ACS SensorsPub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c03289
Nilpawan Sarma, Hirendra Das, Pranjal Saikia
{"title":"Borophene: The Frontier of Next-Generation Sensor Applications","authors":"Nilpawan Sarma, Hirendra Das, Pranjal Saikia","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c03289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c03289","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional (2D) materials have captivated scientific imagination, and among this proliferating cadre of 2D compounds, borophene; a single layer of boron atoms emerges as a nonpareil substance owing to its distinctive structural, electronic, and mechanical properties. This review investigates the extraordinary properties that borophene possesses, notably in its χ<sub>3</sub> and β<sub>12</sub> phases, which add directional metallic behavior, along with quite a lot of mechanical plasticity and high carrier mobility. The synthesis of borophene has made significant strides thanks to cutting-edge techniques like molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD), with recent innovations breaking through the scalability no-go areas that, in the past, hindered the material’s widespread use. Borophene’s superior electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties, in contrast to other 2D materials like graphene, accentuate its potential for diverse applications, particularly in the realm of next-generation sensors. It places particular emphasis on borophene’s appositeness for sensor technology, detailing the structural intricacies and unique topological characteristics that make borophene an exceptional candidate. By focusing on the mechanisms that enable its high sensitivity and flexibility, the discussion brings to light the transformative potential of this interesting 2D material while concurrently addressing the state-of-the-art advancements in borophene research, thereby providing a forward-looking perspective on future opportunities and challenges. Ultimately, this work pinpoints how borophene, with its unprecedented properties and technological promise, is poised to reshape sensor technology and opens new avenues for exploration in the broader field of advanced functional materials.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143385712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS SensorsPub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c03051
Thanh Mien Nguyen, Thu M. T. Nguyen, Sung-Jo Kim, Seok Kyung Kang, Seungju Lee, Youn Joo Jung, Hyun Yul Kim, Jin-Woo Oh
{"title":"Microcapillary-Derived Plasmonic-Enhanced Cluster through the Self-Assembly Process for Breast Cancer Diagnosis","authors":"Thanh Mien Nguyen, Thu M. T. Nguyen, Sung-Jo Kim, Seok Kyung Kang, Seungju Lee, Youn Joo Jung, Hyun Yul Kim, Jin-Woo Oh","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c03051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c03051","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI)-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful system for cancer diagnosis, leveraging its unique advantages by combining the high sensitivity of the SERS technique with the advanced classification capabilities provided by computing power. While previous studies have yielded significant results through using exosomes, miRNA, and phenotypic biomarkers for detecting breast cancer, these methods frequently entail time-consuming and complex pretreatment steps, demanding highly skilled handling. Here, we present a free-label SERS platform with faster sampling without any pretreat using blood plasma for breast cancer diagnosis. In this study, a cluster structure of gold nanoparticles within a confines space of microcapillary was fabricated to generate close-packing nanoparticles for enhancing electromagnetic field and large number of “hot spot.” We demonstrate that our SERS platform can significantly amplify the Raman signal through standard chemical detection of R6G molecules. Consequently, a solution mixed appropriately between blood plasma collected from participants with gold nanoparticles to build the hybrid cluster in the microcapillary for SERS measurement. With the support of a machine learning model, the breast cancer diagnosis has successfully classified between patients and normal participants with a high accuracy of 87.5%.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143385714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS SensorsPub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c02538
Yiling Tan, Le Chen, Minglang Zhang, Bingsheng Du, Chengyao Liang, Xuezheng Guo, Liwen Yang, Shili Zhao, Yuanting Yu, Chun Huang, Hangyu Liu, Wenwen Liu, Linggao Zeng, Peng Zhang, Yuhong Wu, Chao Gao, Yong He
{"title":"Humidity Induced Proton–Electron Conducting Metal–Organic Frameworks of M3(Hexaiminobenzene)2 (M = Ni, Cu, Fe) for Highly Sensitivity Drug Precursor Chemicals Gases Detection","authors":"Yiling Tan, Le Chen, Minglang Zhang, Bingsheng Du, Chengyao Liang, Xuezheng Guo, Liwen Yang, Shili Zhao, Yuanting Yu, Chun Huang, Hangyu Liu, Wenwen Liu, Linggao Zeng, Peng Zhang, Yuhong Wu, Chao Gao, Yong He","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c02538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c02538","url":null,"abstract":"Exploiting high-performance gas sensors is desirable for the on-site and accurate detection of drug precursor chemical gases. Here, the electron–proton conductivity metal–organic frameworks M<sub>3</sub>(HIB)<sub>2</sub> were designed to discriminate typical drug precursor chemical gases. The strong d-π conjugation and substantial H<sub>2</sub>O ligands in M<sub>3</sub>(HIB)<sub>2</sub> generate conducting pathways for electrons and protons, which contribute to novel gas-sensing properties. Remarkably, Fe<sub>3</sub>(HIB)<sub>2</sub> demonstrates an ultrahigh response of over 379 toward 60 ppm of toluene at room temperature (RT). Furthermore, the adsorption/desorption behaviors of M<sub>3</sub>(HIB)<sub>2</sub> can be tuned by systematically varying the metal center, causing distinctive gas sensing features for pattern recognition of drug precursor chemical gases. The recognition model was constructed using a convolutional neural networks-gated recurrent unit (CNN-GRU) algorithm, exhibiting a high recognition accuracy. The sensing mechanism is revealed by the Lewis and Brønsted acid site adsorption, due to competitive adsorption between H<sub>2</sub>O and analyte gases. This work paves the way for the development of proton–electron dual-conducting MOFs for high-performance gas sensors.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapid Bacterial Identification through Multiplexed Nucleic Acid Detection on a Digital Microfluidic Platform for Enhanced Clinical Intervention against Infections","authors":"Ruibin Xie, Jienan Shen, Lintao Zhou, Lianyu Lu, Aiping Zhi, Duo Sun, Yue Pei, Jian Yu, Lin Zeng, Guoqiang Gu, Yuye Wang, Hao Yu, Yunsheng Chen, Xiaopeng Ma, Zhongjian Xie, Hui Yang","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c02701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c02701","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial infections often lead to severe health consequences owing to their ability to infiltrate multiple anatomical sites, including the bloodstream, respiratory tract, and digestive tract, posing substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Consequently, a rapid and versatile detection method capable of identifying a broad spectrum of bacterial pathogens is urgently required to facilitate precise antibiotic prescriptions. Addressing this need, we introduce MiND-DMF (Multibacterial Infection Nucleic Acid Detection on a Digital Microfluidic Platform), a cost-effective digital microfluidic platform tailored for multiplexed bacterial detection. This system integrates DNA extraction, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and CRISPR-based detection technologies, enabling the efficient identification of six common infectious bacteria. Operating at a constant temperature of 37 °C, MiND-DMF completes the entire diagnostic process in just 55 min and is compatible with human reference genes. In spiked samples, the platform demonstrated a detection limit of 100 CFU/mL, highlighting its exceptional sensitivity and quantification capability. In clinical evaluations, MiND-DMF exhibited outstanding performance, achieving 100% sensitivity and 98%–100% specificity compared to conventional PCR methods across 50 samples derived from diverse tissue sources. This robust platform demonstrates strong anti-interference capabilities, making it suitable for analyzing various tissue fluids including blood, alveolar lavage fluid, urine, nasal secretions, appendiceal pus, and ear pus. The versatility and precision of MiND-DMF support the monitoring of hospital-acquired bacterial infection origins, empowering physicians to prescribe targeted antibiotics and enhancing overall infection prevention and control strategies. By accurately detecting bacteria from multiple sources, MiND-DMF can play a pivotal role in improving patient outcomes and public health.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Branch Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor for Comprehensive Sevoflurane Monitoring","authors":"Xueshi Zhang, Yufeng Yang, Lixian Liu, Jialiang Sun, Yi Zeng, Zhifu Yang, Xukun Yin, Xiaoming Zhao, Huiting Huan, Xiaopeng Shao, Andreas Mandelis","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c03063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c03063","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehensive sevoflurane monitoring (CSM, sevoflurane concentrations from parts per billion to percent) is essential for the therapeutic diagnosis of anesthetized patients and occupational exposure monitoring. Photoacoustic spectroscopy, with its advantages of high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, miniaturization, and real-time, holds unique potential for CSM. A highly sensitive resonator with a small volume is an optimal choice regarding the limited exhaled gas amount. Wavelength modulation is not suitable for detecting trace sevoflurane with broad absorption lines because the modulation depth is far from optimal. Sensitive detection can be achieved using chopper-based amplitude modulation; therefore, a relatively low resonance frequency is critical. By the introduction of flexible polyurethane tubes, a branched photoacoustic cell (BPAC) was developed to compensate for the contradiction between the miniaturized resonator and the low resonance frequency requirement. The resonance frequency of BPAC was as low as 1036 Hz at a compact capacity of only 2.7 mL. Taking advantage of the replaceable and flexible branches, the geometry, resonance frequency, and sensitivity of BPAC could be optimized. The BPAC decoupling of the excitation and absorption paths, therefore, avoided the degradation of thermal-acoustic coupling at high concentrations. The sevoflurane detection results demonstrated that the Branch Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (BEPAS) sensor yielded a 1σ limit of detection of 1.61 ppb with a 3 s integration time, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 2.2 × 10<sup>–9</sup> cm<sup>–1</sup> WHz<sup>–1/2</sup>. With only a 1 cm long absorption path and high thermal-acoustic coupling, the BEPAS sensor provided a wide dynamic range of 1.61 ppb to 8% (154 dB). Continuous on-site testing for CSM issues was performed, which demonstrated the stability and reliability of this sensor. The developed BEPAS may open new avenues for low resonance frequency, ultrasensitivity, wide dynamic range, and compact large-molecule gas detection.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS SensorsPub Date : 2025-02-09DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c02770
Yahui Gao, Yan Shan Ang, Lin-Yue Lanry Yung
{"title":"CRISPR-Cas12a-Assisted DNA Circuit for Nonmicroscopic Detection of Cell Surface Receptor Clustering","authors":"Yahui Gao, Yan Shan Ang, Lin-Yue Lanry Yung","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c02770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c02770","url":null,"abstract":"Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) on the cell surface have been of great interest due to their high clinical relevance and significance; however, the methods for detecting PPIs heavily rely on microscopic instruments. In this work, we designed a Cas12a-assisted DNA circuit for detecting cell surface receptor clustering events without a dependence on microscopy. This nonmicroscopic approach is based on the proximity principle, where localized protein–protein interactions such as receptor clustering are converted into DNA barcodes. These barcodes can then be identified by Cas12a for signal generation in the bulk. The compatibility of the circuit with Cas12a was first experimentally verified. Several leak reactions were identified and minimized. Lastly, we implemented this design in human breast cancer cell line models to distinguish the different levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) homodimers and heterodimers with HER1 and HER3 semiquantitatively without the use of a microscope. Overall, our proposed Cas12a-assisted DNA circuit for detecting cell surface receptor clustering shows the potential for fast screening in diagnostic applications and drug discovery, demonstrating the promising use of enzymatic DNA circuits in biological applications.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS SensorsPub Date : 2025-02-08DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c02785
Gabriela Flores Rangel, Lorena Diaz de León Martinez, Boris Mizaikoff
{"title":"Helicobacter pylori Breath Test via Mid-Infrared Sensor Technology","authors":"Gabriela Flores Rangel, Lorena Diaz de León Martinez, Boris Mizaikoff","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c02785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c02785","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection has been associated with various gastrointestinal disorders, most notably with the development of gastric cancer. Therefore, it is important to develop technologies for effective, rapid, sensitive, and personalized infection detection. The present study evaluates the utility of mid-infrared (MIR) exhaled breath sensors utilizing substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) technology for the precise determination of the isotopic ratio of <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> vs <sup>12</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> simulating conditions relevant to the detection of the presence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in the upper gastrointestinal tract via exhaled breath analysis. For future integration of such a sensing module, e.g., into a cell phone attachment, optimized light–gas interaction and sufficient sensitivity are essential, as the diagnosis is based on detecting the presence of <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> 30 min after administration of <sup>13</sup>C-labeled urea via a gel or pill, which is metabolized by <i>H. pylori</i>. By optimizing the light–gas interaction volume via tailoring of the iHWG, it was demonstrated that sufficient sensitivity and accuracy are achieved for detecting small changes in the isotopic composition of exhaled CO<sub>2</sub>. While it was demonstrated that the combination of conventional Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with iHWGs indeed confirms the utility of this noninvasive breath analysis concept, further device miniaturization utilizing quantum cascade lasers is anticipated to achieve the necessary level of integration for personalized home usage.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143367656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multifunctional Fiber Robotics with Low Mechanical Hysteresis for Magnetic Navigation and Inhaled Gas Sensing","authors":"Feng Yan, Zifeng Wang, Yuzhong Cao, Huina Cao, Zhuo Shi, Yunyao Tang, Yuanshou Zhu, Zhigang Zhu","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c03110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c03110","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, increasing research attention has been directed toward detecting the distribution of hazardous gases in the respiratory system for potential diagnosis and treatment of lung injury. Among various technologies, magnetic fiber robots exhibit great potential for minimally invasive surgery and in situ disease diagnosis. However, integrating magnetic fibers with functionalized sensitive materials remains challenging while preserving the miniaturized fibers’ mechanical properties. Herein, we report Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub>/TPU/NdFeB fibers prepared by facile wet spinning, spray coating, and magnetization, obtaining fibers with decent strength (4.34 MPa) and low hysteresis while maintaining mechanical robustness and magnetoelectric properties. Such fiber robotics could be magnetically actuated for complex movement, while the surface-coated MXene endowed them with the specific response of 5.2% to 40 ppm of triethylamine gas. Fiber robotics realized magnetically driven omnidirectional steering and navigation for propulsion in tubular environments by combination with nitinol guide wires. Consequently, based on magnetic navigation and the chemiresistive gas response, the proposed fiber robotics could locate the position with the highest level of the triethylamine gas inside a bronchial model and provide information on its distribution. This provides a proof-of-concept demonstration for inhaled hazardous gas detection and minimally invasive robotic surgery by multifunctional fiber robotics.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS SensorsPub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c03562
M. Amirul Islam, Jean-François Masson
{"title":"Plasmonic Biosensors for Health Monitoring: Inflammation Biomarker Detection","authors":"M. Amirul Islam, Jean-François Masson","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c03562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c03562","url":null,"abstract":"Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR (LSPR) biosensors have emerged as viable technologies in the clinical detection of biomarkers for a wide array of health conditions. The success of SPR biosensors lies in their ability to monitor in real-time label-free biomarkers in complex biofluids. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology and surface chemistry have significantly improved this feature, notably from the incorporation of advanced nanomaterials including gold nanoparticles, graphene, and carbon nanotubes providing better SPR sensor performance in terms of detection limits, stability, and specificity. Recent progress in microfluidic integration has enabled SPR biosensors to detect multiple biomarkers simultaneously in complex biological samples. Taken together, these advances are closing the gap for their use in clinical diagnostics and point-of-care (POC) applications. While broadly applicable, the latest advancements in plasmonic biosensing are overviewed using inflammation biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), procalcitonin (PCT), ferritin, and fibrinogen for a series of conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, infections, and sepsis, as a key example of plasmonic biosensors for clinical applications. We highlight developments in sensor design, nanomaterial integration, surface functionalization, and multiplexing and provide a look forward to clinical applications by assessing the current limitations and exploring future directions for translating SPR biosensors for diagnostics and health monitoring. By enhancement of diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility, and accessibility, particularly in POC settings, SPR biosensors have the potential to significantly contribute to personalized healthcare and bring real-time, high-precision diagnostics to the forefront of clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ACS SensorsPub Date : 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c03403
Haoqiang Huang, Dezhi Zhu, Ying Wang, Dejun Liu, Weijia Bao, Bao Chai, Li Zhang, Yiping Wang, Changrui Liao
{"title":"Cr(VI)-Responsive Ink with Four-Dimensional Printing of an Ultracompact Hydrogel Optical Fiber Microsensor","authors":"Haoqiang Huang, Dezhi Zhu, Ying Wang, Dejun Liu, Weijia Bao, Bao Chai, Li Zhang, Yiping Wang, Changrui Liao","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.4c03403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.4c03403","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogel is emerging as a promising material for smart sensors due to its remarkable stimuli-responsiveness and biocompatibility. However, traditional methods like ultraviolet curing or imprinting could not yield ultracompact hydrogel microstructures with sophisticated design and controllable morphology, posing challenges in developing highly integrated microfluidic sensors. With the advanced femtosecond laser (Fs) direct writing technology, an intelligent hydrogel optical microsensor is prepared for real-time monitoring of trace hexavalent chromium ions [Cr(VI)] in water. First, a Cr(VI)-responsive hydrogel ink containing 3-acrylamidopropyl-trimethyammonium chloride (ACTC) is developed, boasting a printing resolution of ∼250 nm. Subsequently, a fiber-tip Fabry–Perot cavity (FPC) Cr(VI) microsensor is printed using a multimaterial TPP strategy. The sensor shows an ultracompact size (∼100 μm) and high specificity for detecting trace liquid samples. The detection limit of 1.48 × 10<sup>–9</sup> M makes it suitable for rapidly detecting trace Cr(VI). The on-chip direct writing of smart hydrogel MEMS sensors provides an ultracompact detection platform for environmental protection and analytical science fields.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}