Water science and engineering最新文献

{"title":"Prediction models for scour depth around circular compound bridge piers","authors":"Siva Krishna Reddy,&nbsp;Venu Chandra","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scour around bridge pier foundations is a complex phenomenon that can threaten structural stability. Accurate prediction of scour depth around compound piers remains challenging for bridge engineers. This study investigated the effect of foundation elevation on scour around compound piers and developed reliable scour depth prediction models for economical foundation design. Experiments were conducted under clear-water conditions using two circular piers: (1) a uniform pier (with a diameter of <em>D</em>) and (2) a compound pier consisting of a uniform pier resting on a circular foundation (with a foundation diameter (<em>D</em>_f) of 2<em>D</em>) positioned at various elevations (<em>Z</em>) relative to the channel bed. Results showed that foundation elevation significantly affected scour depth. Foundations at or below the bed (<em>Z</em>/<em>D</em> ≥ 0) reduced scour, while those projecting into the flow field (<em>Z</em>/<em>D</em> &lt; 0) increased scour. The optimal foundation elevation was found to be 0.1<em>D</em> below the bed level, yielding a 57% reduction in scour depth compared to the uniform pier due to its shielding effect against downflow and horseshoe vortices. In addition, regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and M5 model tree models were developed using experimental data from this and previous studies. The M5 model outperformed the traditional HEC-18 equation, regression, and ANN models, with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.85. Sensitivity analysis indicated that flow depth, foundation elevation, and diameter significantly influenced scour depth prediction, whereas sediment size had a lesser impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 3","pages":"Pages 378-390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative experimental study of bisphenol A degradation via sulfate radical and electron transfer mechanisms in persulfate-activated advanced oxidation processes","authors":"Jian Fan,&nbsp;Jia-long Li,&nbsp;Bing-qian Deng,&nbsp;Jie-xin Wang,&nbsp;Wen-bin An,&nbsp;Yu-mei Li,&nbsp;Peng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the growing challenge of water contamination, this study comparatively evaluated a persulfate (PDS) system activated by non-radical nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) versus a PDS system activated by radical-based iron (Fe²⁺), both used for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The N-CNTs/PDS system, driven by the electron transfer mechanism, achieved remarkable 90.9% BPA removal within 30 min at high BPA concentrations, significantly outperforming the Fe²⁺/PDS system, which attained only 38.9% removal. The N-CNTs/PDS system maintained robust degradation efficiency across a wide range of BPA concentrations and exhibited a high degree of resilience in diverse water matrices. By directly abstracting electrons from BPA molecules, the N-CNTs/PDS system effectively minimised oxidant wastage and mitigated the risk of secondary pollution, ensuring efficient utilisation of active sites on N-CNTs and sustaining a high catalytic rate. The formation of the N-CNTs-PDS∗ complex significantly enhanced BPA degradation and mineralisation, thereby optimising PDS consumption. These findings highlight the unparalleled advantages of the N-CNTs/PDS system in managing complex wastewater, offering a promising and innovative solution for treating complex industrial wastewater and advancing environmental remediation efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 3","pages":"Pages 288-300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective bromate removal from water utilizing ZIF-67 and ZIF-67/GO nanocomposites: Optimization and mechanism analysis","authors":"Alaa El Din Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Rominder Suri","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bromate (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>) is a toxic disinfection byproduct frequently formed during ozonation in water treatment processes and is classified as a potential human carcinogen. Its effective removal from drinking water is therefore a pressing concern for public health and environmental safety. This study investigated the removal of <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> from water using the synthesized zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF)-67 and ZIF-67/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites through a comparative approach. The morphology, composition, and crystallinity of both ZIFs were characterized. The effects of four independent parameters (initial <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time) on <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> removal efficiency were examined. A strong correlation was observed between experimental and predicted values. GO enhanced <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> removal not only through synergistic interactions with ZIF-67 but also by improving dispersion and providing additional functional groups that facilitate electrostatic interactions and adsorption. The Box–Behnken design was employed to evaluate both individual and interactive effects of the parameters on <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> removal, achieving an optimum removal efficiency of approximately 99.6% using 1.5 g/L of ZIF-67/GO at a pH value of 4 with an initial <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> concentration of 2 mg/L. The optimization process was further supported by desirability analysis. The <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>BrO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> removal mechanisms are primarily attributed to porosity, electrostatic interactions, and adsorption onto active sites. Compared to ZIF-67 alone, ZIF-67/GO demonstrated superior anion removal efficiency, highlighting its potential for water treatment applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 3","pages":"Pages 301-311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising a novel biofilm-based process using Neurospora discreta for enhanced treatment of lignin-rich wastewater","authors":"Himani Taneja ,&nbsp;Shamas Tabraiz ,&nbsp;Asma Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paper and pulp mills generate substantial volumes of wastewater containing lignin-derived compounds that are challenging to degrade using conventional wastewater treatment methods. This study presents a novel biofilm-based process for enhanced lignin removal in wastewater using the fungus <em>Neurospora discreta</em>, which effectively degrades lignin and forms robust biofilms at the air–liquid interface under specific conditions. The process was optimised using the Taguchi design of experiments approach, and three factors including pH, copper sulphate concentration, and trace element concentration were evaluated at three levels. Experimental data were analysed against three responses: lignin degradation efficiency and the activities of two ligninolytic enzymes (polyphenol oxidase and versatile peroxidase). The results indicated that wastewater pH was the most significant parameter affecting lignin degradation efficiency and enzyme activities. Over 70% lignin degradation was achieved at pH levels of 5 and 6 with copper sulphate concentrations above 4 mg/L, while degradation efficiency drastically dropped to 45% at a pH value of 7. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated the effects of the three factors on the polar and non-polar components of lignin in wastewater, revealing a clear decrease in all peak areas after treatment. Additionally, significant relationships were observed between biofilm properties (including porosity, water retention value, polysaccharide content, and protein content) and lignin removal efficiency. This study also reported for the first time the presence of versatile peroxidase, a ligninolytic enzyme, in <em>Neurospora</em> sp<em>.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 141-150"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of backwater effect in Jingjiang Reach due to confluence with Dongting Lake using a machine learning model","authors":"Hai-xin Shang ,&nbsp;Jun-qiang Xia ,&nbsp;Chun-hong Hu ,&nbsp;Mei-rong Zhou ,&nbsp;Shan-shan Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The backwater effect caused by tributary inflow can significantly elevate the water level profile upstream of a confluence point. However, the influence of mainstream and confluence discharges on the backwater effect in a river reach remains unclear. In this study, various hydrological data collected from the Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River in China were statistically analyzed to determine the backwater degree and range with three representative mainstream discharges. The results indicated that the backwater degree increased with mainstream discharge, and a positive relationship was observed between the runoff ratio and backwater degree at specific representative mainstream discharges. Following the operation of the Three Gorges Project, the backwater effect in the Jingjiang Reach diminished. For instance, mean backwater degrees for low, moderate, and high mainstream discharges were recorded as 0.83 m, 1.61 m, and 2.41 m during the period from 1990 to 2002, whereas these values decreased to 0.30 m, 0.95 m, and 2.08 m from 2009 to 2020. The backwater range extended upstream as mainstream discharge increased from 7 000 m³/s to 30 000 m³/s. Moreover, a random forest-based machine learning model was used to quantify the backwater effect with varying mainstream and confluence discharges, accounting for the impacts of mainstream discharge, confluence discharge, and channel degradation in the Jingjiang Reach. At the Jianli Hydrological Station, a decrease in mainstream discharge during flood seasons resulted in a 7%–15% increase in monthly mean backwater degree, while an increase in mainstream discharge during dry seasons led to a 1%–15% decrease in monthly mean backwater degree. Furthermore, increasing confluence discharge from Dongting Lake during June to July and September to November resulted in an 11%–42% increase in monthly mean backwater degree. Continuous channel degradation in the Jingjiang Reach contributed to a 6%–19% decrease in monthly mean backwater degree. Under the influence of these factors, the monthly mean backwater degree in 2017 varied from a decrease of 53% to an increase of 37% compared to corresponding values in 1991.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 187-199"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional numerical simulation of mixing patterns at open channel confluences","authors":"Ali Aghazadegan ,&nbsp;Ali Shokri","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Open channel confluences, where two streams or rivers converge, play a crucial role in hydraulic engineering and river dynamics. These confluences are characterized by complex hydrodynamics influenced by the discharge ratios of merging water bodies. This study investigated the mixing structure at open channel confluences using three-dimensional numerical modeling. A comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model was developed and validated against a dataset obtained from controlled laboratory experiments. This dataset incorporated three-dimensional time-averaged velocity measurements. The skew-induced and stress-induced equation systems were adopted as the core governing equations, providing a framework for simulating various scenarios. A total of ten different cases were analyzed. The results highlighted the effect of discharge ratios on turbulence, lateral and vertical vorticities, and the distribution of mixing, which intensified with higher magnitudes of discharge ratios. The mixing structure, driven by velocity gradients and vorticity, revealed the significant role of lateral and vertical vorticities in determining hydrodynamic behaviors and mixing distributions at confluences. Specifically, the momentum ratio of incoming flows governed the spatial evolution of mixing processes. This study revealed that the distribution of mixing served as a key indicator for identifying the formation of mid-channel scours. High normalized velocities induced toward the left bank led to the superelevation of the water surface, enhancing the potential for bed material and the formation of significant scour holes beneath the elevated water surface. This novel approach provides a deeper understanding of the mixing patterns at confluences, particularly in scenarios with equilibrated discharge ratios but in different magnitudes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 236-246"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of damming on nutrient transport and transformation in river systems: A review","authors":"Jia-wen Gan ,&nbsp;Xun Wang ,&nbsp;Qiu-sheng Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiao-lei Xing ,&nbsp;Sheng Liu ,&nbsp;Cheng-gong Du ,&nbsp;Yu-ran Zheng ,&nbsp;Yun-xin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale damming has emerged as a prevalent global trend, significantly impacting nutrient transport and transformation, as well as the downstream ecological environment. Nitrogen and phosphorus are fundamental elements of primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems and serve as key limiting factors in reservoir eutrophication. This review focuses on the impact of damming on the transport and transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus, regarding changes in nutrient concentrations, fluxes, and proportions. Spatial changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations primarily occur at the inlet and outlet of reservoirs, while temporal changes often exhibit seasonal patterns. At a global scale, phosphorus is preferentially removed from reservoirs compared to nitrogen. The factors influencing the transport and transformation processes of nitrogen and phosphorus in reservoirs include the physicochemical properties of water bodies and human activities. Additionally, nitrogen dynamics are affected by reservoir age, storage capacity, and water storage regulation modes, whereas phosphorus dynamics are also influenced by hydrodynamic conditions. Finally, this review summarizes the impact of damming on the downstream ecological environment and outlines future research directions, providing theoretical support for the management of river–reservoir ecosystems and promoting the green and sustainable development of hydropower in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 209-220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational and experimental analysis of flow velocity and complex vortex formation around a group of bridge piers","authors":"Nima Ikani ,&nbsp;Jaan H. Pu ,&nbsp;Prashanth Reddy Hanmaiahgari ,&nbsp;Bimlesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami ,&nbsp;Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi ,&nbsp;Shu-yan Zang","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the flow characteristics around a group of three piers arranged in tandem were investigated both numerically and experimentally. The simulation utilised the volume of fluid (VOF) model in conjunction with the <em>k</em>–<em>ɛ</em> method (i.e., for flow turbulence representations), implemented through the ANSYS FLUENT software, to model the free-surface flow. The simulation results were validated against laboratory measurements obtained using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The comparative analysis revealed discrepancies between the simulated and measured maximum velocities within the investigated flow field. However, the numerical results demonstrated a distinct vortex-induced flow pattern following the first pier and throughout the vicinity of the entire pier group, which aligned reasonably well with experimental data. In the heavily narrowed spaces between the piers, simulated velocity profiles were overestimated in the free-surface region and underestimated in the areas near the bed to the mid-stream when compared to measurements. These discrepancies diminished away from the regions with intense vortices, indicating that the employed model was capable of simulating relatively less disturbed flow turbulence. Furthermore, velocity results from both simulations and measurements were compared based on velocity distributions at three different depth ratios (0.15, 0.40, and 0.62) to assess vortex characteristic around the piers. This comparison revealed consistent results between experimental and simulated data. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of flow dynamics around complex interactive pier systems, which is critical for designing stable and sustainable hydraulic structures. Furthermore, the insights gained from this study provide valuable information for engineers aiming to develop effective strategies for controlling scour and minimizing destructive vortex effects, thereby guiding the design and maintenance of sustainable infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 247-258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous assessment of effects of variations in temperature and hydraulic retention time on membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors","authors":"Horieh Akbari ,&nbsp;Hossein Hazrati ,&nbsp;Abbas Nazmkhah ,&nbsp;Hanieh Shokrkar","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Membrane fouling remains the primary economic barrier to the widespread implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs), despite the fact that they lead to the production of high-quality effluent. Operational conditions are critical factors influencing membrane fouling. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous impacts of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) variations on membrane fouling. Experiments were conducted at three different temperatures (18°C, 25°C, and 32°C) and HRTs (6 h, 9 h, and 15 h). The results demonstrated that increases in both temperature and HRT contributed to a reduction in membrane fouling. Additionally, a positive interaction between temperature and HRT was observed in the linear slope variation of membrane permeation, with temperature variations exerting a greater influence on membrane fouling than HRT variations. Fouling factor analysis revealed that increases in temperature and HRT led to decreased concentrations of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), particularly carbohydrates, in the activated sludge. Analyses of the cake layer of the membrane indicated that increasing temperature and HRT reduced EPS levels, particularly polysaccharides and proteins; altered primary protein structure; and increased the mean particle size distribution. Ultimately, these changes led to reductions in both reversible and irreversible hydraulic resistances. This study highlights the importance of optimizing operational parameters such as temperature and HRT to enhance membrane performance and treatment efficiency in MBR systems while mitigating fouling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 200-208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reservoir water level prediction using combined CEEMDAN-FE and RUN-SVM-RBFNN machine learning algorithms","authors":"Lan-ting Zhou ,&nbsp;Guan-lin Long ,&nbsp;Can-can Hu ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of water level changes in reservoirs is crucial for optimizing the operation of reservoir projects and ensuring their safety. This study proposed a method for reservoir water level prediction based on CEEMDAN-FE and RUN-SVM-RBFNN algorithms. By integrating the adaptive complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) method and fuzzy entropy (FE) with the new and highly efficient Runge–Kuta optimizer (RUN), adaptive parameter optimization for the support vector machine (SVM) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) algorithms was achieved. Regression prediction was conducted on the two reconstructed sequences using SVM and RBFNN according to their respective features. This approach improved the accuracy and stability of predictions. In terms of accuracy, the combined model outperformed single models, with the determination coefficient, root mean square error, and mean absolute error values of 0.997 5, 0.241 8 m, and 0.161 6 m, respectively. In terms of stability, the model predicted more consistently in training and testing periods, with stable overall prediction accuracy and a better adaptive ability to complex datasets. The case study demonstrated that the combined prediction model effectively addressed the environmental factors affecting reservoir water levels, leveraged the strength of each predictive method, compensated for their limitations, and clarified the impacts of environmental factors on reservoir water levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 177-186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}