地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Hydrogen and carbon isotopes of plant leaf wax n-alkanes over the entire Loess Plateau of China: Implications for paloehydroclimatic reconstructions","authors":"Jinzhao Liu ,&nbsp;Dongna Yan ,&nbsp;Jiaju Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuan Yao ,&nbsp;Changfeng Sun ,&nbsp;Yunning Cao ,&nbsp;Zhisheng An","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf wax <em>n</em>-alkanes have been widely used to indicate past changes of hydroclimates. However, the responses of hydrogen (δ²H_wax) and carbon isotopes (δ¹³C_wax) of leaf wax <em>n</em>-alkanes to hydroclimates still remain unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated leaf wax <em>n</em>-alkane compounds such as <em>n</em>-alkanes, δ²H_wax, and δ¹³C_wax values in modern plants throughout the spatial Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP; ∼ 640, 000 km²) across different seasons (spring, summer, autumn), and analyzed the relationships between δ²H_wax and δ¹³C_wax values and hydroclimatic factors. Our results showed that, over the regional-scale CLP, the effects of plant types on leaf wax <em>n</em>-alkanes were prominent, but the seasonal differences became muted. These finding indicates that plant type effects should be considered, but seasonal variations might be ignored, when leaf wax <em>n</em>-alkanes were used to reconstruct paleohydroclimates on the CLP. Additionally, the isotopic apparent fractionations (ε_app values for δ²H_wax; ε_wax/bulk values for δ¹³C_wax) also showed consistent plant type effects, highlighting differences of ε_app values between dicots and monocots and discrepancies of ε_wax/bulk values between C₃ and C₄ plants. Considering plant type effects, δ²H_wax and δ¹³C_wax values from the CLP were consistent with expectations from the global contexts, and they well responded to hydroclimatic factors (temperature and precipitation). The δ²H_wax values in both dicots and monocots likely responded mainly to temperature, but δ¹³C_wax values in C₃ plants primarily reflected precipitation whereas δ¹³C_wax values in C₄ plants primarily reflected temperature. These findings indicate that δ²H_wax and δ¹³C_wax values have great potentials as proxies for paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation on the CLP and globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19928,"journal":{"name":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","volume":"680 ","pages":"Article 113358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145327115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the different roles of urban environment in long- and short-distance outdoor jogging: Evidence from Shanghai, China","authors":"Ziran Ye ,&nbsp;Xinyue Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban environments play a crucial role in shaping physical activity behaviors, with outdoor jogging being one of the most accessible and popular forms of exercise. However, most existing studies focus on modeling all jogging in aggregate rather than differentiating between short- and long-distance jogging, despite their distinct spatial and environmental demands. Hence, this study explores the impact of urban environmental factors on both short- and long-distance outdoor jogging in Shanghai, China. Using advanced spatial machine learning techniques, the effects of various urban features, such as density, accessibility and visual perception on jogging intensity are examined. Our findings reveal that road density and housing prices are the most consistent and influential factors. Short-distance jogging is more influenced by proximity to transport hubs, while long-distance jogging is more related to access to open space. Perceptual variables significantly promote jogging intensity when exceeding a certain threshold. Additionally, short-distance jogging is promoted in more mixed-use and central neighborhoods while long-distance jogging is converse. The study contributes to the understanding of urban health dynamics and offers insights into urban planning strategies that encourage outdoor physical activity and promote healthier lifestyles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48396,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geography","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 103811"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A machine learning-based V-in-olivine oxybarometer for characterizing oxygen fugacity in lunar and terrestrial basalts","authors":"Guang-Shao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhong-Jie Bai ,&nbsp;Wen-Jun Hu ,&nbsp;Jian-Feng Gao ,&nbsp;Wei-Guang Zhu ,&nbsp;Ying-Xiong Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxygen fugacity (<em>f</em>O₂) is essential for understanding the internal structure, evolution, and habitability of terrestrial bodies. However, the mechanisms controlling <em>f</em>O₂ in low-magnesium lunar and terrestrial basalts remain debated due to limitations of existing oxybarometers. Here, we develop a high-precision V-in-olivine oxybarometer using experimental data and machine learning, applicable to both high- and low-magnesium basaltic magmas in the Earth-Moon system. Through this approach, we find that mid-ocean ridge basalts exhibit lower <em>f</em>O₂ than empirical oxybarometers suggest, not supporting the assumption that the asthenospheric mantle is more oxidized than the lithospheric mantle. In arc magmas, <em>f</em>O₂ ranges from ΔFMQ + 0.5 to ΔFMQ + 2.5 and correlates with fluid proxies but not Mg# [molar Mg/(Mg+Fe)], indicating fluid flux as the primary control rather than magma evolution. Lunar basalts show similar <em>f</em>O₂ in high-magnesium types to previous findings but higher <em>f</em>O₂ in low-magnesium varieties, ranging from ΔFMQ - 5.4 to ΔFMQ - 1.9 and correlating with Mg# but age-independent, suggesting control by magma evolution. The differences in <em>f</em>O₂ control between the Earth and Moon during magma evolution arise because magma evolution can alter the ferric-to-total iron ratio, influencing <em>f</em>O₂, with the effect being pronounced under low <em>f</em>O₂ (on the Moon) but minimal under high <em>f</em>O₂ (on Earth). These findings refine the framework for the spatiotemporal evolution of <em>f</em>O₂ in the Earth-Moon system and provide new insights into studying the <em>f</em>O₂ of other celestial bodies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119692"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the functionalized clay on the poly(lactic acid)/polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PLA/PBAT) based biodegradable nanocomposites: Thermal and rheological properties","authors":"Mariia Kostenko ,&nbsp;Yurij Stetsyshyn ,&nbsp;Khrystyna Harhay ,&nbsp;Yuriy Melnyk ,&nbsp;Volodymyr Donchak ,&nbsp;Semen Khomyak ,&nbsp;Oleksandr Ivanukh ,&nbsp;Milan Kracalik","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.108020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.108020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PLA/PBAT-based (Ecovio) nanocomposites were prepared using both pristine and functionalized clays, including PBMA- and PBA-grafted brushes, which were selected for their surface energy compatibility with the PLA phase. XRD analysis confirmed the successful intercalation of clay and good dispersion within the polymer matrix. Thermal analysis revealed the typical two-step degradation pattern (PLA followed by PBAT), with APTES-functionalized clays lowering the peak degradation temperature of PLA to 305 °C. In comparison, PBA-grafted clays increased it to 329 °C compared to 322 °C for neat Ecovio. The addition of nanoclays to Ecovio-based composites did not significantly affect the overall crystallinity of the system. Thermomechanical and FTIR analyses indicated that APTES promoted polymer degradation during processing, whereas PBA grafting helped mitigate these effects. Rheological measurements revealed increased melt elasticity in Ecovio nanocomposites containing PBA-grafted clays without compromising processability, a key advantage for compostable film applications in packaging. Overall, the inclusion of PBA-grafted clays improved both the compatibility and thermal stability of PLA/PBAT-based nanocomposites. Moreover, this work introduces, for the first time, a straightforward strategy for tuning the properties of multi-tonnage industrial composites such as Ecovio, providing a practical approach to enhance performance while preserving compostability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 108020"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentric ionospheric currents driven by teleseismic rayleigh waves from the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake","authors":"Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Gary Egbert ,&nbsp;Baojia Song ,&nbsp;Fangyuan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seismo-magnetic disturbances (SMDs) are transient magnetic field anomalies, induced by seismic waves coupled via atmospheric acoustic gravity waves (AGW) to the ionosphere. Using data from 52 <em>g</em>eomagnetic stations and 764 seismic stations, with a novel data processing scheme to remove background geomagnetic variations, we provide a detailed view of electric currents associated with a travelling SMD triggered by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0). The SMDs lag Rayleigh wave phase arrivals by 6–8 min, corresponding to the time required for acoustic waves to propagate to ionospheric altitudes (110–160 km). The SMDs appear as pulsations at a lower frequency than the driving seismic pulse (4.8 vs. 5.6 mHz), and exhibit a higher Q, with ringing that persists for ∼20 min at some sites. Equivalent ionospheric currents inferred from our array are organized as concentric oscillating circles, centered on the epicenter. These current loops propagate outward with the Rayleigh wave phase velocity (4.08 km/s), but with substantial ringing after passage of the seismic peak. There are coherent large-scale latitude-dependent variations in oscillation frequency and Q, which likely reflect variations in atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, density, and high altitude winds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"671 ","pages":"Article 119676"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of multifunctional hydrophobic silica aerogels with superior thermal safety enabled by a dual flame-retardant strategy","authors":"Miao Liu,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Yang,&nbsp;Zhi Li,&nbsp;Yumin Duan,&nbsp;Zikang Chen,&nbsp;Jiahui Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.108021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.108021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrophobic silica aerogel (HSA) represents a promising thermal insulating material for addressing challenges from climate change and energy consumption. However, its susceptibility to high-temperature sintering and flammability limits its application scope. Herein, a thermal safety regulation strategy was proposed through hypophosphorous acid catalysis and the incorporation of flame-retardant modified halloysite nanotubes. The resulting HSA composite exhibited improved fire resistance, with 16.6 % and 15.5 % reductions in peak of heat release rate and total heat release, respectively. Additionally, after prolonged thermal attack at 800 °C, the skeleton structure of the aerogel remained stable, showing no collapse. Furthermore, the enhancement of the thermal safety of the aerogel did not decrease the hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 142.9°) and heat insulation properties (thermal conductivity of 22.4 mW/m·K). This study provides valuable insights into optimizing the thermal safety of HSA, which broaden its applications in thermal insulation with fire protection requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 108021"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and geochronology of the Paleoproterozoic pegmatite in the northern margin of the North China Craton, China: implications for U-Th-Pb-Nb-Ta-REE polymetallic mineralization","authors":"Hengcong Lei ,&nbsp;Fei Xia ,&nbsp;Quan Ren ,&nbsp;Saibo Dang ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongkang Ye ,&nbsp;Jianbing Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare metals represent strategically critical mineral resources, with rare-metal pegmatite deposits constituting one of their most significant sources. These deposits have become a focal point in contemporary geoscientific research and mineral exploration. This contribution provides the first documentation of extensively outcropped Paleoproterozoic rare-metal mineralized pegmatites along the northern margin of the North China Craton. A representative pegmatite dike from the Daqingshan area was selected for systematic investigation, including field geology, petrology, geochemistry, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology, and EPMA U-Th-Pb_total chemical dating of uraninite. Results reveal significant enrichment of U, Th, Pb, Nb, Ta, and rare earth elements (REE) during the evolution from non-mineralized graphic pegmatite to mineralized varieties. The mineralized pegmatite contains maximum concentrations of 47,300 ppm U, 1,490 ppm Th, 44,800 ppm Pb, 1,940 ppm Nb, 22,600 ppm Ta, and 69,636.3 ppm ΣREEs. These elements primarily occur in polycrase, fergusonite, allanite, uraninite, thorite, zircon, monazite, Y-bearing minerals, and xenotime. Zircon from non-mineralized graphic pegmatite yields a crystallization age of 1876 ± 14 Ma, whereas uraninite from mineralized pegmatite records a U-Th-Pb_total chemical age of ∼ 1854 Ma. These zircons exhibit ε_Hf(t) values ranging from −10.8 to −2.5, corresponding to two-stage Hf model ages (t_DM²) of 2569–3018 Ma (mean = 2769 Ma). Integrated with field evidence and existing data, we propose that these pegmatites formed via melt migration following Paleoproterozoic high- to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and anatexis of ancient North China Craton crust. Their emplacement likely correlates with the late-stage assembly of the Columbia supercontinent during the transition from compressional to extensional tectonics. The extreme rare-metal enrichment predominantly resulted from magmatic fractional crystallization, with subordinate contributions from late-stage hydrothermal processes. This study advances metallogenic theories of Paleoproterozoic rare-metal pegmatites in China and provides critical insights for exploration targeting ancient rare-metal deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 106948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison Study of Upper Stratosphere and Lower Mesosphere Temperature Climatology Over Beijing (40.5°N, 116.2°E) and Haikou (19.9°N, 110.3°E), China With Rayleigh Lidar and TIMED/SABER Measurements","authors":"Yuxuan Wu,&nbsp;Zelong Wang,&nbsp;Kexin Wang,&nbsp;Wenhao Ruan,&nbsp;Lifang Du,&nbsp;Haoran Zheng,&nbsp;Jing Jiao,&nbsp;Zhiqing Chen,&nbsp;Yuchang Xun,&nbsp;Guotao Yang","doi":"10.1029/2025JA033948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA033948","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The observation and study of middle atmospheric temperatures play a crucial role in understanding various complex dynamical and radiative processes. Based on Rayleigh lidar measurements from Beijing (40.5°N, 116.2°E) and Haikou (19.9°N, 110.3°E) in 2022 and 2023, over a total of 249 and 139 nights comprising 2,237 and 1,276 hr, respectively, this study analyzes and compares the atmospheric temperature variation characteristics between 30 and 60 km in the middle and low latitudes. The results reveal significant differences in temperature variations between the two locations. The monthly mean stratopause temperature over Beijing varies between 253 and 267 K, exhibiting an annual oscillation (AO). In contrast, the stratopause temperature over Haikou varies between 263 and 273 K, showing a semi-annual oscillation (SAO). The temperatures are used to derive the seasonal variation of lapse rate (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mo>∂</mo>\u0000 <mover>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mo>‾</mo>\u0000 </mover>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mo>∂</mo>\u0000 <mi>z</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${-}mathit{partial }overline{T}/mathit{partial }z$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) and the buoyancy frequency square (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${N}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>). The lapse rate and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${N}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> in both locations exhibit an annual oscillation, with summer extrema in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. Beijing has greater stability in the lower mesosphere, while Haikou shows higher stability in the upper stratosphere. Using the SABER kinetic temperature data set from 2023, which spans 50°S–50°N and 180°W–180°E, it was found that the boundary between AO and SAO in stratopause temperature is located around 28°N and 18°S, respectively, highlighting an asymmetric structure between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, which is potentially driven by the stronger intensity of AO in the Southern Hemisphere. This work enhances the understanding of the relationship between the seasonal variations of stratopause temperature and geographical latitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145317387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The GFDL-CM4X Climate Model Hierarchy, Part I: Model Description and Thermal Properties","authors":"Stephen M. Griffies,&nbsp;Alistair Adcroft,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Beadling,&nbsp;Mitchell Bushuk,&nbsp;Chiung-Yin Chang,&nbsp;Henri F. Drake,&nbsp;Raphael Dussin,&nbsp;Robert W. Hallberg,&nbsp;William J. Hurlin,&nbsp;Hemant Khatri,&nbsp;John P. Krasting,&nbsp;Matthew Lobo,&nbsp;Graeme A. MacGilchrist,&nbsp;Brandon G. Reichl,&nbsp;Aakash Sane,&nbsp;Olga Sergienko,&nbsp;Maike Sonnewald,&nbsp;Jacob M. Steinberg,&nbsp;Jan-Erik Tesdal,&nbsp;Matthew Thomas,&nbsp;Katherine E. Turner,&nbsp;Marshall L. Ward,&nbsp;Michael Winton,&nbsp;Niki Zadeh,&nbsp;Laure Zanna,&nbsp;Rong Zhang,&nbsp;Wenda Zhang,&nbsp;Ming Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004861","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We present the GFDL-CM4X (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 4X) coupled climate model hierarchy. The primary application for CM4X is to investigate ocean and sea ice physics as part of a realistic coupled Earth climate model. CM4X utilizes an updated MOM6 (Modular Ocean Model version 6) ocean physics package relative to CM4.0, and there are two members of the hierarchy: one that uses a horizontal grid spacing of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.25&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $0.25{}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (referred to as CM4X-p25) and the other that uses a &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.125&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $0.125{}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; grid (CM4X-p125). CM4X also refines its atmospheric grid from the nominally 100 km (cubed sphere C96) of CM4.0–50 km (C192). Finally, CM4X simplifies the land model to allow for a more focused study of the role of ocean changes to global mean climate. CM4X-p125 reaches a global ocean area mean heat flux imbalance of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.02&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${-}0.02hspace*{.5em}mathrm{W}hspace*{.5em}{mathrm{m}}^{-2}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; within &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;150&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $mathcal{O}(150)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; years in a pre-industrial simulation, and retains that thermally equilibrated state over the subsequent centuries. This 1850 thermal equilibrium is characterized by roughly &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;400&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;ZJ&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $400hspace*{.5em}text{ZJ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; less ocean heat than present-day, which corresponds to estimates for anthropogenic ocean heat uptake between 1870 and present-day.","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145317647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating E3SM Global Storm-Resolving Model Simulations of Deep Convection: Insights From DP-SCREAM During TRACER","authors":"Raymond Kwaku Twumasi Oware,&nbsp;Youtong Zheng,&nbsp;Peter Bogenschutz,&nbsp;Yunyan Zhang,&nbsp;Hsi-Yen Ma,&nbsp;Shaocheng Xie,&nbsp;Cheng Tao","doi":"10.1029/2025JD044113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global Storm-Resolving Models (GSRMs) are becoming increasingly vital for advancing climate modeling and improving the prediction of extreme weather events. Houston, a coastal region frequently affected by deep convective storms, offers an ideal setting to evaluate the ability of GSRMs to simulate deep convection. This study assesses the performance of the Doubly Periodic Simple Cloud-Resolving E3SM (Energy Exascale Earth System Model) Atmosphere Model (DP-SCREAM) using observations from the TRacking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) campaign. DP-SCREAM effectively reproduces the diurnal cycles of clouds and precipitation, demonstrating much greater skill than the E3SM single column model. The DP-SCREAM is demonstrated to be applicable to coastal regions, partially due to the forcing data sets already capturing the influence of breezes. DP-SCREAM also replicates biases persistent in the global version of SCREAM: the underrepresentation of boundary layer shallow clouds, a lack of mid-level congestus clouds, and the popcorn convection, characterized by small and disorganized convective cells generating the strongest precipitation. To investigate these issues, two sensitivity experiments were conducted: increasing the mixing length and scaling up the buoyancy flux within the Simplified Higher Order Closure scheme. Increasing the mixing length improved mid-level congestus representation and reduced unrealistic early morning fog occurrence. Enhancing buoyancy flux only marginally improved the bias of underproduced big convective cells. An additional resolution sensitivity test at 0.5 km grid spacing demonstrated that a refined horizontal resolution alone is insufficient to resolve these biases.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145317663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}