{"title":"Hyaluronan nanoplatelets exhibit extended residence time compared to spherical and ellipsoidal nanomaterials with equivalent surface potentials and volumes after oral delivery in rats†","authors":"Hicheme Hadji, Catherine Cailleau, Benoit Chassaing, Mickaël Bourge, Gilles Ponchel and Kawthar Bouchemal","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00672K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00672K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The physicochemical properties of colloidal particles—such as size, surface properties, and morphology—play a crucial role in determining their behaviors and transit through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While some data exist for nonspherical nanomaterials (NMs) composed of silica or polystyrene, there is limited understanding of NMs composed of polysaccharides and polymers. This study explores the fate and GI tract residence time of hyaluronan-based NMs with distinctive hexagonal morphology and flat surfaces (nanoplatelets) following administration to rats. The behavior of these nanoplatelets was compared to NMs with spherical and ellipsoidal morphologies. The three types of NMs were labeled with a near-infrared dye (Cy5.5) and administered in single doses to healthy rats, followed by real-time <em>in vivo</em> imaging over 24 hours. The results revealed that altering NM morphology from spherical to ellipsoidal did not significantly affect GI tract residence time or toxicity profiles <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. However, nanoplatelets exhibited a stronger Cy5.5 fluorescence signal in the abdominal region and demonstrated slower gastric emptying than spherical and ellipsoidal NMs. <em>Ex vivo</em> analysis of excised GI tracts rinsed with saline indicated that nanoplatelets adhered more effectively to the tightly bound mucus layer. Furthermore, histological examination of colon sections showed that nanoplatelets induced a minimal global inflammation score comparable to that of healthy rats. This study underscores the potential of hyaluronan-based nanoplatelets for oral administration, offering promising directions for both fundamental research and practical applications in nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 22","pages":" 5812-5823"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amrah Inam, Shuo Zhang, Shuai Zhang and Daocheng Wu
{"title":"AQ4N nanocomposites for hypoxia-associated tumor combination therapy","authors":"Amrah Inam, Shuo Zhang, Shuai Zhang and Daocheng Wu","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00883A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00883A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hypoxia in solid tumors increases their invasiveness and resistance to therapy, presenting a formidable obstacle in tumor therapy. The hypoxia prodrug banoxantrone (AQ4N) undergoes conversion into its topoisomerase II inhibitor form AQ4 under hypoxic conditions, which inhibits tumor cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. Numerous studies have found that AQ4N significantly enhances the tumor effect while minimizing toxicity to normal tissues when combined with other drugs or therapeutic approaches. Thus, to maximize AQ4N's effectiveness, co-delivery of AQ4N with other therapeutic agents to the tumor site is paramount, leading to the development of multifunctional multicomponent AQ4N nanocomposites thereby emerging as promising candidates for combination therapy in tumor treatment. However, currently there is a lack of systematic analysis and reviews focusing on AQ4N. Herein, this review provides a comprehensive retrospect and analysis of the recent advancements in AQ4N nanocomposites. Specifically, we discuss the synergistic effects observed when AQ4N is combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, radiotherapy, phototherapy, starvation, sonodynamic therapy and immunotherapy in preclinical models. Moreover, the advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of different AQ4N nanocomposites are highlighted, providing researchers from diverse fields with novel insights into tumor treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 23","pages":" 5883-5911"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Johnston, Hyunsu Jeon, Yun Young Choi, Gaeun Kim, Tiger Shi, Courtney Khong, Hsueh-Chia Chang, Nosang Vincent Myung and Yichun Wang
{"title":"Stimulative piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced small extracellular vesicle production in 3D cultures†","authors":"James Johnston, Hyunsu Jeon, Yun Young Choi, Gaeun Kim, Tiger Shi, Courtney Khong, Hsueh-Chia Chang, Nosang Vincent Myung and Yichun Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00504J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00504J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have great promise as effective carriers for drug delivery. However, the challenges associated with the efficient production of sEVs hinder their clinical applications. Herein, we report a stimulative 3D culture platform for enhanced sEV production. The proposed platform consists of a piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffold (PES) coupled with acoustic stimulation to enhance sEV production of cells in a 3D biomimetic microenvironment. Combining cell stimulation with a 3D culture platform in this stimulative PES enables a 15.7-fold increase in the production rate per cell with minimal deviations in particle size and protein composition compared with standard 2D cultures. We find that the enhanced sEV production is attributable to the activation and upregulation of crucial sEV production steps through the synergistic effect of stimulation and the 3D microenvironment. Moreover, changes in cell morphology lead to cytoskeleton redistribution through cell–matrix interactions in the 3D cultures. This in turn facilitates intracellular EV trafficking, which impacts the production rate. Overall, our work provides a promising 3D cell culture platform based on piezoelectric biomaterials for enhanced sEV production. This platform is expected to accelerate the potential use of sEVs for drug delivery and broad biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 22","pages":" 5728-5741"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11474809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunhui Fu, Yiwen Zhou, Yiying Chen, Zhedan Zhang, Chen Zhang, Changping Deng, Xikui Tong, Wenyun Zheng, Meiyan Wang and Xingyuan Ma
{"title":"Development of ZmT-PEG hydrogels through Michael addition reaction and protein self-assembly for 3D cell culture","authors":"Yunhui Fu, Yiwen Zhou, Yiying Chen, Zhedan Zhang, Chen Zhang, Changping Deng, Xikui Tong, Wenyun Zheng, Meiyan Wang and Xingyuan Ma","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00643G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00643G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Bioactive protein-derived hydrogels are highly attractive three-dimensional (3D) platforms for <em>in vitro</em> cell culture. However, most protein and polypeptide hydrogels are extracted from animal tissues or chemically synthesized, with many drawbacks. Herein, we fabricated an optically transparent ZmT-PEG hydrogel <em>via</em> a facile one-pot strategy. The modified Z1Z2 (Zm) was obtained by introducing cysteine at the C-terminus of Z1Z2 (ZC) and inserting the RGD sequence into the low conserved (CD) loop (ZR). A Michael addition reaction occurred between Zm and 4-arm PEG-MAL, and Zm-PEG self-assembled with truncated Telethonin (Tm) to form the hydrogel. We expressed the Zm and Tm proteins in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. CD spectroscopy showed that genetic modification and the reaction with 4-arm PEG-MAL had no effect on the secondary structure of the Zm protein. When Zm was at 10 wt% and the ratio of Zm : 4-arm PEG-MAL : Tm was 2 : 1 : 1, the gelation time was 6–8 hours. SEM results revealed that the hydrogels had an interconnected porous structure with pore diameters of 20–150 μm. Cell experiments showed that MCF-7 cells could grow and proliferate significantly on the hydrogel after 7 days of culture. Immunofluorescence results suggested that MCF-7 cells on the ZmT hydrogel had a spherical structure similar to that on Matrigel. These results indicate that the ZmT-PEG hydrogel can be used for cell culture <em>in vitro</em> and is promising for large-scale production.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 22","pages":" 5803-5811"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bioactive additives from the dorsal dermis of mice for enhanced vascularization in 3D bioprinting†","authors":"Yu Feng, Linhao Hou, Chao Zhang, Liting Liang, Qinghua Liu, Zhao Li, Wei Song, Yi Kong, Yaxin Tan, Yuyan Huang, Xu Guo, Mengde Zhang, Yuzhen Wang, Jinpeng Du and Sha Huang","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00957F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00957F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Effective angiogenesis is essential for creating complex vascular networks in tissue engineering; however, there is a scarcity of safe and potent pro-angiogenic factors. Although a decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) offers excellent biocompatibility and is widely used in tissue engineering as a pro-angiogenic additive, its conventional extraction technique resulting in significant loss of bioactivity limits clinical potential. The dorsal dermal tissue has rich blood perfusion and its dECM is rich in angiogenic factors. In this study, the dECM components from the dorsal dermis of mice (DD) were produced to enhance <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> pro-angiogenic abilities using a novel physical method. Morphological studies showed no significant difference between DD-wild-type (DD-wt) and DD-wild-type-newborn (DD-wtn), and there was also no difference in DNA or RNA concentration. In addition, DD-wtn outperformed DD-wt in maintaining the stemness of MSCs, promoting inflammatory response and facilitating endothelial cell differentiation. It is of greater significance to note that the dermal combined fibrous capsule thickness is greater in the DD-wt treated group than in the DD-wtn group. Furthermore, the number of blood vessels in the subcutaneously implanted scaffold with DD-wtn increased by 233%. Consequently, our current finding provides a promising strategy to produce a novel pro-angiogenic bioink additive for enhancing vascularization in 3D bioprinting.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 23","pages":" 6019-6032"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monika Dobrzyńska-Mizera, Monika Knitter, Marta Kamińska, Daria Szymanowska, Anna Sobczyk-Guzenda, Sylwia Różańska, Jacek Różański, Michał Mikulski, Małgorzata Muzalewska, Marek Wyleżoł, Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut, Zofia Modrzejewska and Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
{"title":"Thermosensitive hydrogel doped with osteoconductive fillers for the treatment of periodontitis periapicalis chronica: from synthesis to clinical trial","authors":"Monika Dobrzyńska-Mizera, Monika Knitter, Marta Kamińska, Daria Szymanowska, Anna Sobczyk-Guzenda, Sylwia Różańska, Jacek Różański, Michał Mikulski, Małgorzata Muzalewska, Marek Wyleżoł, Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut, Zofia Modrzejewska and Maria Laura Di Lorenzo","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00927D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00927D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein, a chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel (CH) containing hydroxyapatite (HAp), poly(lactic acid) (PLDLLA) or their mixture is proposed as an innovative, biomimetic composition with antimicrobial and bone-forming properties for guided bone regeneration. The modified hydrogels were synthesized and characterized to verify their suitability for the treatment of <em>periodontitis periapicalis chronica</em>. Compared to the unmodified hydrogel, both CH_HAp and CH_PLDLLA revealed improved mechanical properties, as evidenced by rotational rheology. FTIR analysis proved that no chemical interplay existed between the components. All the tested samples displayed no cytotoxicity against osteoblast-like cell culture and confirmed antimicrobial features, both crucial from an application perspective. Radiation sterilization dosage was tailored for the tested samples to maintain sterility for a minimum of 8 weeks of storage and limit crosslinking of the samples. Finally, the hydrogel was used in a clinical trial to treat a patient with chronic inflammation of periapical tissues in teeth 26 and 27. The medical procedure proved the safety, nontoxicity, non-allergenicity, and, most importantly, bone-forming properties of the hydrogel formulation. The kinetics of new bone formation was analyzed in-depth using graphical cross-sections of anatomical structures obtained from pre- and post-operative CBCT scans.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 23","pages":" 6063-6081"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathalie Jung, Jonas Schreiner, Florentin Baur, Sarah Vogel-Kindgen and Maike Windbergs
{"title":"Predicting nanocarrier permeation across the human intestine in vitro: model matters†","authors":"Nathalie Jung, Jonas Schreiner, Florentin Baur, Sarah Vogel-Kindgen and Maike Windbergs","doi":"10.1039/D4BM01092B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM01092B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >For clinical translation of oral nanocarriers, simulation of the intestinal microenvironment during <em>in vitro</em> testing is crucial to evaluate interactions with the intestinal mucosa. However, studies are often conducted using simplistic cell culture models, overlooking key physiological factors, and potentially leading to an overestimation of nanocarrier permeation. In this study, we systematically investigate different tissue models of the human intestine under static cultivation and dynamic flow conditions and analyze the impact of altered tissue characteristics on nanocarrier permeation. Our results reveal that the selection of cell types as well as the respective culture condition have a notable impact on the physiological characteristics of the resulting tissues. Tissue layer thickness, mucus secretion, and barrier impairment, all increase with increasing amounts of goblet cells and the application of dynamic flow conditions. Permeation studies with poly(lactic-<em>co</em>-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocarriers with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating elucidate that the amount of mucus present in the respective model is the limiting factor for the permeation of PLGA nanocarriers, while tissue topography presents the key factor influencing PEG–PLGA nanocarrier permeation. Furthermore, both nanocarriers exhibit diametrically opposite permeation kinetics compared to soluble compounds. In summary, these findings reveal the critical role of the implemented test systems on permeation assessment and emphasize that, in the context of preclinical nanocarrier testing, the choice of <em>in vitro</em> model matters.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 22","pages":" 5775-5788"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/bm/d4bm01092b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Construction of antithrombotic and antimicrobial ultra-thin structures on a polyethylene terephthalate implant via the surface grafting of heparin brushes†","authors":"Haobo Zhang, Dingxuan Wang, Lilong Wei, Weihan Wang, Zhaorong Ren, Sayyed Asim Ali Shah, Junying Zhang, Jue Cheng and Feng Gao","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00778F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00778F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >It remains a challenge to endow a polymeric material with antithrombotic ability by surface grafting without disturbing the bulk properties of the substrate. Heparin-based functional structures of less than 80 nm were fabricated and covalently grafted on a polyethylene terephthalate surface <em>via</em> carbene chemistry (Hep-g-PET). Heparin was oxidized with the minimum antithrombrin sequence retained, creating an aldehyde group on the chain terminus. Oxidized heparin was then covalently attached to a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM)-grafted PET substrate. The interface between blood and PET was improved by the surface functionality, and the amount of attached platelets decreased to 29 ± 12.1% of its initial value. The bulk properties of the functionalized film were hardly influenced, and the visible light transmittance remained more than 96%. The tethered structures also showed the ability to kill attached <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>E. coli</em> efficiently. The functionalized membrane showed negligible <em>ex vivo</em> cell cytotoxicity and a low hemolysis ratio. Hep-g-PET was implanted in between rat skin and muscle, and showed an outstanding histological response and antimicrobial ability. The influences of the graft thickness and the heparin chain length were explored. The strategies reported in this work may help to improve the design of polymeric implant bio-devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 23","pages":" 6099-6113"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinhua Liu, Chunhua Yang, Didier Merlin and Bo Xiao
{"title":"Hyaluronic acid-functionalized nanoparticles for ulcerative colitis-targeted therapy: a comparative study of oral administration and intravenous injection†","authors":"Jinhua Liu, Chunhua Yang, Didier Merlin and Bo Xiao","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00898G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00898G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to macrophages has attracted great attention for selectively alleviating the symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC), while minimizing adverse effects. Herein, we aimed to compare the <em>in vivo</em> pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcomes of macrophage-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) <em>via</em> oral administration and intravenous injection. Polymeric NPs were employed to load an anti-inflammatory drug (curcumin, CUR), followed by surface functionalization with hyaluronic acid (HA). The resulting HA-CUR-NPs had an average diameter of 281 nm and a negatively charged surface. These NPs showed excellent biocompatibility and a significantly higher cell internalization efficiency in RAW 264.7 macrophages compared with their counterparts (carboxymethyl cellulose-functionalized CUR-encapsulated NPs, CUL-CUR-NPs). Moreover, HA-CUR-NPs exhibited a dramatically stronger capacity to inhibit the mRNA expression levels of the typical pro-inflammatory cytokines from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages compared with CUL-CUR-NPs. <em>In vivo</em> experiments revealed that HA-CUR-NPs after i.v. injection could improve the pharmacokinetics of CUR, and that it showed much better UC therapeutic outcomes compared with the oral administration way. Collectively, in comparison with HA-CUR-NPs (oral), HA-CUR-NPs (i.v.) possess a higher CUR delivery efficiency to the colitis mucosa, which can be developed as an efficient platform for UC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 22","pages":" 5834-5844"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142453574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In situ modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and theranostic applications","authors":"Chloe Trayford and Sabine van Rijt","doi":"10.1039/D4BM00094C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4BM00094C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Over the last 20 years, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have drawn considerable attention in the biomedical field due to their large surface area, porous network, biocompatibility, and abundant modification possibilities. <em>In situ</em> MSN modification refers to the incorporation of materials such as alkoxysilanes, ions and nanoparticles (NPs) in the silica matrix during synthesis. Matrix modification is a popular approach for endowing MSNs with additional functionalities such as imaging properties, bioactivity, and degradability, while leaving the mesopores free for drug loading. As such, <em>in situ</em> modified MSNs are considered promising theranostic agents. This review provides an extensive overview of different materials and modification strategies that have been used and their effect on MSN properties. We also highlight how <em>in situ</em> modified MSNs have been applied in theranostic applications, oncology and regenerative medicine. We conclude with perspectives on the future outlooks and current challenges for the widespread clinical use of <em>in situ</em> modified MSNs.</p>","PeriodicalId":65,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science","volume":" 21","pages":" 5450-5467"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11457002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142379518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}