were investigated. The severity and possibility of thermal runaway during the continuous diazotization process are classified as level 1. The risk matrix indicates that the continuous diazotization process risk is acceptable, with the Stoessel criticality diagram categorizing the hazard level as grade 1, signifying a low level of risk. This study promotes safer, more efficient, and sustainable production of water-soluble azo dyes.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143723984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Convergent and Scalable Synthetic Route to Long-Acting RSV Inhibitor JNJ-7950","authors":"Kiran Matcha, William M. Maton, Peter Reniers, Robert Geertman, Bart Bueken, Philip Pye, Stijn Wuyts, Ed Cleator","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00437","url":null,"abstract":"JNJ-7950 is a potent small-molecule respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) inhibitor with a long-acting profile in preclinical species. The design and development of a convergent synthetic route accelerated the discovery and development of JNJ-7950. First, the new synthetic route supported the lead candidate (JNJ-7950) selection process and later was adapted to provide a large-scale clinical batch. A shorter and cost-effective synthetic route to the key spiro-azetidine moiety exploited an intramolecular copper-catalyzed C–N coupling. The development of an efficient and sustainable process for telescoping three steps in a single solvent provided the benzimidazole moiety with an 85% overall yield. The spiro-azetidine and the benzimidazole moieties were coupled to provide JNJ-7950 in 48% overall yield with excellent purity over the six longest linear steps. Two GMP batches (6 and 12 kg) of JNJ-7950 were manufactured in parenteral grade quality to support long-acting injectable formulation development and early clinical need.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Nucleosides Applied to the Large-Scale Synthesis of MeMOP: A Key Amidite in the GalXC Platform","authors":"John R. Rizzo, Prem Kumar Begari, Deepak Kalita, Jiancai Gu, Scott A. Frank, Nour Eddine Fahmi, Hem Raj Khatri","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00021","url":null,"abstract":"The Baeyer–Villiger reaction is an established oxidative process that is applied for structural and functional group modification. We have applied the Baeyer–Villiger process to prepare 4′-oxo nucleosides. The application of Baeyer–Villiger oxidation to prepare MeMOP, a complex amidite used in the reported GalXC platform, will be discussed. A large-scale process to prepare MeMOP with an improved economic and operational safety risk profile will be highlighted. This novel application of the Baeyer–Villiger reaction to nucleoside platforms was used to scale up the MeMOP phosphoramidite process, which supported multiple clinical trials enabling siRNA campaigns.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143713635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decagram-Scale Synthesis of the Novel Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitor OSUAB-0284","authors":"Jason S. West, Chelsea A. Mann, Mark J. Mitton-Fry","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00033","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal chemistry efforts identified OSUAB-0284 (<b>2</b>) as a preclinical candidate to treat staphylococcal infections, especially those caused by methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). Herein, we describe a fit-for-purpose route that enabled the production of &gt;20 g of API for toxicology studies and further preclinical characterization. Process improvements include a 16-fold increase in yield over the longest sequence, a 21-fold increase in efficiency for the cost-limiting reagent, and reduction of chromatography to one silica plug across an 18-step route.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective and Scalable O-Alkylation of Serine and Threonine Enabled by Chelation-Controlled Reductive C–N Cleavage of N,O-Acetals","authors":"Keisuke Nogi, Masao Tsukazaki, Hiroshi Iwamura, Kenji Maeda","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00543","url":null,"abstract":"A selective and scalable <i>O</i>-alkylation method has been developed for the synthesis of a series of <i>O</i>-alkyl serine and threonine derivatives as useful unnatural amino acids. The use of Ti(IV) species capable of bis-ligation enables chelation-controlled reductive C–N cleavage of <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-acetal intermediates to afford the corresponding <i>O</i>-alkylated product. Moreover, <i>N</i>-alkylated byproducts are selectively decomposed under basic conditions and removed by extraction and crystallization, thus eliminating laborious column chromatography processes in scale-up synthesis.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Scalability, Synthetic Efficiency, and Convergency","authors":"Vittorio Farina","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00030","url":null,"abstract":"Terms like <i>scalability</i>, <i>synthetic efficiency</i>, and <i>convergency</i> are often used by development chemists to qualify the merits of their processes. However, these are often qualitative designations, devoid of any quantitative assessment. We propose some guidelines to support the judicious use of these terms. In particular, we would like to bring to the attention of process chemists the work of J. B. Hendrickson, who─almost 50 years ago─first proposed a meaningful quantitative evaluation of a synthetic plan and defined <i>consistency</i> and <i>convergency</i> in a quantitative way. After a brief analysis of the term <i>scalability</i>, this perspective presents a simplified version of Hendrickson’s ideas and extends it to multicomponent reactions. The metrics proposed herein are very easy to use and should allow chemists to verify the efficiency of their synthetic plan by calculating a <i>consistency index</i> and a <i>convergency index</i> which could complement qualitative descriptors like “efficient process” or “highly convergent synthesis”.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial Case Studies Demonstrating Applicability of ICH M7 Control Options 3 and 4 for Nitrosamine Control","authors":"Michael W. Urquhart, Michael J. Burns, Frank Bernardoni, Hugh F. Clark, Jean-Philippe Crochard, Alessandro De Benedetti, Olivier Dirat, Jared W. Fennell, Malcolm A. Y. Gall, Marzia Galli, Stefan Hildbrand, Jeffrey M. Kallemeyn, Nadine Kuhl, Daniel J. Mack, Christian Moessner, David D. Pascoe, Alessandro Pozzoli, Philippe Risch, Alastair J. Roberts, Andrew Teasdale, Oliver R. Thiel, Paula Tomlin, Andrew Whitehead","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00042","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment and control of potential mutagenic impurities (PMIs) within pharmaceutical products are managed in accordance with the ICH M7 guideline “Assessment and control of DNA reactive (mutagenic) impurities in pharmaceuticals to limit potential carcinogenic risk”. This guidance highlights four control options that can be used to give assurance of control of PMIs to below a level of toxicological concern for the intended use. These control options range from testing to confirm that impurity levels within the active pharmaceutical ingredient or product are below an acceptable limit (ICH M7 Option 1 Control) to a control strategy that relies on process controls and scientific principles (e.g., purging) to demonstrate impurity presence to below a level of concern in lieu of analytical testing (option 4). While ICH M7 control option 4 is an established approach to justify that levels of a potential mutagenic impurity are below an acceptable limit, there have been health authority challenges that the use of ICH M7 control option 4 rationales is not appropriate for <i>N</i>-nitrosamines without included confirmatory analytical testing data to confirm absence. The reasons behind this lack of acceptance for ICH M7 control option 4 alone may include (i) a higher perceived potency for nitrosamines over other mutagenic impurities as they alert as part of the cohort of concern and (ii) inappropriate application of purge rationales such that, in some instances, confirmatory testing data highlighted higher levels for the impurity than had been predicted to be present. Through the inclusion of industry relevant case studies, this publication outlines that, while some nitrosamines may require control to lower levels than the ICH M7 threshold of toxicological concern, the concept of the ICH M7 option 4 control is scientifically justified when the properties for the nitrosamine are considered and an appropriate conservative purge rationale is applied.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Excellence in Industrial Organic Synthesis 2024","authors":"Bernd Schaefer, Shashank Shekhar, James Murray","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00049","url":null,"abstract":"Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Organic Process Research &amp; Development&lt;/i&gt; special issue “Excellence in Industrial Organic Synthesis 2024”. In the chemical industry, alongside the discovery of new substances and their properties, the development and optimization of chemical reactions and processes play a decisive role, not least for economic reasons. (1,2) This is nothing new. The interplay between research and development, and thus the pursuit of excellence in chemistry, has characterized the industry from the very beginning and will certainly continue to make a decisive contribution in the future, mastering the major challenges we are currently facing, from the demand for increased sustainability and efficient CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; management to the changes in the supply of raw materials and energy. The conceptual foundations of excellence in chemistry can be traced back to the principle of parsimony by William of Ockham (1286–1347), a medieval Franciscan monk, and on his proverbial razor, in which he summed up the motivation of optimization in a single sentence: “It is futile to do with more what can be done with fewer” (Lat.: “&lt;i&gt;Frustra fit per plura, quod potest fieri per pauciora&lt;/i&gt;”). (3,4) In accordance with this concept, James B. Hendrickson (1928–2018) outlined his ideas on the logic of organic chemistry and &lt;i&gt;ideal synthesis&lt;/i&gt; already in 1975. (5,6) Barry Trost’s thoughts on &lt;i&gt;atom economy&lt;/i&gt; followed in the early 1990s, while Paul A. Wender came up with function-oriented synthesis and &lt;i&gt;step economy&lt;/i&gt; in 2008 (7) and Phil Baran and Reinhard Hoffmann with &lt;i&gt;redox economy&lt;/i&gt; at almost the same time. (8) In parallel, Roger A. Sheldon emphasized the need for a new paradigm in the evaluation of efficiency in chemical production, assigning value not only to chemical yield but also to waste minimization. By developing the E-factor concept, which is now used throughout the industry in one form or another, he brought &lt;i&gt;elegance and precision&lt;/i&gt; to large-scale production. (9−11) In this respect, it is perhaps not too surprising that some of these elegant processes have already been in operation for a while. As examples one may consider Evonik’s methionine production, BASF’s citral synthesis, and Rhodia’s vanillin process. (12) Taking James Hendrickson’s thoughts on the &lt;i&gt;ideal synthesis&lt;/i&gt; as a starting point, this year we can indeed celebrate 50 years of excellence in industrial organic synthesis. Articles included in this Special Issue cover a wide variety of research topics such as discussion on strategies for kilogram-scale synthesis with emphasis on safety, robustness, and sustainability, flow and impinging-jet technologies, new catalytic methods, integration of Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) for solid-phase peptide synthesis, and green chemistry to name a few. These outstanding contributions provide an exquisite overview of the current state of the art and certainly pave the way for further improvements. Consistent with earlie","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Excellence in Industrial Organic Synthesis 2024","authors":"Bernd Schaefer*,&nbsp;Shashank Shekhar* and James Murray*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.5c0004910.1021/acs.oprd.5c00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00049https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.5c00049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"29 3","pages":"601–602 601–602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}