工业工程最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Operations on Contact Mechanics of the Tibiofemoral Joint","authors":"Xin Jin,&nbsp;Peilin Wang,&nbsp;Dangdang Wang,&nbsp;Hui Ma,&nbsp;Zhihao Tang,&nbsp;Junyan Li","doi":"10.1049/bsb2.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/bsb2.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Patients undergoing posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction may experience changes in the mechanical environment of cartilage and meniscus; however, limited information is available regarding the contact mechanism of the tibiofemoral joint following different PCL reconstruction techniques. In this study, finite element (FE) models of the PCL-reconstructed tibiofemoral joint—including the femur, tibia, fibula, menisci, cartilage and ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL)—were developed with contact interactions among these tissues considered. Joint angles and axial forces based on the ISO 14243-3 were used as inputs. Using these FE models, the effect of different PCL reconstruction techniques on contact pressure, stresses of the cartilages and menisci and tibiofemoral kinematics was evaluated. Compared to the intact model, PCL-reconstructed models exhibited reduced anterior translation during swing phase and reduced external rotation during stance phase. The external rotation of the TA model was greater than that of the intact model, TI model and TL model during swing phase. The medial meniscus of the PCL-reconstructed models experienced lower contact pressure and stresses compared to that in the intact model. The altered kinematics and contact mechanics of the PCL-reconstructed models demonstrate that the typical PCL reconstruction techniques should be improved or adjusted to better restore the natural biomechanical function of the joint.</p>","PeriodicalId":52235,"journal":{"name":"Biosurface and Biotribology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/bsb2.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing contamination and risk profiles of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances across various types of water in South Africa: trends over the past decade (2014–2024)","authors":"Nhlanhla Hlongwa ,&nbsp;Victor Parry ,&nbsp;Kevin Winter ,&nbsp;David Ikumi ,&nbsp;Amber Abrams ,&nbsp;Kirsty Carden","doi":"10.1016/j.emcon.2025.100535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.emcon.2025.100535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological and human health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in South African water systems over the period 2014–2024. In the absence of direct drinking water data, ecological risk assessments and indirect human exposure evaluations via potential crop irrigation were conducted using PFAS concentrations measured in surface water and wastewater across four regional zones: north (Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northwest), west (Northern Cape), east (KwaZulu-Natal, Free State), and south (Eastern and Western Cape). Among the compounds analysed, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the most prevalent, with concentrations ranging from 315 ng/L in the Eastern Cape to 420 ng/L in the Vaal River (Gauteng), yielding ecological risk quotient (RQ) values of 3.15 and 4.05, respectively, both exceeding the RQ safety threshold of 1. Perfluoro butanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoro hexanoic acid (PFHxA) also presented moderate ecological risks, with peak concentrations of 380 ng/L (west) and 267 ng/L (north), corresponding to RQ values of 1.10–1.78. The north zone, particularly sites like the Vaal River and Hartbeespoort Dam, exhibited the highest PFAS burden. A strong correlation (r = 0.95) between PFOA and PFHxA suggests common sources of contamination. Spatial variability was more pronounced for PFHxA (CV = 12.84 %) than for PFOA (CV = 9.92 %). Indirect human health risks from crop ingestion were negligible, with hazard quotient (HQ) values below 0.019 and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimates below 2.70 × 10⁻⁸. Despite minimal human health risks, the persistent ecological threats particularly in the north zone underscore the need for enhanced regulatory oversight, long-term monitoring, and targeted PFAS treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11539,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Contaminants","volume":"11 3","pages":"Article 100535"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EU-GAN: A root inpainting network for improving 2D soil-cultivated root phenotyping","authors":"Shangyuan Xie ,&nbsp;Jiawei Shi ,&nbsp;Wen Li ,&nbsp;Tao Luo ,&nbsp;Weikun Li ,&nbsp;Lingfeng Duan ,&nbsp;Peng Song ,&nbsp;Xiyan Yang ,&nbsp;Baoqi Li ,&nbsp;Wanneng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beyond its fundamental roles in nutrient uptake and plant anchorage, the root system critically influences crop development and stress tolerance. Rhizobox enables in situ and nondestructive phenotypic detection of roots in soil, serving as a cost-effective root imaging method. However, the opacity of the soil often results in intermittent gaps in the root images, which reduces the accuracy of the root phenotype calculations. We present a root inpainting method built upon Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) architecture In addition, we built a hybrid root inpainting dataset (HRID) that contains 1206 cotton root images with real gaps and 7716 rice root images with generated gaps. Compared with computer simulation root images, our dataset provides real root system architecture (RSA) and root texture information. Our method avoids cropping during training by instead utilizing downsampled images to provide the overall root morphology. The model is trained using binary cross-entropy loss to distinguish between root and non-root pixels. Additionally, Dice loss is employed to mitigate the challenge of imbalanced data distribution Additionally, we remove the skip connections in U-Net and introduce an edge attention module (EAM) to capture more detailed information. Compared with other methods, our approach significantly improves the recall rate from 17.35 % to 35.75 % on the test dataset of 122 cotton root images, revealing improved inpainting capabilities. The trait error reduction rates (TERRs) for the root area, root length, convex hull area, and root depth are 76.07 %, 68.63 %, 48.64 %, and 88.28 %, respectively, enabling a substantial improvement in the accuracy of root phenotyping. The codes for the EU-GAN and the 8922 labeled images are open-access, which could be reused by researchers in other AI-related work. This method establishes a robust solution for root phenotyping, thereby increasing breeding program efficiency and advancing our understanding of root system dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 770-782"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence, bioaccumulation, and ecological risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern using native and invasive species as biomonitors","authors":"Diana P. Manjarrés-López ,&nbsp;Claudia Martínez-Megías ,&nbsp;Dyana Vitale ,&nbsp;Yolanda Picó ,&nbsp;Andreu Rico ,&nbsp;Sandra Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.emcon.2025.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.emcon.2025.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditionally, contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) monitoring have focused on assessing their occurrence in abiotic compartments and in native fish species. The use of non-native species in environmental quality studies has recently proven to be a key tool for evaluating the CECs exposure and their ecological risks. In this study, the use of different native and invasive species was proposed to assess the environmental quality of a coastal Mediterranean wetland. A biomonitoring assessment was conducted at ten locations within the Albufera Natural Park (Spain), including irrigation channels, the lake, and the artificial wetland. The bioaccumulation of 171 CECs was evaluated in the Asian clam, the American red swamp crayfish, and the pumpkinseed sunfish, which are primary invasive species in this ecosystem. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was done with the native clam to verify whether invasive species could provide equivalent information. A total of 35 CECs were detected in at least one of the species analyzed. The Asian clam exhibited the highest number of detected compounds (23), as well as the highest chemical concentrations, particularly for pharmaceuticals. The ecological risk assessment performed with internal concentrations of CECs also pointed at the Asian clam as the most suitable species for chemical biomonitoring in this area. The compounds that had the highest contribution to the calculated ecological risk were sertraline, fluoxetine, terbuthylazine, caffeine, and oseltamivir. At most exposure sites HI values revealed high risk, indicating strong pressure from mixtures of CEs for both native and invasive species. This study shows that the analysis of chemical concentrations in invasive species can be considered a complementary tool to determine the ecological status of coastal wetlands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11539,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Contaminants","volume":"11 3","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid detection and visualization of physiological signatures in cotton leaves under Verticillium wilt stress","authors":"Na Wu ,&nbsp;Pan Gao ,&nbsp;Jie Wu ,&nbsp;Yun Zhao ,&nbsp;Xing Xu ,&nbsp;Chu Zhang ,&nbsp;Erik Alexandersson ,&nbsp;Juan Yang ,&nbsp;Qinlin Xiao ,&nbsp;Yong He","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Verticillium wilt poses a severe threat to cotton growth and significantly impacts cotton yield. It is of significant importance to detect Verticillium wilt stress in time. In this study, the effects of Verticillium wilt stress on the microstructure and physiological indicators (SOD, POD, CAT, MDA, Chl_a, Chl_b, Chl_ab, Car) of cotton leaves were investigated, and the feasibility of utilizing hyperspectral imaging to estimate physiological indicators of cotton leaves was explored. The results showed that Verticillium wilt stress-induced alterations in cotton leaf cell morphology, leading to the disruption and decomposition of chloroplasts and mitochondria. In addition, compared to healthy leaves, infected leaves exhibited significantly higher activities of SOD and POD, along with increased MDA amounts, while chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were notably reduced. Furthermore, rapid detection models for cotton physiological indicators were constructed, with the <em>R</em>_<em>p</em> of the optimal models ranging from 0.809 to 0.975. Based on these models, visual distribution maps of the physiological signatures across cotton leaves were created. These results indicated that the physiological phenotype of cotton leaves could be effectively detected by hyperspectral imaging, which could provide a solid theoretical basis for the rapid detection of Verticillium wilt stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 757-769"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-camera fusion and bird-eye view location mapping for deep learning-based cattle behavior monitoring","authors":"Muhammad Fahad Nasir ,&nbsp;Alvaro Fuentes ,&nbsp;Shujie Han ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Liu ,&nbsp;Yongchae Jeong ,&nbsp;Sook Yoon ,&nbsp;Dong Sun Park","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cattle behavioral monitoring is an integral component of the modern infrastructure of the livestock industry. Ensuring cattle well-being requires precise observation, typically using wearable devices or surveillance cameras. Integrating deep learning into these systems enhances the monitoring of cattle behavior. However, challenges remain, such as occlusions, pose variations, and limited camera viewpoints, which hinder accurate detection and location mapping of individual cattle. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a multi-viewpoint surveillance system for indoor cattle barns, using footage from four cameras and deep learning-based models including action detection and pose estimation for behavior monitoring. The system accurately detects hierarchical behaviors across camera viewpoints. These results are fed into a Bird's Eye View (BEV) algorithm, producing precise cattle position maps in the barn. Despite complexities like overlapping and non-overlapping camera regions, our system, implemented on a real farm, ensures accurate cattle detection and BEV-based projections in real-time. Detailed experiments validate the system's efficiency, offering an end-to-end methodology for accurate behavior detection and location mapping of individual cattle using multi-camera data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 724-743"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on enhancing agricultural intelligence with large language models","authors":"Hongda Li ,&nbsp;Huarui Wu ,&nbsp;Qingxue Li ,&nbsp;Chunjiang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aiia.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper systematically explores the application potential of large language models (LLMs) in the field of agricultural intelligence, focusing on key technologies and practical pathways. The study focuses on the adaptation of LLMs to agricultural knowledge, starting with foundational concepts such as architecture design, pre-training strategies, and fine-tuning techniques, to build a technical framework for knowledge integration in the agricultural domain. Using tools such as vector databases and knowledge graphs, the study enables the structured development of professional agricultural knowledge bases. Additionally, by combining multimodal learning and intelligent question-answering (Q&amp;A) system design, it validates the application value of LLMs in agricultural knowledge services. Addressing core challenges in domain adaptation, including knowledge acquisition and integration, logical reasoning, multimodal data processing, agent collaboration, and dynamic knowledge updating, the paper proposes targeted solutions. The study further explores the innovative applications of LLMs in scenarios such as precision crop management and market dynamics analysis, providing theoretical support and technical pathways for the development of agricultural intelligence. Through the technological innovation of large language models and their deep integration with the agricultural sector, the intelligence level of agricultural production, decision-making, and services can be effectively enhanced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52814,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 671-685"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Hydrogels for the Treatment of Periodontitis","authors":"Yongjie Luo,&nbsp;Lu Yang,&nbsp;Chubao Liu,&nbsp;Liwei Yan,&nbsp;Chaoming Xie","doi":"10.1049/bsb2.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/bsb2.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Periodontitis is a common and serious oral health problem. It not only damages the health of periodontal tissues but also has potential impacts on the whole body. Existing treatment methods, such as mechanical debridement and antibiotic treatment, have obvious limitations. Functional hydrogels can be used as drug carriers to deliver medications for treating periodontitis. Meanwhile, depending on different designs, hydrogels can achieve functions such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effects and osteoinduction, making them a promising material for periodontitis treatment. In this review, we first elaborate on the preparation methods of hydrogels for periodontitis, as well as the pathological characteristics and hazards of periodontitis. Then, we introduce the applications of hydrogels in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and osteoinduction aspects related to periodontitis. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future research directions in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":52235,"journal":{"name":"Biosurface and Biotribology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/bsb2.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising a novel biofilm-based process using Neurospora discreta for enhanced treatment of lignin-rich wastewater","authors":"Himani Taneja ,&nbsp;Shamas Tabraiz ,&nbsp;Asma Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paper and pulp mills generate substantial volumes of wastewater containing lignin-derived compounds that are challenging to degrade using conventional wastewater treatment methods. This study presents a novel biofilm-based process for enhanced lignin removal in wastewater using the fungus <em>Neurospora discreta</em>, which effectively degrades lignin and forms robust biofilms at the air–liquid interface under specific conditions. The process was optimised using the Taguchi design of experiments approach, and three factors including pH, copper sulphate concentration, and trace element concentration were evaluated at three levels. Experimental data were analysed against three responses: lignin degradation efficiency and the activities of two ligninolytic enzymes (polyphenol oxidase and versatile peroxidase). The results indicated that wastewater pH was the most significant parameter affecting lignin degradation efficiency and enzyme activities. Over 70% lignin degradation was achieved at pH levels of 5 and 6 with copper sulphate concentrations above 4 mg/L, while degradation efficiency drastically dropped to 45% at a pH value of 7. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated the effects of the three factors on the polar and non-polar components of lignin in wastewater, revealing a clear decrease in all peak areas after treatment. Additionally, significant relationships were observed between biofilm properties (including porosity, water retention value, polysaccharide content, and protein content) and lignin removal efficiency. This study also reported for the first time the presence of versatile peroxidase, a ligninolytic enzyme, in <em>Neurospora</em> sp<em>.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 141-150"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative organic geochemistry of shale deposits of northern Appalachian Basin","authors":"Nandini Kar ,&nbsp;Kathryn Tamulonis ,&nbsp;Richard W. Smith ,&nbsp;Stella C. Woodard ,&nbsp;Mark R. Noll ,&nbsp;Reilly M. Blocho ,&nbsp;Andre Brunette ,&nbsp;William A. Heins","doi":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ptlrs.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The organic-rich black shales in the Appalachian basin are a vital producer of natural gas. In this study, we present new multiproxy geochemical data from the Ordovician and Devonian black shales in New York (NY) and Pennsylvania (PA). The samples include outcrop samples collected in NY (Utica Group and Marcellus Formation) and core samples from PA (Marcellus Formation, Skaneateles Formation, and Genesee Group). We combined organic geochemical data (% total organic carbon or %TOC, δ¹³C_org, C/N ratio, and lipid <em>n</em>-alkane distribution) with trace element (TE) data to identify the organic matter (OM) sources and depositional conditions. The TE analysis data shows that water conditions were variable during the deposition of these black shales, fluctuating between oxic and dysoxic conditions with occasional anoxia. There was probably a change from an open water condition (Co∗Mn = 0.2) during the deposition of the Flat Creek Formation to a more restricted exchange later during the deposition of the Indian Castle Formation (Co∗Mn = 2.9) in the Ordovician. Basin circulation likely remained restricted during the deposition of the Devonian black shales (Co∗Mn ranges from 0.4 to 1.3). Based on δ¹³C_org values (−32.9‰ and −29.6‰) that are more depleted than marine OM δ¹³C_org, C/N ratios (11.2 and 9.2) higher than marine OM, and the presence of longer chain <em>n</em>-alkanes in the range of C25 to C33, we suggest that bryophytes were possibly a significant organic source to the Ordovician Utica Group in NY. The kerogen type in Utica Group samples is type III, mostly terrestrial OM. The Devonian NY and PA samples show mostly bimodal distributions. In some samples, a secondary, though sometimes dominant, shorter chain peak in the range of C14 to C20 is present, in addition to the long chain peak. We suggest the bimodal <em>n</em>-alkane distribution signifies a mixed OM source consisting of terrestrial and marine contributions with differing degrees of thermal maturation compared to the samples with a unimodal distribution. Our results suggest that samples from the NY Marcellus Group are composed of type III kerogen, while samples from the PA Marcellus Formation, Skaneateles Formation, and Genesee Group contain both type II and type III kerogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19756,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Research","volume":"10 2","pages":"Pages 217-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}