地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Climate injustice through unequal news","authors":"Valerie Hase","doi":"10.1038/s41558-024-02241-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02241-6","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality coverage of climate change requires trained reporters, editorial support and financial assistance, but news media in the global south often lack access to such resources. Now, a study points to further disparities across language and regional communities.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Climate Change on the Dynamics of the Southern Senegal Upwelling Center","authors":"S. Ndoye, V. Echevin, J. Mignot, X. Capet","doi":"10.1029/2024gl112582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl112582","url":null,"abstract":"The Canary current upwelling System (CCS) is one the most productive marine ecosystems. CMIP5 simulations under the RCP8.5 scenario for the end of the 21st century project a modest upwelling-favorable wind decrease over the CCS southern outpost, that is, the southern senegalese upwelling center (SSUC). We explore the coastal-scale physical manifestations of climate change in the SSUC through dynamical downscaling of projected changes from nine CMIP5 models selected for their realistic representation of present-day thermohaline structure. We find that coastal upwelling reduction due to wind changes is projected to be aggravated by geostrophic/pressure adjustments related, in large part, to changes in upper ocean stratification. The reduction could reach 25% of present-day upwelling rates. The intensity of the poleward boundary current offshore of the SSUC is projected to decrease. Together with upper ocean warming this opens vast possibilities of ecological evolutions with large impact on neighboring societies.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alteration's Control on Frictional Behavior and the Depth of the Ductile Shear Zone in Geothermal Reservoirs in Volcanic Arcs","authors":"Barnaby Fryer, Florian Jermann, Patricia Patrier, Bruno Lanson, Stanislav Jelavic, Gabriel Meyer, Stephen E. Grasby, Marie Violay","doi":"10.1029/2024jb030213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb030213","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of geothermal energy is produced in tectonically active volcanic-arc regions due to their high geothermal gradients. Reservoirs in these settings are often stratified with smectite/kaolinite-, illite-, and chlorite-rich zones, in order of increasing depth and temperature. Eighteen andesitic core and surface samples were taken from five geothermal fields in the Lesser-Antilles and Cascade volcanic arcs. The collected samples have experienced various degrees of alteration and can be considered, in their ensemble, to be representative of the previously mentioned alteration zones. The influence of the alteration was assessed through biaxial rate-and-state friction experiments on prepared gouge. The samples were each tested at 10, 30, and 50 MPa normal stress in both nominally dry and nominally wet conditions. While significant water-induced frictional-strength reduction was observed, phyllosilicate content dominates frictional behavior, with increased phyllosilicate content reducing frictional strength, promoting velocity-strengthening behavior, and reducing frictional healing. Negative frictional healing is observed and likely related to the presence of expandable clays, leading to frictional weakness over long time periods. It is suggested that, by controlling frictional strength, phyllosilicate content influences the depth of onset of ductile shear zones, which often underlie these reservoirs and are critical for the horizontal advection and vertical sealing of geothermal fluid. Further, as these types of reservoirs are likely critically stressed, varying degrees of alteration within different reservoir zones can give rise to the formation of stress jumps. Overall, the frictional behavior depended to a first order on overall phyllosilicate content, potentially simplifying engineering studies.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burning of woody debris dominates fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado","authors":"Matthias Forkel, Christine Wessollek, Vincent Huijnen, Niels Andela, Adrianus de Laat, Daniel Kinalczyk, Christopher Marrs, Dave van Wees, Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, Dominic Fawcett, Johannes W. Kaiser, Carine Klauberg, Erico Kutchartt, Rodrigo Leite, Wei Li, Carlos Silva, Stephen Sitch, Jefferson Goncalves De Souza, Sönke Zaehle, Stephen Plummer","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01637-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01637-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Amazon forest is fire sensitive, but, where fires were uncommon as a natural disturbance, deforestation and drought are accelerating fire occurrences, which threaten the integrity of the tropical forest, the carbon cycle and air quality. Fire emissions depend on fuel amount and type, moisture conditions and burning behaviour. Higher-resolution satellite data have helped more accurately map global burnt areas; however, the effects of fuels on the combustion process and on the composition of fire emissions remain uncertain in current fire emissions inventories. By using multiple Earth observation-based approaches, here we show that total fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are dominated by smouldering combustion of woody debris. The representation of woody debris and surface litter presents a critical uncertainty in fire emissions inventories and global vegetation models. For the fire season 1 August to 31 October 2020, for which all approaches are available, we found <span>(372^{605}_{277},mathrm{Tg})</span> (median and range across approaches) of dry matter burnt, corresponding to carbon monoxide emissions of <span>(39.1^{59}_{27},mathrm{Tg})</span>. Our results emphasize how Earth observation approaches for fuel and fire dynamics and of atmospheric trace gases reduce uncertainties of fire emission estimates. The findings enable diagnosing the representation of fuels, wildfire combustion and its effects on atmospheric composition and the carbon cycle in global vegetation–fire models.</p>","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143044122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CUG-STCN: A seabed topography classification framework based on knowledge graph-guided vision mamba network","authors":"Haoyi Wang, Weitao Chen, Xianju Li, Qianyong Liang, Xuwen Qin, Jun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104383","url":null,"abstract":"Multibeam sounding is a high-precision remote sensing method for seabed detection. Seabed topography classification is crucial for marine science research, resource exploration and engineering. When using multibeam data for seabed topography automatic classification, the fuzzy boundaries of different topographic entities, redundancy of multimodal data, and the lack of geological knowledge guidance have led to low classification accuracy. Thus, a knowledge graph-guided vision mamba seabed topography classification network (CUG-STCN) was constructed, consisting of three modules: (1) The long sequence modeling mamba-based encoder addresses the fuzzy seabed topography boundary. It uses 2D-selective-scan to create image blocks in different scanning directions. By combining with the selective state space model to capture long-range dependencies and ensure transmission of spatial context information while maintaining linear computational complexity. (2) The cross-modal information interaction and fusion module addresses the redundancy of multimodal information. By employing a bidirectional information interaction mechanism, it captures the correlations of seabed topography between different modalities and achieving feature fusion. (3) The seabed topography knowledge graph-guided semantic perception module guides the geological knowledge. It constructs seabed topography knowledge vectors through entity query and word embedding, using the similarity between vectors to create a similarity measurement matrix. It provides geological knowledge, enhancing the modeling capability of complex seabed topography relationship. CUG-STCN achieves OA of 90.11% and mIOU of 48.50%, outperforming six mainstream networks, which at most, achieve the OA and mIOU improvements of 5.37% and 14.18%. Notably, the application of CUG-STCN in other regions demonstrates its strong generalization performance.","PeriodicalId":50341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","volume":"530 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Secondary Recoil Leaders in the Formation of Subsequent Return Strokes","authors":"Ivan T. Cruz, Marcelo M. F. Saba, José Claudio O. Silva, Carina Schumann","doi":"10.1029/2024gl110492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110492","url":null,"abstract":"Recoil leaders develop in lightning flash decayed channels. The propagation of a recoil leader depends on the charges stored at its tip and the conductivity of the decayed channel. When the recoil leader propagates over the entire channel, a subsequent return stroke happens. Recoil leaders very often cease propagating before they reach the ground, that is, only part of the decayed channel is reionized. The present work aims to analyze the herein named secondary recoil leader that connect with the primary recoil leaders and cause them to start propagating again. We believe that the secondary recoil leader injects additional charge into the primary recoil leader, allowing the recoil leader reionize the whole decayed channel of the lightning flash. High-speed videos analysis of upward lightning flashes shows that secondary recoil leaders play an important role on the formation and progression of dart leaders/subsequent return strokes.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"174 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143050885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual and persistent easterlies restrained the 2023/24 El Niño development after a triple-dip La Niña","authors":"Ji-Won Kim, Baijun Tian, Jin-Yi Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41612-024-00890-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00890-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 2023/24 El Niño, emerging after a rare triple-dip La Niña, garnered global attention due to its potential to evolve into an extreme event, given the largest accumulation of warm water in the equatorial western Pacific since 1980. Despite initial expectations, its growth rate unexpectedly decelerated in mid-2023, preventing it from reaching the anticipated intensity. Here, we show through observational analyses that unusual easterly anomalies over the tropical western-central Pacific, persisting after the end of the preceding La Niña, significantly contributed to this slowdown. A prominent east‒west sea surface temperature gradient in the region has been identified as the crucial factor associated with these unusual and persistent easterly anomalies. This temperature gradient is directly attributed to a negative North Pacific Meridional Mode and a deepened thermocline over the Philippine Sea. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the atypical transition from a prolonged multi-year La Niña to an El Niño.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143044120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Cryosphere Dynamics by Distributed Acoustic Sensing and Data-Driven Hydro-Thermo Coupled Simulation","authors":"Haoyuan Sun, Feng Cheng, Jianghai Xia, Jianbo Guan, Zefeng Li, Jonathan B. Ajo-Franklin","doi":"10.1029/2024gl111188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl111188","url":null,"abstract":"As global warming continues, the Earth's cryosphere is experiencing severe degradation. This study leverages a novel combination of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and artificial intelligence to monitor and decipher cryospheric dynamics. We have developed an advanced time-lapse surface wave analysis workflow to capture shear wave velocity changes &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/271447fe-299d-4ebd-bc13-d06bf0581d3d/grl68843-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"108\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68843-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"0,5\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis normal upper Delta v right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mi&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mi&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;/mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;/mjx-math&gt;&lt;mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68843:grl68843-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68843-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"0,5\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis normal upper Delta v right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"&gt;&lt;mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\"&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-chil","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143044693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of Synoptic-Scale Precipitation Events Recorded by Daily Resolved δ18O of Land Snail Shells","authors":"Guozhen Wang, Jibao Dong, Qian Zhang, Sheng He, Chengcheng Liu, Fan Luo, Yana Jia, Xiulan Zong, Miaohong He, Tao Han, Gang Xue, Yang Li, John Dodson, Hong Yan","doi":"10.1029/2024gl112536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl112536","url":null,"abstract":"Land snails exhibit the potential for capturing synoptic-scale precipitation events through the δ¹⁸O records of their shells (δ¹⁸O_shell), but the application is hindered by the absence of a practical methodology for tracking these events. Here, we developed a statistical methodology to track the synoptic-scale precipitation events from daily resolved snail body fluid δ¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O_BF) record. We further tested and verified our approach using daily resolved δ¹⁸O_shell records of modern <i>Cathaica fasciola</i> from the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The reconstructed 3-day-timescale precipitation events frequencies using first derivations of δ¹⁸O_BF and δ¹⁸O_shell shows strong agreement with instrumental data (&gt;85% detection accuracy). The strong correlation between precipitation days in snail-growing-season and annual precipitation amounts across the CLP also permits the reconstruction of synoptical precipitation frequency for investigating the interannual variability of precipitation. Our study paves the avenue in paleoweather study, enabling quantitative reconstructions of past synoptic-scale precipitation events.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143044337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Unified Model for Geofluid Nonlinear Flows in Rock Fractures","authors":"Jia-Qing Zhou, Fu-Shuo Gan, Yi-Feng Chen, Jie Tan, Liangqing Wang, Zhi-Jie Che, Jiu Jimmy Jiao","doi":"10.1029/2024jb030154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb030154","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we numerically investigated the multi-scale flow features of 43 types of geofluids (including 18 real geofluids and 25 parametric fluids) within rock fractures under different roughness and hydrodynamic conditions. Our findings demonstrate that the generalized Forchheimer equation, an extension of Darcy's law for nonlinear flows, effectively captures the nonlinear flow features of these diverse fluids. While changes in fluid properties have minimal impact on Darcy's viscous permeability, they significantly influence Forchheimer inertial permeability and the critical Reynolds number. These dependencies are mechanistically attributed to the regulation of eddy growth rate in fractures by fluid properties. Building on these mechanistic insights, we developed two types of models for predicting inertial permeability and critical Reynolds number across various geofluids within a unified framework. One model extrapolates predictions from the results of classical standard water flow, while another enables direct prediction based on the mean and variance of the fracture aperture field.","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143044694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}