地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Broad‐scale climate patterns combined with local flow and turbidity disturbances structure the seasonality of gross primary production in an aridland river","authors":"Betsy M. Summers, Robert O. Hall, Justin K. Reale, Eric Joseph, Mark C. Stone, David J. Van Horn","doi":"10.1002/lno.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70173","url":null,"abstract":"Both local and global climate phenomena shape the hydrologic regimes of watersheds. For aridland rivers in the southwestern United States, peak flows occur during two distinct periods: spring snowmelt and summer monsoons. Although discharge (<jats:italic>Q</jats:italic>) is a primary driver of variation in the production and consumption of instream organic matter, or stream metabolism, few connection have been made regarding how climate impacts ecosystem processes through changes in flow and related disturbances. We considered how variation in disturbance variables, specifically <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> and associated changes in turbidity, affected gross primary production during spring snowmelt and summer monsoons in the Rio Grande. Nine years of continuous environmental data (<jats:italic>Q</jats:italic>, turbidity, light) and climate indices (i.e., El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and Monsoon Index) were used to explain the variation in gross primary production estimates. We found that relationships were sensitive to the timescale of disturbance: at the seasonal scale, high snowmelt <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> decreased spring mean gross primary production, while at the daily scale, high turbidity, and to a lesser extent <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic>, reduced gross primary production during summer. Also, mean <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> and turbidity disturbances were uncoupled in spring and inversely related in summer. We conclude that long‐term datasets are essential to uncover emergent relationships between broad‐scale climate patterns and ecosystem processes and are necessary to better understand how hydroclimatic variability drives ecosystem processes at varying time scales in rivers across Earth.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Persistent Downstream Magnetic Oscillations at the Earth Bow Shock","authors":"M. Golan,&nbsp;M. Gedalin","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034321","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The redistribution of the directed flow energy in a collisionless shock is the central problem of shock physics. The incident ion energy is transferred to ion and electron heating, acceleration of a small fraction of particles, and enhancement of the magnetic field. The mean magnetic field enhancement is determined by the standard boundary conditions. Recently, shocks were observed in which the amplitude of the persisting downstream magnetic fluctuations exceeded the mean downstream field. The question of the ubiquity of the phenomenon is of utmost importance since it would require re-consideration of the boundary conditions. It may also mean that the effective magnetic field in supernova remnant shocks may be currently grossly underestimated. Using the Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of the Earth bow shock, we analyze the dependence of the relative amplitude of the downstream magnetic fluctuations on the main shock parameters. It is found that large fluctuations are typical for quasi-parallel shocks and higher Mach numbers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JA034321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sampling Regime Effects on Detecting Spatial Stability of Water Quality","authors":"Dan Dai, Nicolas Fernandez, Matthew J. Cohen, James W. Jawitz","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038844","url":null,"abstract":"Protecting surface water quality can be complicated by high spatiotemporal variability. Pollutant sources and transport pathways may be identified through sufficiently high‐density monitoring sites and high‐frequency sampling, but practical considerations necessitate tradeoffs between spatial and temporal resolution in water quality monitoring network design. We examined how tradeoffs in sampling density and frequency affect measures of spatiotemporal variability in water quality, emphasizing pattern stability over time. We quantified the spatial stability of stream water quality across &gt;250 monitoring sites in the intensively monitored watershed draining to Lake Okeechobee, FL using Spearman's rank correlations between instantaneous observations and site long‐term means for each parameter. We found that water quality spatial patterns for geogenic, biogenic, and anthropogenic parameters were generally stable on decadal timescales for all solutes, and that sampling densely in space yields more information than sampling frequently in time. Variations in spatial stability decreased with increased sampling density but not with greater sampling frequency, attesting to the dominance of spatial variability over temporal variability. For nutrients, the spatial coefficient of variation (CV) was approximately double the temporal CV. Spatial stability of most solutes was similar across flow conditions, but high‐flow monitoring allows for more sites that effectively capture the long‐term spatial patterns of nutrient sources. Water quality monitoring regimes can be optimized for efficiency in capturing water quality patterns and should be adjusted to focus more on spatial variation. We discuss potential improvements for water quality monitoring, particularly in watersheds where scarce resources necessitate tradeoffs between sampling density and frequency.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Occurrence Morphology of Higher Band ECH Waves in the Magnetosphere Derived From MMS Observations","authors":"Aojun Ren,&nbsp;Jiang Yu,&nbsp;Xiaoman Liu,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Zuzheng Chen,&nbsp;Jiawen Chen,&nbsp;Dong Wei,&nbsp;Liuyuan Li,&nbsp;Jun Cui,&nbsp;Jinbin Cao","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves, which are electrostatic emissions outside the plasmasphere, are of great interest because of their essential role in producing diffuse auroras. Since they are commonly observed in the first band, the global distributions of those waves in higher bands remain unknown in the magnetosphere. Using Magnetospheric Multiscale satellite data, we present the global occurrence morphology of higher band ECH waves in the magnetosphere. Higher band ECH waves are widespread in the pre-midnight to post-noon magnetosphere with occurrence rates slightly lower and spatial distribution narrower than the first band. They predominantly occur near the magnetic equator at <i>L</i> = 4–9 on the nightside but are more prevalent and extend to the duskside at high latitudes at <i>L</i> = 9–12 on the dayside. As the geomagnetic activity intensifies, their occurrence rates show an increasing tendency and their spatial coverage expands radially and azimuthally. Our results potentially contribute to understanding the magnetospheric electron dynamics driven by ECH waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Resolved Gravity Waves on Global-Scale Wave Variability in the Ionosphere-Thermosphere: Insights From WACCM-X, ICON, and COSMIC-2","authors":"Federico Gasperini,&nbsp;Hanli Liu","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurately representing the generation and evolution of global-scale wave structures in the ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) system remains a central challenge for whole-atmosphere models. The IT region exhibits substantial day-to-day variability driven by external forcing and internally generated waves. Among the most prominent internal drivers are non-migrating tides and ultra-fast Kelvin waves (UFKWs), which modulate electrodynamics and plasma distributions via wave-driven neutral winds. This study evaluates a high-resolution configuration of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere-ionosphere extension (HR-WACCM-X) in simulating global-scale waves during September 2021, a period of enhanced vertical coupling and quiet geomagnetic conditions. Focusing on the eastward diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3) and the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>3-day UFKW, we show that HR-WACCM-X captures more realistic amplitudes, vertical structures, latitudinal extent, and variability than coarse-resolution runs. The HR simulation reproduces observed DE3 and UFKW signals in equatorial thermospheric winds and associated electron density perturbations, with correlation coefficients of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.43</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $r=0.43$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>–0.63 in agreement with ICON/MIGHTI and COSMIC-2/GIS observations. Improved vertical propagation and in situ wave generation above <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>200 km yield enhanced spectral fidelity and spatial coherence in the thermospheric response. In contrast, coarse-resolution simulations underestimate amplitudes and miss key spectral features, reflecting limitations from nudging and parameterized gravity wave schemes. These results underscore the importance of resolving small-scale gravity waves to capture multiscale variability and electrodynamic coupling. The findings support the use of high-resolution whole-atmosphere models for advancing understanding of vertical coupling and wave-driven IT dynamics and provide a benchmark for future observational missions and space weather modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass-Independent Fractionation of Mercury Stable Isotopes Reveals Atmospheric Transport Impact on Particulate-Bound Mercury","authors":"Xuechao Qin,&nbsp;Xinyuan Dong,&nbsp;Congqiang Liu,&nbsp;Rongfei Wei,&nbsp;Zhenghua Tao,&nbsp;Hua Zhang,&nbsp;Qingjun Guo","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric particulate-bound mercury (PBM), adsorbed onto aerosols like TSP and PM_2.5 (PBM_TSP and PBM_2.5), is crucial to the Hg biogeochemical cycle. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation and transportation of PBM remain unclear. This study aims to explore these mechanisms by utilizing Hg isotopes and collecting PBM_TSP and PBM_2.5 samples at five distinct sites in North China. Both PBM_TSP and PBM_2.5 exhibited positive odd and even mass-independent fractionation (MIF), with Δ¹⁹⁹Hg values in PBM_2.5 enriched by 0.25 ± 0.35‰ relative to PBM_TSP. The slopes between Δ¹⁹⁹Hg and Δ²⁰¹Hg, along with sulfur MIF and backward trajectories, suggest that intense photoreduction reactions during long-distance and high-altitude transport are the primary driver of the elevated Δ¹⁹⁹Hg in fine particulate matter. Importantly, significant positive MIF signatures can occur not only in remote areas but also in anthropogenic Hg emission regions, underscoring the underestimated role of atmospheric transport, particularly on clean days.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated carbon dioxide enhances polyunsaturated fatty acids in Isochrysis galbana and improves rotifer growth through algal feeding","authors":"Yitong Wang, Xi Zhu, Yuna Wang, Xingxing Cai, Hao Long, Aiyou Huang, Yanhua Zeng, Wei Ren, Zhenyu Xie, Xiaoni Cai","doi":"10.1002/lno.70195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70195","url":null,"abstract":"Elevated atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> levels directly affect marine primary producers by altering their photosynthetic efficiency and biochemical composition, thereby modifying nutrient transfer throughout marine food webs. This study examines the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic responses of the microalga <jats:italic>Isochrysis galbana</jats:italic> when cultured under elevated CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> level (1000 <jats:italic>μ</jats:italic>atm CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) and current ambient CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> level (420 <jats:italic>μ</jats:italic>atm CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) conditions, as well as the subsequent effects of feeding these algae to rotifer (<jats:italic>Brachionus plicatilis</jats:italic>). Under high CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> conditions, <jats:italic>I. galbana</jats:italic> exhibited enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, carbon fixation, and energy metabolism, driven by the upregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis, the Calvin‐Benson cycle, and glycolysis. These molecular adaptations increased the growth rate by 24% and increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by 8%, including docosahexaenoic acid, which improves the nutritional quality of the alga. Feeding experiments demonstrated that rotifers fed with <jats:italic>I. galbana</jats:italic> grown under high‐CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> conditions exhibited improved growth and enriched PUFA profiles, highlighting the potential for high‐CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐induced changes in primary producers to enhance trophic transfer efficiency. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying <jats:italic>I. galbana</jats:italic>'s response to elevated CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and its ecological implications. The findings emphasize the capacity of marine microalgae to adapt to environmental changes and highlight the cascading effects of elevated CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> on marine food web nutrition and dynamics.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Use of \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 N\u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 ${mathbf{N}}_{mathbf{2}}$\u0000 O as a Light-Path Proxy for Accurate Greenhouse Gas Measurements From Space","authors":"C. Frankenberg,&nbsp;S. Sanghavi,&nbsp;A. Saha,&nbsp;P. O. Wennberg,&nbsp;D. J. Jacob,&nbsp;A. M. Michalak","doi":"10.1029/2024GL114131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL114131","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Accurate greenhouse gas retrievals require either precise radiative transfer modeling or light-path proxies to separate trace gas variations from photon path-length changes caused by scattering. Nitrous oxide (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${mathrm{N}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;O) is a compelling light-path proxy, particularly in challenging environments such as the humid tropics, where current retrieval methods face low data yields due to persistent partial cloud cover and substantial surface heterogeneity. This study evaluates &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${mathrm{N}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;O as a proxy for &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CO}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CH&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CH}}_{4}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; retrievals, leveraging its spectral proximity and atmospheric stability. Radiative transfer simulations demonstrate that &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${mathrm{N}}_{2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;O effectively mitigates errors from scattering and albedo variability, especially for &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CH&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${text{CH}}_{4}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, demonstrating consistent performance across high aerosol optical depths and low albedos. While &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;CO&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotatio","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL114131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater and Salinity Responses to Land Reclamation in Jiaozhou Bay (China): Field Observations and Modeling","authors":"Manhua Luo, Hailong Li, Kai Xiao, Wenjing Qu, Rong Mao","doi":"10.1029/2025wr039936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr039936","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal groundwater dynamics and solute transport are influenced by multiple factors including land reclamation, evaporation, and tidal fluctuations. However, their quantitative impacts on groundwater flow and salinity distribution in large‐scale muddy tidal flats remain insufficiently understood. This study combines field measurements and numerical simulations to investigate hydraulic heads and groundwater salinity over a spring‐neap tidal cycle in a muddy intertidal transect at Jiaozhou Bay, China. Results show that seepage‐face evaporation significantly increases groundwater salinity toward land, with its intensity modulated by seasonal variability. Based on field observations, we propose a new concept of tidal run‐up, which highlights its role in elevating landward hydraulic heads during rising and high tides. Land reclamation significantly alters groundwater flow patterns, transforming the original multiple circulation cells into a single, large cell in which inland groundwater discharges across the entire intertidal zone. Salinity distribution is jointly controlled by inland freshwater input, evaporation, and tidal forcing. Numerical simulations reveal that land reclamation reduces both outflow and inflow fluxes, and the outflow fluxes along the aquifer‐ocean interface decrease from 12.1 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>/d before reclamation to 7.7 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>/d after reclamation during the observation period, with evaporation contributing 56% and 31% of the total outflow flux, respectively. These findings enhance the understanding of groundwater flow and solute transport in large‐scale muddy tidal flats, and offer important implications for biogeochemical processes in intertidal zones.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forged by bones: bonecoal metalworking process in NW Iberia iron age. The case of Borneiro (Galicia, Spain)","authors":"Samuel Nión-Álvarez,&nbsp;Clara Veiga-Rilo","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02307-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02307-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper analyses a metalworking area from the fortified site of A Cidá de Borneiro (Cabana de Bergantiños, Galicia, Spain). It is focused on a bronze and iron workshop (C9-12) where, in addition to abundant metallurgical evidence and production remains, a large number of thermally altered bone fragments have been documented. The present work proposes a multifactorial analysis to understand together these bones within the context of metalworking activities. For this purpose, an archaeological and functional analysis of the workshop is combined with a morphological study of the bone remains. First, a contextual analysis is defined, examining the archaeological evidence in order to define what kind of activities were developed in the area. Concurrently, a macroscopic analysis of the characteristics and conditions of the bones is carried out, with the aim of identifying thermal alteration processes. As will be demonstrated, this research will confirm that the bones were used as part of the operational production sequence, particularly during the hardening process of objects that require a strong and sharp edge. Finally, we will define and examine the characteristics of this technique from a point of view that encompasses both the technical and symbolic dimensions of metalworking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-025-02307-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}