Biomaterials Science最新文献

{"title":"Development of a decellularized liver matrix-based nanomedicine for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.","authors":"Yong-Heng Lin, Huei-Fen Jheng, Yung-Te Hou","doi":"10.1039/d5bm01241d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm01241d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has increased, primarily because of excessive nutritional intake and sedentary lifestyles. However, clinical trials investigating therapeutic agents for this condition have reported them to have limited efficacy. In this study, we developed a novel nanomedicine comprising tannic acid (TA) and a decellularized liver matrix-TD-Nm-to promote recovery from MASLD. TD-Nm was synthesized and characterized, and <i>in vitro</i> (cellular model of oleic acid-induced fatty liver) and <i>in vivo</i> (two mouse models of MASLD) experiments were performed to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy. The <i>in vitro</i> experiments revealed that approximately 50% of the total TA was released from TD-Nm after 3 days. TD-Nm exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy to TA alone in the <i>in vitro</i> model, as evidenced by reduced lipid accumulation and lactate dehydrogenase activity as well as increased albumin and urea synthesis. The <i>in vivo</i> experiments revealed that TD-Nm reduced the liver-to-body weight ratio, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and inflammation while enhancing hepatic function. In conclusion, this study introduced a promising novel therapeutic agent for MASLD, laying the foundation for future advancements in MASLD therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating oxygen release <i>via</i> manipulated microspheres embedded in thermoresponsive hydrogels for enhanced stem cell survival under hypoxia.","authors":"Jiyeon Lee, Jisun Kim, Ki Wan Bong, Soo-Chang Song","doi":"10.1039/d5bm00480b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm00480b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ensuring a stable oxygen supply for transplanted cells remains a major challenge in the clinical translation of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Hypoxic environments caused by insufficient vascularization are a key factor leading to cell death and graft failure. To address this issue, we developed an injectable, oxygen-generating thermoresponsive hydrogel system based on poly(organophosphazene) (PPZ). By modulating the gelatin and calcium peroxide (CaO₂) content, we fabricated calcium peroxide-loaded (CPO) microspheres with distinct oxygen release profiles and incorporated them into the PPZ hydrogel, forming a hydrogel based oxygen delivery platform, termed OxyCellgel. This platform, composed solely of PPZ and CPO microspheres, allows for precise control over oxygen release rates and amounts, enabling adaptation to both mild and severe hypoxic environments. The interaction between the microspheres and hydrogel matrix facilitated uniform and sustained oxygen release. Subsequently, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were co-delivered with this OxyCellgel system to evaluate cell viability and function under hypoxic conditions. The system significantly enhanced the survival and proliferation of hMSCs and promoted angiogenesis through their paracrine effects under hypoxia. Notably, hMSCs co-encapsulated with OxyCellgel showed markedly improved viability under hypoxic conditions compared to controls. This study presents a hydrogel-based oxygen delivery platform with controllable release kinetics as a promising strategy to improve the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies under diverse hypoxic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An activatable self-amplifying ROS nanoplatform for augmented Cerenkov radiation-induced photodynamic therapy.","authors":"Hehua Xiong, Yiling Ruan, Huihui Liu, Xuan Liu, Xiaolian Sun","doi":"10.1039/d5bm01156f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm01156f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerenkov radiation-induced photodynamic therapy (CR-PDT) offers a promising approach for overcoming the dependency on external light sources and associated tissue penetration limitations. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CR-PDT is constrained by tumor hypoxia and the intrinsically short half-life and limited diffusion distance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, we propose a tumor acidity-triggered, mitochondria-targeted CR-PDT strategy to amplify ROS generation for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The mitochondria-targeted photosensitizer (TTCPP) is encapsulated within amphiphilic polymers functionalized with an acidity-responsive moiety and a ¹³¹I labeling group, forming ¹³¹I-TTCPP nanoparticles (¹³¹I-TTCPP NPs). Under physiological conditions, ¹³¹I-TTCPP NPs exhibit minimal phototoxicity due to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Upon encountering the acidic tumor microenvironment, ¹³¹I-TTCPP NPs disintegrate, restoring the photodynamic activity of TTCPP. Compared to the non-targeted photosensitizer TCPP, the released mitochondria-targeted TTCPP effectively localizes to mitochondria and undergoes self-activation by ¹³¹I, generating significantly higher levels of ROS, which results in more severe mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate that coupling mitochondrion targeting with self-activated CR-PDT provides a more effective and safer option for cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topologically aligned fibrous biopolymeric hydrogel orchestrates sequential cellular responses for accelerated scarless wound healing.","authors":"Yongjie Wu, Zenghui Jia, Kang Sun, Guangdong Zhou, Ke Tao","doi":"10.1039/d5bm00823a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm00823a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the importance of biomaterial topology in wound healing is widely recognized, how precisely controlled anisotropic hydrogel architectures regulate the cellular dynamics of skin regeneration remains poorly understood. Here, photochemically crosslinked collagen-chitosan hydrogels with controlled anisotropic fiber architectures are developed to investigate how topological cues influence wound repair outcomes. By modulating the sequence of photocrosslinking and collagen self-assembly, non-fibrous (L), randomly fibrous (T + L), and aligned anisotropic fibrous (C + L) hydrogels are generated, with the latter achieved through additional plastic compression. <i>In vitro</i>, aligned fiber topography promotes fibroblast alignment, early myofibroblast differentiation, and macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. <i>In vivo</i>, C + L hydrogel accelerates healing, achieving complete re-epithelialization within 7 days while minimizing scar formation through coordinated regulation of cellular responses. The aligned anisotropic architecture orchestrates an optimal healing sequence beginning with myofibroblast-driven contraction followed by M2 macrophage-dominated regeneration, ultimately producing scar-free repair with restored epidermal structure, physiological tissue thickness and functional vascular networks. These findings demonstrate that precise control of collagen fiber organization can optimize the entire healing cascade, offering a promising topological strategy for advanced wound dressings that simultaneously promote rapid closure and high-quality tissue regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145190407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gd³⁺-doped carbon dots: modulation of mechanisms regulating gastrointestinal tract motility and the hepatobiliary system.","authors":"Olga V Tsymbalyuk, Tamara L Davydovska, Vladimir Lysenko, Ivan S Voiteshenko, Konstantin Paliienko, Tatiana A Borisova, Stanislav P Veselsky, Alex Y Nyporko, Olha V Pylypova, Tetiana O Fedirko, Anna M Naumenko, Evelina D Melenevska, Mariya S Kozolup, Valeriy A Skryshevsky","doi":"10.1039/d5bm01077b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm01077b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gadolinium-doped ultra-small organic particles are a promising material for theranostics, particularly as contrast agents for MRI. However, a number of unresolved issues remain regarding their potential effects on organs and tissues, especially due to possible toxic effects of gadolinium ions. The aim of this work was to conduct a comprehensive study of the functional state of the digestive system after an intravenous injection of a colloidal solution of gadolinium-doped carbon dot nanohybrids (GDNHs). The study was performed on Wistar rats. Spontaneous and agonist-induced contractions of the circular smooth muscle (SM) preparations from the gastric <i>antrum</i> and the <i>caecum</i> were measured in isometric mode. Lipid fractions and free amino acids in blood plasma were determined chromatographically. Molecular docking of GDNHs to the structure of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was performed using blind rigid docking with Smina osx.12. It was found that intravenous administration of GDNHs generally induced changes in spontaneous SM contractile activity, including increased contraction amplitude and altered frequency, modification of contraction-relaxation cycle durations and velocities, and enhanced efficiency indices. Under these conditions, mechanisms regulating and maintaining physiologically relevant differences in the mechanokinetic parameters of SM contractions across different digestive tract regions were also altered. Moreover, GDNHs modulated the mechanisms of adrenergic inhibition and cholinergic excitation in the <i>antrum</i> and <i>caecum</i>. The effects of GDNHs on carbacholine-induced contractions of the <i>antrum</i> SM were mainly attributed to their organic components, whereas in the <i>caecum</i>, they were predominantly mediated by Gd³⁺ ions complexed with nanohybrids. Molecular docking revealed characteristic binding interactions at the interfaces between the GDNHs and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in a potential competition with acetylcholine molecules. In addition, changes were observed in the concentrations of most lipid fractions and certain free amino acids in rat blood plasma. Overall, intravenous administration of GDNHs was accompanied by enhanced gastrointestinal SM motility (due to the activation of cholinergic excitation) and partial modulation of hepatic lipid and protein metabolism. However, these effects did not lead to pronounced dysfunction of the digestive system, indicating that GDNHs can be considered a promising basis for the development of MRI contrast agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-cell encapsulation of mesenchymal stromal cells <i>via</i> ECM-mimetic supramolecular hydrogels enhances therapeutic efficacy.","authors":"Xueting Wei, Jiajia Luo, Xianghua Zhong, Xuebing Tao, Xinyang Liu, Xi Peng, Kunyu Zhang, Peng Shi","doi":"10.1039/d5bm01013f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm01013f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise for tissue regeneration due to their potent paracrine effects. However, the absence of extracellular matrix (ECM) support following transplantation significantly compromises their survival and therapeutic efficacy. To address this, we developed a single-cell encapsulation strategy using an ECM-mimetic supramolecular hydrogel system based on host-guest chemistry. In this approach, cholesterol-polyethylene glycol-adamantane is inserted into the MSC membrane <i>via</i> hydrophobic interactions, enabling the subsequent formation of a uniform hydrogel coating through specific recognition between cyclodextrin- and adamantane-modified hyaluronic acids. This facile and biocompatible strategy achieves high encapsulation efficiency without the need for complex equipment, while preserving cell viability and function. Encapsulated MSCs exhibited enhanced resistance to pathological stress, improved survival, and superior therapeutic efficacy in a rat model of myocardial infarction. These findings highlight the potential of supramolecular single-cell encapsulation to augment MSC-based therapies for tissue repair and regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mimicking the osteosarcoma surfaceome on nanoparticles for targeted gene therapy.","authors":"Pratigyan Dash, Kapilash Das, Mamoni Dash","doi":"10.1039/d5bm01104c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm01104c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study developed biomimetic nanoparticles by coating poly(lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with membranes derived from osteosarcoma cells, forming cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMCNPs). The CMCNPs showed specific binding to their source cancer cells (homotypic targeting) while evading detection by macrophages and degradation in lysosomes. The stealth property of CMCNPs was demonstrated by reduced protein adsorption and minimal liver retention <i>in vivo</i>. The work highlights the role of Disabled Homolog-2 (Dab2) in mediating the internalization of CMCNPs. Through mass spectrometry based label-free quantitative proteomics and inhibitor studies, this study reveals the contribution of Dab2 to enhancing the cytosolic delivery of nanoparticles. Building on this mechanistic insight, the therapeutic potential of CMCNPs was evaluated by encapsulating an siRNA payload targeting the oncogenic mRNA survivin. The release of siRNA from the nanoparticles demonstrated significant tumor penetration and regression activity, with no off-target effects observed on major organs <i>in vivo</i>, enabling precise survivin gene targeting with enhanced specificity and therapeutic efficacy for osteosarcoma management.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TPP-coated Mo-doped W₁₈O₄₉ biodegradable nanomaterials with mitochondria-targeting and pH-responsive properties for synergistic photothermal therapy/chemodynamic therapy/chemotherapy.","authors":"Yingjuan Ren, Wenhui Yi, Jie Gao, Nan Wang, Di Zhuang","doi":"10.1039/d5bm00833f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm00833f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary clinical challenge in antitumor nanodrug therapy lies in overcoming the limited tumor accumulation of nanodrugs due to off-target distribution and achieving precise tumor targeting while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Herein, we developed a novel multifunctional nanodrug delivery system, TPP-MoWO@DOX@CP, which integrates synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and chemotherapy with mitochondria-targeting and immune modulation capabilities. The system is based on molybdenum (Mo)-doped W₁₈O₄₉ nanobundles (MoWO NBs), which exhibit exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency (46.66%) under NIR-II (1064 nm) laser irradiation and Fenton-like reactivity for generating cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) from endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The system shows (1) mitochondria-specific targeting <i>via</i> triphenylphosphine (TPP) functionalization, ensuring precise subcellular localization and enhanced therapeutic efficacy; (2) pH-responsive biodegradability, enabling selective stability in the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) while promoting rapid degradation in normal tissues to reduce systemic toxicity; and (3) immune modulation through compound polysaccharide (CP) coating, improving biocompatibility and augmenting antitumor immune responses. Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, TPP-MoWO@DOX@CP demonstrated remarkable tumor growth inhibition through the synergistic effects of PTT, CDT, and chemotherapy. Both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> experiments validated its outstanding photothermal performance, robust ˙OH generation, and biodegradability, showcasing a promising approach for precise cancer therapy with minimal off-target effects. This multifunctional platform addresses critical gaps in current nanomedicine, offering a transformative strategy for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating PolySTAT's role in clot contraction and fibrin network mechanics.","authors":"Trey J Pichon, Trevor Corrigan, Melissa Ling, Mishti Dhawan, Anna Tobiasch, Mirjam Bachler, Martin Hermann, Dietmar Fries, Matthew Armstrong, Suzie H Pun, Nathan J White","doi":"10.1039/d5bm01101a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5bm01101a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PolySTAT is a synthetic polymer-based hemostat that binds to and physically crosslinks fibrin, the primary structural component of blood clots. By modifying fibrin architecture and enhancing resistance to fibrinolysis, PolySTAT increased survival rates rat models of severe hemorrhage. Recently, we observed that clots treated with PolySTAT contracted at a higher rate than untreated controls. Clot contraction, driven by platelet activity, is known to contribute to clot stabilization and reduction of blood loss by promoting wound closure. This work explores PolySTAT's influence beyond its antifibrinolytic function, with emphasis on platelet-driven clot contraction. We demonstrate that PolySTAT enhances clot contraction in human blood by altering the fibrin network rather than directly modulating platelet activity. Using direct measurements of clot contraction forces in human whole blood, we observed that PolySTAT increased both the rate and magnitude of platelet-generated forces. To assess the mechanical consequences of these microstructural changes, rheological testing was performed across both linear and nonlinear viscoelastic regimes. The data indicate that PolySTAT increases the elastic modulus of clots, providing a stiffer substrate for platelet engagement, and strengthens the fibrin network against mechanical failure while enabling recovery after deformation. Based on these findings, we propose that clots formed in the presence of PolySTAT transmit platelet forces through the fibrin matrix with greater efficiency, which may accelerate clot contraction and contribute to improved hemostatic function.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12478570/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multifunctional nanotheranostic: hyaluronic acid-squalene nanoclusters for radiosensitization, ferroptosis, and Mn/Fe-based dual MR imaging.","authors":"Raveena Nagareddy, Sahil Chahal, Shyam Vasvani, In-Kyu Park, Reju George Thomas, Yong Yeon Jeong","doi":"10.1039/d5bm00735f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5bm00735f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death, has shown promise in overcoming resistance to conventional therapies that rely on apoptosis. The combination of ferroptosis inducers with radiation therapy has the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes. However, radiation therapy (RT) alone often requires additional non-toxic radiosensitizers to enhance its efficacy, as the lack of oxygen in hypoxic tumor regions leads to radioresistance. In this study, we synthesized hyaluronic acid and squalene nanoclusters embedded with manganese ferrite nanoparticles to enhance radiosensitization and ferroptosis induction. The CD44 receptor-based targeting of hyaluronic acid and cytoprotective effect of squalene makes the nanocluster biocompatible. The manganese ions (Mn²⁺) within the ferrite structure enable SHMFs to generate reactive oxygen species upon exposure to ionizing radiation, while the iron ions (Fe²⁺) promote apoptosis and drive the Fenton reaction to induce ferroptosis. Additionally, SHMFs function as dual imaging contrast agents for <i>T</i>1- and <i>T</i>2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Cellular studies supported using the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1, confirmed the occurrence of ferroptosis. <i>In vivo</i> experiments using a subcutaneous colon cancer model demonstrated that SHMFs significantly enhanced the efficacy of RT, leading to effective tumor cell death. These findings highlight the potential of SHMFs as a novel approach to combining RT with ferroptosis induction for improved cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}