地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Effects of High-Latitude Input on Neutral Wind Structure and Forcing During the 17 March 2013 Storm","authors":"Katherine Davidson,&nbsp;Gang Lu,&nbsp;Mark Conde","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033366","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a quantitative assessment of the thermospheric wind forcing and its dependence on high-latitude drivers is provided. Due to its coupling with the ionosphere via ion-neutral collisions, the simulated neutral wind and the corresponding thermospheric forcing from Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are highly dependent on the model’s high-latitude ionospheric input. To study the effects of the different ionospheric inputs, we simulate the thermospheric winds using the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics GCM (TIE-GCM) and compare them to the observed neutral wind vectors from the Scanning Doppler Imagers located in central Alaska during the St. Patrick’s Day storm in 2013. To assess the model-data discrepancies, the standard root-mean-square error is calculated, as well as the cross-correlation coefficient to better capture the structural differences between the simulated and observed winds. Additionally, individual thermospheric forces are analyzed, providing a full diagnosis of the relative importance of each force on the neutral wind behavior. It was found that the realistic high-latitude input resulted in better simulations of neutral wind structures than the empirical model did, although there was a slightly higher magnitude error. Altering the auroral energy flux mostly affected the resulting neutral wind speeds while the wind structures remained about the same. In the zonal direction, ion-drag is the dominant force, with significant contributions from the horizontal advection force and secondary contributions from the Coriolis and pressure-gradient forces. In the meridional direction, pressure-gradient is the dominant force, with secondary contributions from the ion-drag force and minor contributions from the Coriolis, horizontal advection and viscosity forces.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Characterization of Joule Heating Associated With Ionospheric ULF Perturbations Using SuperDARN Data","authors":"Xueling Shi,&nbsp;Shibaji Chakraborty,&nbsp;Joseph B. H. Baker,&nbsp;Michael D. Hartinger,&nbsp;Wenbin Wang,&nbsp;J. Michael Ruohoniemi,&nbsp;Dong Lin,&nbsp;William Lotko,&nbsp;Kevin Sterne,&nbsp;Kathryn A. McWilliams","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033452","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultra low frequency (ULF; 1 mHz - several Hz) waves are key to energy transport within the geospace system, yet their contribution to Joule heating in the upper atmosphere remains poorly quantified. This study statistically examines Joule heating associated with ionospheric ULF perturbations using Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) data spanning middle to polar latitudes. Our analysis utilizes high-time-resolution measurements from SuperDARN high-frequency coherent scatter radars operating in a special mode, sampling three “camping beams” approximately every 18 s. We focus on ULF perturbations within the Pc5 frequency range (1.6–6.7 mHz), estimating Joule heating rates from ionospheric electric fields derived from SuperDARN data and height-integrated Pedersen conductance from empirical models. The analysis includes statistical characterization of Pc5 wave occurrence, electric fields, Joule heating rates, and azimuthal wave numbers. Our results reveal enhanced electric fields and Joule heating rates in the morning and pre-midnight sectors, even though Pc5 wave occurrences peak in the afternoon. Joule heating is more pronounced in the high-latitude morning sector during northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions, attributed to local time asymmetry in Pedersen conductance and Pc5 waves driven by Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Pc5 waves observed by multiple camping beams predominantly propagate westward at low azimuthal wave numbers <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>|</mo>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mo>|</mo>\u0000 <mo>&lt;</mo>\u0000 <mn>50</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $(vert mvert &lt; 50)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, while high-m waves propagate mainly eastward. Although Joule heating estimates may be underestimated due to assumptions about empirical conductance models and the underestimation of electric fields resulting from SuperDARN line-of-sight velocity measurements, these findings offer valuable insights into ULF wave-related energy dissipation in the geospace system.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA033452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tipping to an Aggregated State by Mesoscale Convective Systems","authors":"I. L. Kruse,&nbsp;R. Fiévet,&nbsp;J. O. Haerter","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004369","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Radiative-convective equilibrium simulations were suggested to resist self-aggregation within a linearly stable regime at low surface temperatures. Recent numerical work shows that this linearly stable regime can rapidly transition to an aggregated state when exposed to realistic diurnal surface temperature variations. The resultant aggregated state is then stable, even when the surface temperature is set constant. Here we argue, by constructing a reaction-diffusion model, that this tipping process can be explained by the formation of mesoscale convective systems under the diurnal forcing. The model implies that strong cold pool interactions, invoked by the diurnal cycle, drive the self-organization of long-term buoyancy memory. Thus, whereas previous conceptual work disregarded the boundary layer dynamics, we here attribute key organizing mechanisms to them: namely the ability to cause rapid self-aggregation over continents and its advection over the ocean—with potential implications for hurricane formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue Carbon Stocks Along the Pacific Coast of North America Are Mainly Driven by Local Rather Than Regional Factors","authors":"Christopher N. Janousek,&nbsp;Johannes R. Krause,&nbsp;Judith Z. Drexler,&nbsp;Kevin J. Buffington,&nbsp;Katrina L. Poppe,&nbsp;Erin Peck,&nbsp;Maria Fernanda Adame,&nbsp;Elizabeth B. Watson,&nbsp;James Holmquist,&nbsp;Scott D. Bridgham,&nbsp;Scott F. Jones,&nbsp;Melissa Ward,&nbsp;Cheryl A. Brown,&nbsp;Lisa Beers,&nbsp;Matthew T. Costa,&nbsp;Heida L. Diefenderfer,&nbsp;Amy B. Borde,&nbsp;Lindsey Sheehan,&nbsp;John Rybczyk,&nbsp;Carolyn Prentice,&nbsp;Andrew B. Gray,&nbsp;Alejandro Hinojosa-Corona,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández,&nbsp;Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza,&nbsp;Karen E. Kohfeld,&nbsp;Paula Ezcurra,&nbsp;Jonathan Ochoa-Gómez,&nbsp;Karen M. Thorne,&nbsp;Marlow G. Pellatt,&nbsp;Aurora M. Ricart,&nbsp;Amanda M. Nahlik,&nbsp;Laura S. Brophy,&nbsp;Richard F. Ambrose,&nbsp;Mira Lutz,&nbsp;Craig Cornu,&nbsp;Stephen Crooks,&nbsp;Lisamarie Windham-Myers,&nbsp;Margot Hessing-Lewis,&nbsp;Fredrick T. Short,&nbsp;Stephen Chastain,&nbsp;Trevor Williams,&nbsp;Tristan Douglas,&nbsp;Elizabeth Fard,&nbsp;Lauren Brown,&nbsp;Michelle Goman","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008239","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coastal wetlands, including seagrass meadows, emergent marshes, mangroves, and temperate tidal swamps, can efficiently sequester and store large quantities of sediment organic carbon (SOC). However, SOC stocks may vary by ecosystem type and along environmental or climate gradients at different scales. Quantifying such variability is needed to improve blue carbon accounting, conservation effectiveness, and restoration planning. We analyzed SOC stocks in 1,284 sediment cores along &gt;6,500 km of the Pacific coast of North America that included large environmental gradients and multiple ecosystem types. Tidal wetlands with woody vegetation (mangroves and swamps) had the highest mean stocks to 1 m depth (357 and 355 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively), 45% higher than marshes (245 Mg ha⁻¹), and more than 500% higher than seagrass (68 Mg ha⁻¹). Unvegetated tideflats, though not often considered a blue carbon ecosystem, had noteworthy stocks (148 Mg ha⁻¹). Stocks increased with tidal elevation and with fine (&lt;63 μm) sediment content in several ecosystems. Stocks also varied by dominant plant species within individual ecosystem types. At larger scales, marsh stocks were lowest in the Sonoran Desert region of Mexico, and swamp stocks differed among climate zones; otherwise stocks showed little correlation with ecoregion or latitude. More variability in SOC occurred among ecosystem types, and at smaller spatial scales (such as individual estuaries), than across regional climate gradients. These patterns can inform coastal conservation and restoration priorities across scales where preserving stored carbon and enhancing sequestration helps avert greenhouse gas emissions and maintains other vital ecosystem services.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GB008239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Did the Extreme Drought in the Yangtze River Basin in 2022 Break the 2019 Record?","authors":"Linwei Jiang,&nbsp;Wenhao Gao,&nbsp;Kexu Zhu,&nbsp;Jianqiu Zheng,&nbsp;Baohua Ren","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003972","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study employs a multi-faceted approach combining meteorological (Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)), agricultural (Soil Moisture (SM) percentiles), and land-atmosphere moisture balance principles to comparatively analyze two unprecedented extreme drought events in the traditionally humid Yangtze River Basin during the summer to autumn of 2019 and 2022. The results reveal that, although both droughts persisted for roughly 2 months, the 2022 event exhibited a more abrupt onset and greater intensity. Soil moisture levels in 2022 plummeted below 5%, surpassing the severity of the 2019 drought and marking it as the most severe regional drought on record. The daily SPEI calculations effectively tracked the progression of both droughts, demonstrating a strong correlation with fluctuations in SM. The 2019 drought followed a traditional pattern, developing gradually and primarily driven by prolonged precipitation deficits. In contrast, the 2022 drought was characterized as a flash drought, triggered by extreme heatwaves under a pre-existing wetter condition, which induced a positive feedback loop among high temperatures, increased evaporation, and reduced SM. The rapid reduction in SM further decreased soil heat capacity, exacerbating daytime temperature. Moisture budget analysis shows that, in 2019, the persistent moisture deficiency stemmed from wind divergence obstructing the moisture supply, leading to prolonged periods of local dryness and a gradual buildup of the drought. In 2022, extreme heat-induced elevated Evapotranspiration (ET) further exacerbated SM loss, intensifying the drought and causing it to develop rapidly. Moreover, both droughts were significantly influenced by the position and strength of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH).</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003972","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamflow dynamics of Amazonian rivers according to their hydrogeochemical heterogeneity","authors":"Paulo Rodrigo Zanin ,&nbsp;Rosane Barbosa Lopes Cavalcante ,&nbsp;Rogério Ribeiro Marinho ,&nbsp;Paulo Rógenes Monteiro Pontes","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study Region</h3><div>Amazon and Tocantins-Araguaia watersheds.</div></div><div><h3>Study Focus</h3><div>Watershed’s climatology and physiography are key drivers of hydrological processes, sediment yield, and river geochemistry. In the Amazon, rivers are traditionally classified into three hydrogeochemical types (whitewater, blackwater, and clearwater) based on their physicochemical characteristics. While this classification is well established, its relationship with streamflow dynamics remains largely unexplored. This study investigates whether distinct water discharge patterns exist among these river water types, offering insights into their environmental drivers. Specific streamflows and hydrological indexes derived from flow duration curves (1990–2019) of 106 river gauge stations distributed across the Brazilian Amazon were analyzed to characterize streamflow regimes.</div></div><div><h3>New Hydrological Insights for the Region</h3><div>Monitored blackwater rivers have the highest runoff generation per unit area, while clearwater rivers have the lowest. The relative intensity of peak flow increment is the largest in monitored whitewater and clearwater rivers and the smallest in blackwater rivers. The proportion of baseflow contribution to streamflow is the largest in monitored clearwater rivers and the smallest in whitewater rivers. Precipitation is a strong driver of streamflow regimes, but physiographic factors, such as land cover and geology, also play an important role, particularly in baseflow and peak flow. Understanding these hydrological differences is crucial for assessing ecological flow requirements, ultimately aiding sustainable water resource management, and the relationships between river geochemistry and streamflow in the Amazon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 102316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inertial Flow-Driven Enhancement of Solute Mixing and Partitioning at Rough-Walled Fracture Intersections: Experimental and Numerical Investigations","authors":"Dahye Kim, In Wook Yeo","doi":"10.1029/2023wr035609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr035609","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of the transition from viscous linear to inertial nonlinear flows on solute mixing and partitioning at rough-walled fracture intersections, using direct observations of flow dynamics and solute partitioning processes through microscopic particle image velocimetry. It is generally known that mixing at fracture intersections decreases when transport shifts from diffusion-dominated to advection-dominated processes, but this trend holds only in viscous linear flows. The experimental results conducted in this study reveal that in inertial flows, significant changes in flow structures occur at rough-walled fracture intersections, including the straightening and stretching of main streamlines and the formation of fully developed eddies. Fluid stretching and the formation of eddies contribute to advection-driven diffusive mixing. The straightened streamlines deliver solutes to the outflow leg along a direct path. More importantly, fully developed eddies generate spiral advective paths that reconnect to the main flow channels, enhancing solute redistribution at the intersection. Microscopic measurements and quantitative analyses show that flow nonlinearity—including the formation of eddies, along with enhanced flow straightening and stretching—contributes to increased flow heterogeneity and solute redistribution at fracture intersections. This phenomenon appears as an increase in “apparent” mixing at rough-walled fracture intersections.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Distribution and Seasonality of Martian Atmospheric HCl Explained Through Heterogeneous Chemistry","authors":"Paul M. Streeter, Kylash Rajendran, Stephen R. Lewis, Kevin S. Olsen, Alexander Trokhimovskiy, Oleg Korablev, Manish R. Patel","doi":"10.1029/2024gl111059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl111059","url":null,"abstract":"Recent observations from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) have revealed the presence of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the martian atmosphere. HCl shows strong seasonality, primarily appearing during Mars' perihelion period before decreasing faster than projected from photolysis and gas-phase chemistry. HCl profiles also display local anti-correlation with water ice aerosol. One candidate explanation is heterogeneous chemistry. We present the first results from a heterogeneous chlorine chemistry scheme incorporated into a Mars global climate model (GCM), with atmospheric dust/water ice parameterized as an HCl source/sink respectively. Results were compared against a Mars GCM with gas-phase only chlorine chemistry and observations from TGO's Atmospheric Chemistry Suite. We found that the heterogeneous scheme significantly improved the modeled HCl seasonal, latitudinal, and vertical distribution, supporting a crucial role for heterogeneous chemistry in Mars' chlorine cycle. Remaining discrepancies show that further work is needed to characterize the exact aerosol reactions involved.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143640871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of Total Phosphorus and Nitrate Using a Travel Time Approach in the Duck River Catchment, Australia","authors":"Zahra Riazi,&nbsp;Andrew William Western","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Total phosphorus (TP) and nitrate are important non-conservative contaminants of streams. They vary strongly in response to climatic, hydrologic, and other drivers and are affected by different flow paths. Water residence and travel time distributions carrying information about sources of streamflow can potentially provide a basis for modelling nitrate and TP dynamics. In this study, we use a travel time model coupled with age—concentration relationships to simulate nitrate and TP concentrations in the Duck River catchment, NW Tasmania, Australia. A modified version of the Tran-SAS model was used with time-varying beta storage selection functions, calibrated against high-frequency electrical conductivity (EC) observations. Concentrations of TP and nitrate were then modelled using the water TTDs coupled with age-concentration relationships for TP and nitrate. This approach separated biogeochemical effects from water travel time and ensured consistent TTDs underpinning the transport of different nutrients. Two years (2008 and 2009 water years) of high-frequency nutrient concentrations were used for model calibration and validation. It was initially hypothesised that the age-concentration relationships for nitrate and TP could be temporally fixed, with the seasonal variation in residence time distribution capturing any seasonality in nutrient behaviour. The models performed moderately under this hypothesis; however, residual analysis clearly demonstrated seasonal declines in the concentrations of TP and nitrate during events across the high flow season. Simulations of TP and nitrate were markedly improved by using different source concentrations: one for the early high flow season and the other for the remainder of the year. Both Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency and the combined seasonal and event dynamics of nitrate and TP were markedly improved by using different source concentrations for these two different periods. This suggests that land management and biogeochemical processing are important influences on the temporal dynamics of nutrients in streams. The study informs future developments of TTD-based water quality modelling and demonstrates the need to include temporally dynamic nutrient source concentrations for young water.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme Ventilation of the North Pacific Central Mode Water by El Niño During Positive Phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation","authors":"Jing Liu,&nbsp;Lixiao Xu,&nbsp;Xiao-Tong Zheng,&nbsp;Keyao Wang,&nbsp;Junliang Li","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the interannual variability of the North Pacific Central Mode Water (CMW) under the phase relationship of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), based on multiple observational data sets. Peaks and troughs of the CMW variability are primarily observed when ENSO and PDO are in phase, but only moderate variation when ENSO and PDO are out of phase. In El Niño spring during positive PDO, extreme CMW ventilation takes place in the central North Pacific (180°–155°W, 30°–40°N), where no local ventilation occurs for other cases. Such extreme CMW ventilation induces stronger temperature anomalies, which persist longer and penetrate deeper. Our results suggest that CMW, representing a long-term ocean memory, may play a more significant role in tropical-extratropical interactions than ever expected.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}