Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.最新文献

{"title":"Ignoring Environment and Health Threats Does Not Make Sense","authors":"Bryan W. Brooks*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0027310.1021/acs.estlett.5c00273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00273https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"356–357 356–357"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Spatiotemporal Resolution Inventory Finely Depicts the Rebound Characteristics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Vehicles in Beijing after the COVID-19 Epidemic","authors":"Yangmingkai Li,&nbsp;Qianru Zhang,&nbsp;Maodian Liu*,&nbsp;Mengqi Yang,&nbsp;Xingrui Cai,&nbsp;Jingsong Ye,&nbsp;Wenzhe Guo,&nbsp;Hehao Qin,&nbsp;Qirui Zhong,&nbsp;Bin Wang,&nbsp;Guofeng Shen,&nbsp;Junfeng Liu,&nbsp;Shu Tao and Xuejun Wang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0006510.1021/acs.estlett.5c00065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00065https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00065","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Urban transportation systems are one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. China’s COVID-19 lockdown greatly suppressed these emissions, yet the spatiotemporal patterns of emissions may have shifted as restrictions eased. Here, we developed hourly link-level inventories of GHG (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) emissions from on-road vehicles in Beijing for 2022 and 2023, leveraging extensive observational traffic data and machine learning models. Our analysis revealed that vehicle activity in Beijing greatly increased in 2023 following the relaxation of pandemic control measures, particularly on expressways and during weekends. This resulted in 21%, 22%, and 24% increases in CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions, respectively, compared to 2022. The rebound was concentrated in two short periods of the strict 2022 lockdowns, accounting for over two-thirds of the total increase in 2023, underscoring the impact of human activity. Furthermore, we found that vehicle fleet updates in 2023 helped slightly mitigate the rebound in CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emissions, reducing their total emissions by 8.4%, 6.8%, and 5.1%, respectively. This study precisely quantifies the postpandemic rebound effects, identifies the underlying causes, and provides a framework that can be applied to analyze the emission reduction effects of various local policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"405–412 405–412"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Production of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) via Acidic Denitrification","authors":"Zhiqiang Zuo,&nbsp;Tianyi Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaotong Cen,&nbsp;Xi Lu,&nbsp;Tao Liu and Min Zheng*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0025510.1021/acs.estlett.5c00255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00255https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00255","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nitrous oxide (N₂O) recovery in wastewater management offers a promising dual benefit of resource recovery and greenhouse gas reduction. This study demonstrates significant N₂O production via microbial denitrification under acidic conditions. Using a bioreactor maintained at pH 5, continuously fed with nitrite and acetate, an acidic microbial culture was cultivated with <i>Rhodanobacter</i> emerging as the dominant denitrifying genus. The culture achieved a nitrite-to-N₂O conversion efficiency exceeding 60%, with a production rate of 6.0 ± 0.2 mg of N₂O-N h^–1 (g volatile suspended solids)⁻¹. Stable acidic denitrification was sustained in semicontinuous operation, with liquid N₂O concentrations accumulating up to 150 mg of N/L. This discovery introduces a novel pathway for N₂O production and recovery, offering new possibilities for wastewater nitrogen management.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"425–431 425–431"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated PFAS Precursors in Septage and Residential Pump Stations","authors":"Michael Penrose,&nbsp;Jacob Deighton,&nbsp;Susan T. Glassmeyer,&nbsp;Andrew Brougham,&nbsp;Scott M. Bessler*,&nbsp;Taryn Mcknight and Mohamed Ateia*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0024610.1021/acs.estlett.5c00246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00246https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00246","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Residential wastewater, with no industrial inputs, is an underrecognized source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This study provides the first direct comparison of PFAS in septage and pump stations, targeting 70 PFAS compounds and employing the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Septage exhibited markedly higher PFAS and precursors concentrations than pump stations, with median post-TOP levels of 687.5 ng/L vs 84.2 ng/L, respectively. FTCAs were fully oxidized, while diPAPs showed incomplete oxidation due to high organic loads. Septic systems function as PFAS reservoirs, increasing risks of groundwater contamination, particularly in areas with shallow aquifers. Pump stations contributed to episodic PFAS spikes, likely affecting downstream wastewater treatment. The detection of 27 PFAS compounds, including short-chain alternatives, highlights shifting contamination patterns. Findings emphasize the need for tailored analytical frameworks and pretreatment technologies to mitigate PFAS risks across decentralized and centralized wastewater systems. Integrating precursor analysis is critical for accurate risk assessment, as targeted PFAS measurements underestimate contamination. These results provide new insights into PFAS behavior in residential wastewater, guiding future mitigation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"454–460 454–460"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Elevated Methane Emissions from an Australian Open-Cut Coal Mine Using Two Independent Airborne Techniques","authors":"Jakob Borchardt*,&nbsp;Stephen J. Harris,&nbsp;Jorg M. Hacker,&nbsp;Mark Lunt,&nbsp;Sven Krautwurst,&nbsp;Mei Bai,&nbsp;Hartmut Bösch,&nbsp;Heinrich Bovensmann,&nbsp;John P. Burrows,&nbsp;Shakti Chakravarty,&nbsp;Robert A. Field,&nbsp;Konstantin Gerilowski,&nbsp;Oke Huhs,&nbsp;Wolfgang Junkermann,&nbsp;Bryce F. J. Kelly,&nbsp;Martin Kumm,&nbsp;Wolfgang Lieff,&nbsp;Andrew McGrath,&nbsp;Adrian Murphy,&nbsp;Josua Schindewolf and Jakob Thoböll,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.4c0106310.1021/acs.estlett.4c01063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c01063https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c01063","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Governments and industries worldwide are seeking methods to accurately estimate their methane inventories, particularly in the open-cut coal mining sector, where quantifying facility-level emissions remains challenging and robust verification methods are not yet widespread. Here, we compare methane emission rates estimated from two aircraft-based measurement platforms with operator-reported emissions from an open-cut coal mine in the Bowen Basin (Queensland, Australia). Coarse-resolution satellite-based data identified the mine as a significant emitter, making it ideal for case studies using airborne in situ and remote sensing platforms that provide high-resolution measurements to isolate mine-scale emissions. Using airborne in situ measurements, we estimated methane emission rates of 14.0 ± 3.3 (±2σ) t h^–1 during May and June 2022. In September 2023, airborne in situ and remote sensing measurements yielded consistent emission rate estimates of 9.6 ± 1.9 (±2σ) t h^–1 and 11.3 ± 5.3 (±2σ) t h^–1, respectively. If sustained, these rates would equate to annual emissions of 1.5–4.2 Mt of CO₂ equivalents (CO₂-e) year^–1, 3–8 times higher than operator-reported annual Scope 1 emissions (0.53–0.54 Mt of CO₂-e year^–1). Beyond highlighting the potential for under-reporting of emissions at this mine, our results indicate that aircraft-based technologies are valuable tools for supporting accurate reporting of facility-scale methane emissions from open-cut coal mines.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"397–404 397–404"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c01063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Leveling Floors: A New Potential Source of Bisphenol Compounds for Human Exposure","authors":"Jiayi Ma,&nbsp;Shumiao Wang,&nbsp;Di An and Zhenwu Tang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0020410.1021/acs.estlett.5c00204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00204https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00204","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Self-leveling floors are increasingly common in public areas for their excellent performance, but there is limited information regarding harmful chemicals in these materials, and their health risks are limited. This study investigated ten bisphenol compounds in self-leveling floors and the dust on their surfaces, revealing total concentrations in the range of 14.5–1.82 × 10⁶ and 317–1.39 × 10⁵ μg/kg, respectively. Bisphenol A constituted a median of 99.7% and 97.7% of the total concentrations found in the floor and dust, respectively. These chemicals likely originated from intentional use in either floor coatings or as impurities. The bisphenols released from the flooring may significantly contribute to contamination of the dust. Additionally, the estimated human exposure levels to bisphenols A and F from floor dust were found to be higher than those from other indoor dust and related products. Our results indicate that self-leveling floors could be a significant source of human exposure to bisphenols; however, the noncarcinogenic risks associated with bisphenol-laden dust seem to be within acceptable limits. More research is needed to investigate the presence of chemicals in self-leveling floors and their health implications as it is likely that various harmful chemicals are present in these materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"447–453 447–453"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-Varying Relationship between Maternal Trace Element Exposure and Gestational Hypothyroidism","authors":"Yingya Zhao,&nbsp;Minghao Wang,&nbsp;Yun-Nam Chan,&nbsp;Shuyu Yang,&nbsp;Pengpeng Wang,&nbsp;Yuhan Zhou,&nbsp;Liyi Zhang,&nbsp;Hang Wang,&nbsp;Huijing Shi,&nbsp;Judy Tsz-Shan Lum,&nbsp;Yanran Huang,&nbsp;Du Jun,&nbsp;Jianheng Zheng*,&nbsp;Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung* and Yunhui Zhang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0006610.1021/acs.estlett.5c00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00066https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00066","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Trace elements, including endocrine-disrupting metals (EDMs) and nutritional trace metals (NTMs), are ubiquitous in the environment and originate from natural and anthropogenic sources. Evidence suggests their involvement in hormone homeostasis, yet their exposure patterns and links to gestational hypothyroidism remain unknown. Measuring trace elements in maternal hair using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a promising technique to assess both cumulative and time-resolved exposures. In this prospective nested case-control study, we characterized temporal variations in trace elements preceding gestational hypothyroidism diagnosis and examined their associations with the disease risk. Compared to controls, cases exhibited consistently elevated levels of arsenic (As), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), along with reduced zinc (Zn) levels, up to two months prior to diagnosis. An interquartile range increase in Zn levels was associated with a 39% lower risk of gestational hypothyroidism, while higher levels of As, Sr, and Ba were linked to increased risk (odds ratios: 1.32–1.42). The combination of Zn, As, Sr, and Ba achieved the highest predictive accuracy with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.80. These findings advance the understanding of the health impacts of trace element exposure and highlight their potential role in the pathogenesis of gestational hypothyroidism.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"390–396 390–396"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Human Exposome Biomonitoring: A Machine Learning Approach to Predict Optimal Biofluid Matrices","authors":"Bo Peng,&nbsp;Min Liu,&nbsp;Tong Zhu* and Mingliang Fang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0003910.1021/acs.estlett.5c00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00039https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00039","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Biomarker identification is crucial for exposomic studies, yet few have been established relative to the vast number of chemicals human encounter. While biomarkers can be detected in blood or urine, the optimal biological matrix for each chemical remains unclear. We curated data on biomarker identification in urine or blood for 526 chemicals from 4797 biomonitoring entities, sourced from 89 distinct cohorts across 43 countries, and developed a machine learning model named Biomarker Matrix Identifier (BMI) to predict the most suitable biological fluid for biomarker identification. Our model achieves over 94% accuracy using circular fingerprints as the input. Applying this method to the Human Exposomic Metabolome Database (HExPMetDB) containing over 20,000 chemicals revealed that approximately 67% of compounds are predicted to be more effectively monitored using urine as the optimal biomonitoring matrix. This predictive model enhances the accuracy of the exposure assessment in human exposomic analysis, facilitating more efficient biomarker identification strategies. In sum, we have established an effective prediction model in facilitating the prediction of whether the identified chemicals in the biological fluids can represent exposure for human exposomic analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"383–389 383–389"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piezoelectric Ball Milling Treatment of PFAS-Laden Spent Resins","authors":"Jinyuan Zhu,&nbsp;Nanyang Yang,&nbsp;Sujan Fernando,&nbsp;Alan Rossner,&nbsp;Thomas M. Holsen and Yang Yang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0019610.1021/acs.estlett.5c00196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00196https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00196","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Anion exchange resins (AERs) have been widely used for the removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water. However, regardless of whether AERs are regenerable or single use, the disposal of end-of-life AERs presents significant challenges. Conventional waste management strategies, such as landfill disposal and incineration, are increasingly under scrutiny and may face impending bans due to environmental concerns. This study introduces a nonthermal, solvent-free process for the effective destruction of PFAS on AERs by co-milling piezoelectric boron nitride (BN) powders with contaminated AERs and stainless steel (SS) balls. The approach achieved complete PFOS destruction in two types of AERs (PFA694E and AmberLite IRA 67), with near-quantitative (∼100%) defluorination observed in the treatment of PFA694E AER. Comprehensive targeted PFAS analysis and suspect screening analysis of transformation products (TPs) elucidated the reaction mechanisms and confirmed that the functional groups of AERs did not participate in the reaction. The process’s effectiveness was further validated in treating field-collected single-use AERs (PFA694 and AmberLite PSR2 Plus) contaminated with PFAS mixtures of varying chain lengths and head groups. After treatment, PFAS levels on the AERs were reduced to below the nanogram per gram detection limits, and no PFAS release was observed in standard leaching tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"461–466 461–466"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete Enzymatic Depolymerization of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Based Whole-Cell Biocatalyst","authors":"Siddhant Gulati,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Qing Sun*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c0019010.1021/acs.estlett.5c00190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00190https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00190","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Management of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste remains a challenge. PET-hydrolyzing enzymes (PHEs) such as <i>Is</i>PETase and variants like FAST-PETase demonstrate promising PET depolymerization capabilities at ambient temperatures and can be utilized to recycle and upcycle plastic waste. Whole-cell biocatalysts displaying PHEs on their surface offer high efficiency, reusability, and stability for PET depolymerization. However, their efficacy in fully breaking down PET is hindered by the necessity of two enzymes: PETase and MHETase. Current whole-cell systems either display only one enzyme or struggle with performance when displaying larger enzymes such as the MHETase–PETase chimera. We developed a <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>-based whole-cell biocatalyst for complete depolymerization of PET into its constituent monomers with no accumulation of intermediate products. Leveraging a cellulosome-inspired trifunctional protein scaffoldin displayed on the yeast surface, we co-immobilized FAST-PETase and MHETase, forming a multi-enzyme cluster. This whole-cell biocatalyst achieved complete PET depolymerization at 30 °C, yielding 4.95 mM terephthalic acid (TPA) when tested on a PET film. Furthermore, we showed improved PET depolymerization ability by binding FAST-PETase at multiple sites on the scaffoldin. The whole cells had the added advantage of retained activity over multiple reusability cycles. This breakthrough in complete PET depolymerization marks a step toward a circular plastic economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":37,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters Environ.","volume":"12 4","pages":"419–424 419–424"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}