Water science and engineering最新文献

{"title":"Optimal partitioning and operation of water distribution networks under intermittent conditions: A case study of Modena network","authors":"Rui Gabriel Souza ,&nbsp;Thomaz Anchieta ,&nbsp;Gustavo Meirelles ,&nbsp;Daniel Barros ,&nbsp;Bruno Brentan","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With over 1.3 billion people worldwide facing irregular water access, efficient water management is a global priority. This study presented a comprehensive approach for optimizing the operation of intermittent water distribution networks through the creation of district metered areas (DMAs). It advanced traditional DMA design by integrating network partitioning with optimized operational schedules, offering a practical framework for managing intermittent water supply systems. The proposed methodology aims to reduce water losses while improving service equity and quality. First, the network is partitioned using the fast-greedy community detection algorithm based on modularity from graph theory, enabling DMAs to operate independently at different times of a day. Flow control valves are installed at DMA entry points, while isolation valves isolate remaining boundary pipes, enhancing operational flexibility. Second, the particle swarm optimization algorithm optimizes the operational schedule of each DMA and determines the optimal start time and water supply duration for each DMA. This step minimizes total daily distributed volume while ensuring adequate service. This approach reduced the daily distributed volume of the Modena network by approximately 720.0 m³ and significantly decreased the leakage rate from 30.5% to 18.7%, demonstrating its effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"Pages 120-131"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online measurement and timely optimization of hydrogen peroxide concentration in photo-Fenton processes: Application of an Arduino device","authors":"Kevin U. Antela ,&nbsp;Davide Palma ,&nbsp;Angel Morales ,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Cervera ,&nbsp;Debora Fabbri ,&nbsp;Alessandra Bianco Prevot","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scale-up of photocatalytic processes for pollutant removal from water involves several critical aspects, including timely analytical control and optimization of operational parameters to maximize efficiency while minimizing reagent consumption. In advanced oxidation processes, reagent use represents a major cost. Specifically, in photo-Fenton processes, excess hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) can hinder pollutant degradation kinetics, making precise dosing crucial. Automation of H₂O₂ concentration monitoring and dosing is therefore essential to the development of reliable, rapid, and cost-effective devices. This study investigated the role of H₂O₂ dosing in the photo-Fenton degradation of two emerging contaminants (paracetamol and caffeine). A custom Arduino-controlled automated device was employed for online colorimetric H₂O₂ measurements and dosing. The kinetics of substrate degradation, organic carbon mineralization, and H₂O₂ consumption were compared to determine the optimal H₂O₂ dosing strategy for maximizing process efficiency. The H₂O₂ consumption profile was found to be substrate-dependent. Caffeine degradation exhibited distinctive behavior, warranting preliminary analysis of its by-products. The device also enabled online dissolved oxygen measurements to explore potential relationships with H₂O₂ concentrations. The results revealed faster substrate and organic carbon removal when a stoichiometric H₂O₂ dose was added initially, whereas successive additions of smaller H₂O₂ doses reduced overall H₂O₂ consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"Pages 67-74"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous Fenton treatment of textile wastewater using rGO/nZVI: Batch and flow column evaluation","authors":"Do Thi My Phuong ,&nbsp;Lang Hiep Phong ,&nbsp;Nguyen Xuan Loc","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile wastewater contains recalcitrant dyes and organics that are difficult to degrade via conventional treatments. This study evaluated the reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) composite (rGO/nZVI) for treating real textile wastewater in batch and continuous systems. The rGO/nZVI catalyst was synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses, confirming uniform iron dispersion, active functional groups, and a mesoporous structure. Batch experiments under varying pH (3.0–5.5), catalyst dosages (150–1 000 mg/L), and H₂O₂ concentrations (150–1 000 mg/L) identified optimal conditions (pH of 3, 750 mg/L of rGO/nZVI, 1 000 mg/L of H₂O₂, and a reaction time of 110 min), achieving 81.5% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (from 450.8 mg/L to 83.5 mg/L) and approximately 90.0% color reduction (from 355–473 platinum–cobalt units (PCU) to 31.9–38.5 PCU). The packed-bed column tests achieved 77.4% COD removal (from 452.4 mg/L to 102.3 mg/L) and approximately 88.0% color reduction (from 362–488 PCU to 42.1–51.8 PCU), demonstrating stable continuous performance. Reusability tests demonstrated catalytic durability over five cycles, with COD removal decreasing from 94.6% to 51.4% and color removal from 96.2% to 65.1%. Overall, rGO enhanced nZVI dispersion, stability, and catalytic activity, supporting rGO/nZVI as a scalable advanced oxidation technology for textile wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"Pages 75-84"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative analysis of water exchange between Yangtze River and Dongting Lake","authors":"Hai-lan Su ,&nbsp;Xin-xin Chen ,&nbsp;Jun-hong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zi-wen Wang ,&nbsp;Ya-xin Guo ,&nbsp;Shuo Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the world, with significant impacts on the hydrology and ecology of the Yangtze River Basin. Understanding the effects of TGR operation on surrounding water systems, especially the Jingjiang Reach and Dongting Lake, is crucial for local water resources management and flood control. This study evaluated the impact of the TGR on water diversion in the Jingjiang Reach and outflow from Dongting Lake using observed data and sedimentation patterns before and after TGR operation. A coupled one-/two-demensional hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate hydrological processes. The relationship between TGR scheduling and Dongting Lake inflow and outflow across different periods was quantified. The results indicated that after TGR operation began, riverbed erosion significantly lowered tributary water levels under equivalent main stream flow. Lake inflow through the three Jingjiang Reach outlets increased during drawdown and water supplement periods but decreased during flood and impounding periods. Lake outflow increased during drawdown, flood, and water supplement periods but declined significantly during the impounding period. The contributions of factors varied considerably. Reservoir scheduling accounted for 328.86% of inflow changes at the Taiping outlet during the drawdown period but only 20.72% during the flood season. River topography changes contributed 157.41% to lake outflow changes during the drawdown period, but only 1.85% during the water supplement period. These findings enhance our understanding of river–lake system evolution and support improved management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"Pages 56-66"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thanks to our peer reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1674-2370(26)00023-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1674-2370(26)00023-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"Page I"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous removal of organic and inorganic pollutants onto chitosan-coated pumice adsorbent","authors":"Suhaib S. Salih ,&nbsp;Muayad A. Shihab ,&nbsp;Mohammed Kadhom ,&nbsp;Noor Albayati ,&nbsp;Tushar K. Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of low-cost, efficient, and environmentally friendly adsorbents capable of simultaneously removing both heavy metals and synthetic dyes from wastewater remains a critical challenge in environmental remediation. In this study, a novel chitosan/pumice (CS/PM) composite was synthesized and evaluated for its multifunctional adsorption performance toward four common and toxic pollutants: lead (Pb(II)), cadmium (Cd(II)), methylene blue (MB), and Congo red (CR). Characterization confirmed the successful integration of chitosan with pumice, resulting in reduced crystallinity, enhanced thermal stability, and active functional groups involved in adsorption. Adsorption experiments demonstrated optimal pollutant removal at a pH value of 6, with the composite exhibiting high affinity for all tested contaminants. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating that chemical interactions predominantly govern the adsorption process. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms closely fit the Langmuir model, followed by the Sips model, suggesting monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface with potential heterogeneous interactions. The maximum adsorption capacities of CS/PM, calculated from the Langmuir model, were 150.60 mg/g, 123.14 mg/g, 135.20 mg/g, and 120.33 mg/g for Pb(II), Cd(II), MB, and CR, respectively. This study introduces a straightforward approach for designing porous composite materials with high adsorption capacities, offering promising applications in environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 4","pages":"Pages 486-495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes: An efficient method for pollutant reduction in paper mill wastewater and sludge analysis","authors":"Neha Pandey ,&nbsp;Chandrakant Thakur ,&nbsp;Nayna Agarwal ,&nbsp;Kapil Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical reactors play a vital role in scaling up wastewater treatment processes, with efficiency influenced by electrode material, reactor geometry, flow dynamics, power supply, and operational mode. This study investigated the continuous electrocoagulation treatment of paper mill wastewater using a reactor equipped with four aluminum electrodes. The effects of flow rate (0.1–0.6 L/min) and retention time on pollutant removal efficiency were examined. Effluent was continuously fed into the reactor via a peristaltic pump, ensuring controlled inflow and uniform distribution for optimal treatment conditions. Experimental results demonstrated that 80% removal of total dissolved solids, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and color was achieved under optimal conditions: a pH value of 5.0, a conductivity of 7.59 mS/cm, an electrode gap of 1.38 cm, a current density of 10.72 mA/cm², a retention time of 120 min, and a flow rate of 0.1 L/min. The sludge generated during treatment was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to assess its composition and potential for reuse or safe disposal. Additionally, the pollutant removal mechanism using aluminum electrodes was elucidated. This study provides a novel contribution by exploring a continuous-flow electrocoagulation system for pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment, an area with limited prior research, and by integrating detailed sludge characterization to evaluate treatment performance and resource recovery potential. These results underscore the effectiveness of continuous electrocoagulation for treating paper mill effluents, advancing sustainable wastewater management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 4","pages":"Pages 506-514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic simulation-based assessment of water supply risks and emergency water demand in coastal cities","authors":"Shuai Wei ,&nbsp;Kai-rong Lin ,&nbsp;Jing-wen Zhang ,&nbsp;Tong-fang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frequent saltwater intrusion induced by extreme climate events poses significant challenges to water supply security in coastal cities. This study developed a supply–demand balance model for urban water supply systems based on the system dynamics (SD) method, employing the supply–demand gap and water stress index (WSI) as risk indicators. Dynamic simulations were conducted in Zhongshan City in China across five development and 17 saltwater boundary scenarios, and corresponding emergency water reserve requirements were proposed for emergency durations of 10–60 d. The results showed no supply–demand gaps from 2016 to 2023, although water supply was notably affected by saltwater intrusion. The highest risk occurred in 2021 when saltwater fronts reached the Renyi and Dafeng intakes, resulting in a peak WSI of 0.45. Water demand would peak in 2035 across all development scenarios. The economic development scenario exhibited the highest demand, the conservation development scenario the lowest, and the comprehensive development scenario the second lowest, with the latter balancing economic and social development with resource conservation, enhancing its policy relevance. Across the 17 saltwater boundary scenarios, the conservation development scenario demonstrated the lowest WSI values (0–6.74) and water supply risk level, followed by the comprehensive development scenario (with WSI values of 0–7.11), while the economic development scenario demonstrated the highest WSI values (0–7.84) and water supply risk level. Under worst-case saltwater conditions with 60-d emergency reserves, supply–demand gaps in 2030 would reach 7.938 × 10⁷ m³ and 8.928 × 10⁷ m³ in the conservation and economic development scenarios, respectively, and increase to 10.164 × 10⁷ m³ and 12.354 × 10⁷ m³ by 2035. This methodology offers actionable insights for coastal cities to optimize development strategies and emergency water reserve planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 4","pages":"Pages 431-443"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of scour depth at a single non-submerged vertical spur dike under unidirectional currents","authors":"HtayHtay Aung ,&nbsp;Min-xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Oliveto ,&nbsp;Beniamino Onorati ,&nbsp;Guo-liang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately estimating equilibrium scour depths at spur dikes remains challenging due to the complexity of scour around these structures. Scour critically threatens spur dikes built in river estuaries for enhancing navigability and preventing bank erosion. This study conducted 41 experiments to determine the approach flow velocity corresponding to scour initiation at a non-submerged spur dike, which enables prediction of equilibrium scour depth. The results showed that scour incipient velocity depended on spur geometry, approach flow characteristics, and sediment properties, rather than being a fixed value. A new formula for equilibrium scour depth prediction was proposed, based on the scour incipient velocity and the excess abutment Froude number, yielding a determination coefficient of 0.93. The formula demonstrated broader applicability and greater accuracy than previously reported formulas, with 98% of data within a ±25% error margin. The dimensionless sediment size was introduced to capture the effects of sediment size on scour, providing an alternative to the sediment coarseness ratio, which is challenging to replicate in laboratory settings. These findings offer valuable guidance for engineering design and protection of spur dikes under unidirectional flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 4","pages":"Pages 527-536"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Z-scheme Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4 heterojunction for efficient antibiotic degradation via persulfate activation under visible light","authors":"Phuong Thu Le ,&nbsp;Thu Phuong Nguyen ,&nbsp;Hong Nam Nguyen ,&nbsp;Thu Huong Tran ,&nbsp;Thi Hai Do ,&nbsp;Phan Thi Thuy ,&nbsp;Thi Mai Thanh Dinh ,&nbsp;Toshiki Tsubota ,&nbsp;Vinh Duc Nguyen ,&nbsp;Trung Dung Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wse.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing prevalence of emerging pollutants has spurred increasing research interest in developing novel materials for treatment. In this study, a Z-scheme Bi₂MoO₆/g-C₃N₄ (BMCN) photocatalyst was facilely synthesized via a solvothermal technique and employed to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) under visible light irradiation. The system of the BMCN photocatalyst with 20% g-C₃N₄ (BMCN-20) combined with PDS under visible light irradiation (BMCN-20/PDS-Vis) achieved 89.04% ciprofloxacin (CFX) degradation within 90 min. PDS acted as an electron scavenger, suppressing recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs and enhancing CFX degradation via additional <span><math><msubsup><mtext>SO</mtext><mn>4</mn><mrow><mo>·</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span> formation. The CFX degradation rate constant of the BMCN-20/PDS/Vis system was 1.33 and 2.31 times greater than those of Bi₂MoO₆/PDS and g-C₃N₄/PDS, respectively, attributed to efficient electron transfer with the Z-scheme BMCN-20. Scavenging experiments identified ¹O₂, <span><math><msubsup><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>·</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span>, and h⁺ as the primary reactive species driving CFX degradation. Mass spectrometry and density functional theory analyses confirmed the degradation pathways and revealed degradation intermediates. These findings demonstrate the potential of the BMCN-20/PDS/Vis system as an effective and environmentally friendly approach for antibiotic removal from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23628,"journal":{"name":"Water science and engineering","volume":"18 4","pages":"Pages 515-526"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145520927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}