地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Luminescence dating on ceramics from the Tianjun Shilin Cave around Qinghai lake in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau","authors":"Qiang Peng ,&nbsp;Manping Sun ,&nbsp;Yongjuan Sun ,&nbsp;Yunkun Shi ,&nbsp;Yanyan Li ,&nbsp;Chongyi E","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ancient humans often sought refuge in natural caves to evade predators and protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions. Archeological investigations have revealed evidence of human activity in numerous natural caves within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The chronology of ancient human activity at cave sites is typically determined using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) ¹⁴C dating. However, it is challenging to obtain reliable results considering the complex sedimentary environments within these caves. Therefore, it is imperative to employ various dating methods for different materials and elucidate their indicative significance to determine the age of archeological sites. This study compared three distinct dating methods to assess ancient human activity in the Tianjun Shilin Cave within the Qinghai Lake basin in northeastern QTP. AMS ¹⁴C dating from the same stratigraphic layer aligns with OSL dating of the ceramic, while OSL dating overestimated the age owing to poor bleachability of minerals within the cave. Due to human activity creating a disordered stratigraphic chronology, the AMS ¹⁴C dating exhibited a chronological reversal at a depth of 97 cm. Consequently, ceramic OSL dating was employed to ascertain the age of human activity within the cave. A systematic OSL dating of the ceramics determined that three ceramics were dated to 1.26 ± 0.06, 1.14 ± 0.06, and 1.77 ± 0.12 ka, indicating that human activity in the cave was predominantly concentrated from the Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties through the Tang dynasty. In caves with disturbed strata where suitable dating materials are lacking, the use of ceramic dating is preferred to determine the age of the archeological site.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":"746 ","pages":"Article 109912"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auroral Ionospheric Erosion at Jupiter","authors":"N. S. Kruegler,&nbsp;A. H. Sulaiman,&nbsp;S. S. Elliott,&nbsp;W. S. Kurth,&nbsp;R. L. Lysak,&nbsp;S. J. Bolton","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034156","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The generation of Jupiter's main auroral oval is dominated by broadband-energy electron beams, in contrast with the dominance of peaked electron energy spectra at Earth. Wave-particle interactions involving Alfvén waves have been theorized to be the main mechanism driving the broadband acceleration of electrons. Alfvénic interactions are favored in the presence of density depletions and steep density gradients across adjacent magnetic field lines. Here we present electron densities at low altitudes (0.3–2.8 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 <mi>J</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${R}_{J}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) above the diffuse and main auroras inferred from frequency cutoffs in plasma wave spectra measured by the Juno/Waves instrument during the first 62 perijoves. We find that the electron densities above the diffuse and main auroras consistently decrease toward poleward latitudes and can be depleted down to the order of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>c</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $1{0}^{-4} {mathrm{c}mathrm{m}}^{-3}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. Moreover, we show that the spatial gradient of the density depletion varies with altitude, and the peak in the density gradient occurs above 1 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 <mi>J</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${R}_{J}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, suggesting altitudes at which Alfvénic acceleration is most likely. Finally, we find that these auroral density gradients are much steeper than are found in the non-auroral ionosphere, indicating an active cavitation process connected with the aurora likely driven by the action of Alfvén waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JA034156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Indo-Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Versus Internal Atmospheric Variability on the South China Sea Summer Monsoon","authors":"Marvin Xiang Ce Seow,&nbsp;Bo Qiu,&nbsp;Jianping Gan","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117215","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The South China Sea (SCS) summer (i.e., June–August [JJA]) monsoon experiences strong interannual variability, which is modulated by the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH). Large-scale steady-state atmospheric circulations linked to JJA mean Indian Ocean basin and preceding winter–spring (i.e., January–March [JFM]) and JJA mean central Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs), as well as internal atmospheric variability, influence the SCS summer monsoon and WNPSH. We compare relative impacts of Indo-Pacific SST and internal atmospheric variability on SCS summer monsoon and WNPSH interannual variabilities. Our results show that internal atmospheric variability is more important than any SST predictor in influencing the SCS summer monsoon and WNPSH variabilities. Also, JFM and JJA mean central Pacific SSTs control the SCS summer monsoon more than JJA mean Indian Ocean basin SST.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed Impacts of Spring Soil Moisture in the Tibetan Plateau on Early-Summer Air Temperature in the Northern East Asia","authors":"Yinghan Sang,&nbsp;Hong-Li Ren,&nbsp;Mei Li","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116361","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The northern East Asia (NEA) is suffering from significant temperature anomalies in recent years and the formation mechanisms remain unclear yet. With focus on non-local effects of Tibetan Plateau soil moisture (TPSM), this study explores the close linkage between anomalies of TPSM in boreal spring and air temperature of NEA (NEAT) in early summer based on observational diagnosis, and the influence mechanism is verified by numerical model experiments. The drier mid-west TPSM in April could persist into early summer and reduce the TP evaporation, which leads to positive anomalies of surface sensible heat flux heating the TP atmosphere. Heated air further exciting the wave train, and NEA is covered by positive geopotential height anomalies. Higher pressure results the downdraft and thus abnormally high air temperatures in NEA eventually. This study suggests that TPSM in spring may act as a new precursor providing an additional source of predictability for early-summer NEAT.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of horizontal shifting errors in open-source DEMs and their impact on 1D hydraulic modeling of meandering river channel","authors":"Md. Ismail Firoz ,&nbsp;Md. Latifur Rahman Sarker ,&nbsp;Janet Nichol ,&nbsp;Eko Siswanto","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study Region</h3><div>The Ganges River, Bangladesh</div></div><div><h3>Study Focus</h3><div>Horizontal shifting error in open-access GDEMs has received very little attention for detecting and assessing its impact on hydraulic modeling. This study uses three integrated techniques to detect horizontal shifting errors in ASTER and SRTM DEMs by comparing DEM river centerlines and real-time river centerlines, measuring river channel dynamics, and analyzing water level elevation profiles. Four strategies were applied to assess the impacts: evaluating DEM-generated river channels, creating a 1D hydraulic model for inundation mapping, assessing inundation accuracy, and visualizing the horizontal shifts.</div></div><div><h3>New Hydrological Insights for the Region</h3><div>The results reveal several significant issues. Firstly, both DEMs exhibited notable horizontal shifting errors, with observed maximum, average, and minimum errors of 3200 m, 1800 m, and 680 m, respectively, though the intensity of these errors varied spatiotemporally. Secondly, the maximum riverbed effectiveness (≥73.38 %) was observed in 2000, but subsequently decreased to ≤ 41.25 %, ≤ 47.94 %, ≤ 46.75 %, and ≤ 54.08 % in 2006, 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. Thirdly, the horizontal shifting error was found to have severe implications for 1D inundation mapping accuracy. Lastly, strong negative correlation was observed between river channel dynamics and DEM river channel effectiveness (r ≥ -0.963). The results indicate that both DEMs have horizontal shifting errors, which are expected to produce severe inaccurate results in hydraulic and flood modeling, especially in areas with dynamic topography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102707"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent Sounding-Derived Precursor Pathways Enable Discrimination of Dry Versus Wet Severe Convective Winds","authors":"Qian Cao,&nbsp;Jianping Guo,&nbsp;Chenbin Xue,&nbsp;Zhibo Li,&nbsp;Hui Xu,&nbsp;Ning Li,&nbsp;Yuping Sun,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Yifei Wang,&nbsp;Juan Chen,&nbsp;Yongshui Zhou,&nbsp;Tianmeng Chen","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117491","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forecasting Severe Convective Wind (SCW) events remains challenging due to unresolved precursors. Using 8-year (2016–2023) high-resolution soundings from China radiosonde network, we establish observational pre-SCW thresholds, revealing divergent pre-storm pathways that advance beyond conventional SCW paradigms: Wet SCW events exhibit abrupt energy cycling (≤20-min Convective Available Potential Energy collapse coinciding with about 15% moisture surges) coupled with mid-level cyclonic rotation breakdown, while dry SCW events show a distinct two-stage kinetic energy descent, featuring initial downward wind kinetic energy transfer from 5 to 2 km altitude within −40 to −20 min, followed by rapid surface downdraft acceleration. Physically, wet events derive intensity from deep instability amplified by moisture enhancement, driving robust convection. Dry events originate from shallow instability released through pulsed downdrafts with weaker gusts. Machine learning attribution (SHAP &gt;0.24) establishes precipitable water as the dominant discriminator (wet: &gt;48 mm; dry: &lt;40 mm). These pre-storm signatures have great implications for nowcasting SCW events.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the Ionospheric G-Condition Following the 2017 Great American Eclipse","authors":"S. Chakraborty,&nbsp;L. Qian,&nbsp;S. Mrak,&nbsp;J. Mabie,&nbsp;L. Goncharenko,&nbsp;J. M. Mclnerney,&nbsp;T. Bullett","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A total solar eclipse (TSE) traversed the continental US (CONUS) from west to east on 21 August 2017. Ionosondes located under the eclipse totality at Lusk (Wyoming) and Boulder (Colorado) observed the ionospheric G-condition 20 min after totality. The Millstone Hill mid-latitude incoherent scatter radar recorded an anomalous low altitude F₂ peak during the recovery phase of the eclipse, which can be attributed to an ionospheric G-condition. We perform WACCM-X simulations to investigate the physical processes that drive the ionospheric G-condition. Specifically, we conducted a diagnostic analysis of the simulated atomic oxygen ion continuity equation to examine the source of the G-condition. We defined two metrics describing the G-condition: (a) the duration and (b) the maximum difference between <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>F</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{N}}_{mathrm{m}}{mathrm{F}}_{1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>F</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{N}}_{mathrm{m}}{mathrm{F}}_{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. Results indicate that E- and F₁ plasma density reduction closely follow the eclipse obscuration, whereas the F₂-layer density depletion lags the obscuration by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>20 min. This delay increases with altitude and is caused by slower radiative recombination and transport processes in the diffusion-dominated F₂-region. The delay creates a period during the eclipse recovery when the F₁-plasma density exceeds that of the F₂-peak, which manifests as the ionospheric G-condition. The simulation study illuminates the space-time behavior of the G-condition indicating that this state can last for more than 50 min during the recovery phase of the eclipse.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of inflow sources and pathways to a waste rock dump located in a former river channel in a mountainous abandoned mine of Japan: A case study 60 years post-construction","authors":"Shinji Matsumoto ,&nbsp;Sereyroith Tum ,&nbsp;Tagiru Ogino ,&nbsp;Miu Nishikata ,&nbsp;Tetsuo Yasutaka ,&nbsp;Tomoko Oguri ,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Shintani","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>A legacy underground mine located in a mountainous region of Hokkaido, northern Japan.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>The concentrations of dissolved ions and stable water isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) in surface water from surrounding rivers and groundwater near a waste rock dump (WD) were analyzed. Continuous water quality monitoring was performed using data loggers. Tracer tests using NaCl were also performed in the rivers. Time-series analysis and correlation studies elucidated the origins and pathways of water inflow to the WD.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>Water inflow into the WD predominantly originated from groundwater in the surrounding mountainous terrain and river water, serving as the primary contributors to mining-influenced water (MIW). The inflow volumes and MIW generation increased during precipitation events and snowmelt periods. These processes could have been influenced by the degradation of impermeable structures around the WD, emphasizing the need for continuous water quality monitoring and repair of these structures. This research highlights the necessity of long-term planning for WD management, considering regional climatic and topographic characteristics, to mitigate water pollution risks. It provides new insights into reducing environmental impacts and enhancing the sustainability of mining operations in mountainous regions. Moreover, this study demonstrates that a combination of hydrological approaches—water quality analysis, isotopic studies, and tracer tests—is a valuable tool for gathering critical information on MIW in mountainous mining regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102645"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Hydrogen Cycle Facilitated by Redox Dehydrogenation and Hydration","authors":"Feng Zhu,&nbsp;Xiaojing Lai,&nbsp;Yue Jiang,&nbsp;Bin Chen,&nbsp;Stella Chariton,&nbsp;Vitali Prakapenka,&nbsp;Xiang Wu","doi":"10.1029/2025GL115820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115820","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrous phases are often considered important hydrogen carriers in the subducted slabs, but their stabilities under the reduced oxidation state have rarely been investigated. Previous studies suggested that metallic iron can be present in the mantle and subducted slabs at depth through disproportionation and serpentinization of silicates. Here we show that hydrous phases in the subducted slabs such as superhydrous phase B, phase E, and phase Egg react with metallic iron to produce less hydrous or anhydrous silicates, oxides, and H₂ in the deep mantle. The produced H₂ can ascend and react with Fe³⁺-bearing silicates in the overlying mantle, leading to the formation of hydrous phases and melts. The high mobility of H₂ fluid compared with hydrous species will expedite the deep hydrogen cycle. Meanwhile, the oxidation states of subducted slab and various mantle layers will undergo gradual homogenization as a result of coupled redox dehydrogenation and hydration processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL115820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mantle Flow and Fault Zone Related Seismic Anisotropy Revealed by a Dense Linear Broadband Array in Southeast Tibet","authors":"Jing Wu,&nbsp;Yinshuang Ai,&nbsp;Stephen S. Gao,&nbsp;Peixi Huang,&nbsp;Fansheng Kong,&nbsp;Deke Xu,&nbsp;Jianguo Song,&nbsp;Xinyu Gao,&nbsp;Mengyi Wei,&nbsp;Long Li,&nbsp;Jien Zhang,&nbsp;Yanbin Zhang,&nbsp;Yingying Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Southeast Tibet, a key region for the southeastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau, remains debated in terms of its tectonic deformation in response to the ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. In this study, we applied shear-wave splitting analysis of core-refracted phases recorded by a newly deployed dense seismic array and six permanent stations to delineate crustal and mantle deformation processes. The observed fast polarization directions are predominantly aligned NNW–SSE, while the splitting delay times vary across four sub-blocks. The anisotropy pattern suggests a dominantly asthenospheric origin, consistent with southeastward-directed mantle flow associated with the extrusion of the Tibetan lithosphere. The splitting delay times are relatively larger near major faults and tectonic boundaries compared to areas farther away, and the fast polarization directions beneath these structures exhibit a moderate rotation toward the fault strike, indicating that such tectonic discontinuities contribute to observable azimuthal anisotropy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}