Geofluids最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic Stability Assessment of Stratified Argillaceous Sandstone Anchorages Under Seismic Load and Dry–Wet Cycles","authors":"Wei Chen,&nbsp;Shang Luo,&nbsp;Yupeng Gu,&nbsp;Yushuo Zhang,&nbsp;Jingcheng Zheng","doi":"10.1155/gfl/8854959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/8854959","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For the suspension bridge construction located at the site of high seismic intensity, the stability of the anchorage foundation under the seismic load considerably affects the safety of the suspension bridge. Based on a suspension bridge case in southwest China, this study investigated the occurrence of earthquakes in this area and synthesized the artificially designed seismic waves that meet the requirements of the specification. Simultaneously, the FLAC3D numerical model was established, and the dynamic stability of the gravity anchorage foundation system under artificially designed seismic waves was analyzed. The results indicated that under the seismic load, the anchorage foundation system was globally stable, and small sliding and shear damage could be observed on the surface of rock strata. With the seismic load and dry–wet cycles combined, the anchorage foundation’s horizontal displacement and vertical settlement increased, the horizontal displacement was nearly doubled, and the shear plastic zone was enlarged. The grouting reinforcement could strengthen the connection between the anchorage and the surrounding rock strata, reducing the surrounding rock strata’s dynamic shear strain, particularly from 6 × 10⁻³ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ at the midsection of the slope. The safety factor at the base of the foundation pit fluctuated around 1.0 before reinforcement, increasing to greater than 2.5 after reinforcement.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/8854959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Height Propagation Law and Controlling Strategies of Acid Fractures in Carbonate Gas Reservoirs With Bottom Water Layer Under Different Stress Profiles","authors":"Jian Yang,&nbsp;Weihua Chen,&nbsp;Zixi Jiao,&nbsp;Jiexiao Ye,&nbsp;Song Li,&nbsp;Qiuyun Hu,&nbsp;Haiyan Zhu,&nbsp;Zhaopeng Zhang","doi":"10.1155/gfl/5578206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/5578206","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Acid fracturing is currently employed to develop the carbonate gas reservoir in the second section of the Dengying Formation at the Anyue Gas Field, Sichuan Basin. However, improper acid-fracturing operational parameters pose a risk of fracture communication with the bottom water layer, leading to increased water production and a significant decline in gas productivity. In this study, numerical simulations were performed using FracPro PT software, taking into account the geological characteristics of the second section of the Dengying Formation. The analysis considered various in situ stress profiles and different vertical distances to the bottom water layer (<i>H</i>_w) to explore effective strategies for controlling fracture height during acid treatment. The results indicate that injection volume, injection rate, permeability, stress difference between the reservoir and the barrier (<i>Δ</i><i>σ</i>), and acid viscosity are the key factors affecting fracture height growth. When the reservoir stress is 4 MPa higher than that of the barrier and <i>H</i>_w is less than 70 m, it is recommended to construct an artificial barrier above the bottom water layer to increase <i>Δ</i><i>σ</i> by 4.0 to 5.0 MPa and to inject 160 m³ of gelled acid at a rate of 5.0 to 6.0 m³/min to prevent fracture communication with the bottom water layer. Conversely, when reservoir stress is 4 MPa lower than the barrier and the vertical distance <i>H</i>_w is greater than 50 m, over 200 m³ of gelled acid can be injected at a rate exceeding 6.0 m³/min to achieve the largest stimulated reservoir volume due to effective containment by the barriers. Furthermore, when the stress gradient is positive (e.g., 113–115–117 MPa) and <i>H</i>_w exceeds 30 m, more than 200 m³ of gelled acid can be injected at a rate greater than 7.0 m³/min, benefiting from the barrier effect of the lower layer. On the other hand, for a negative stress gradient (e.g., 117–115–113 MPa) and <i>H</i>_w less than 50 m, an artificial barrier must be established to increase <i>Δ</i><i>σ</i> by at least 6.0 MPa. In this scenario, a limited acid volume of 120 m³ is recommended, injected at a rate of 7.0 to 8.0 m³/min to avoid excessive fracture height growth reaching the bottom water layer. Based on the optimal acid treatment strategy for controlling fracture height, a field application was carried out at the Gaoshi-X well. The initial daily production rate reached 17.6 × 10⁴ m³/day and subsequently stabilized at 13.5 × 10⁴ m³/day, achieving both high and stable production. The conclusions drawn from this study aim to provide theoretical guidance for optimizing acid-fracturing designs in carbonate gas reservoirs with bottom water, ultimately enhancing production effectiveness while mitigating associated risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/5578206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oilfield Production Prediction Method Based on Multi-Input CNN-LSTM With Attention Mechanism","authors":"Lihui Tang,&nbsp;Zhenpeng Wang,&nbsp;Yajun Gao,&nbsp;Hao Wu,&nbsp;Wenbo Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Xie","doi":"10.1155/gfl/6195991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/6195991","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Oil production prediction is crucial for the formulation of adjustment strategies, enhancement of recovery rates, and guidance of production in oilfields. Traditional production prediction methods based on reservoir numerical simulation are costly, challenging, and heavily influenced by human experience, while the application of production prediction models such as decline curves yields poor results. To achieve rapid, low-cost, and intelligent oil production prediction, we propose a multi-input deep neural network model combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks with an attention mechanism. This model achieves prediction through two primary input paths: firstly, utilizing CNN to extract spatial dynamic features between wells to capture interwell production relationships and secondly, employing LSTM to extract temporal dynamic features of the oilfield. The model combines the attention mechanism to strengthen the key information. Additionally, to quantify the impact of different input features on production, we adopt a random forest algorithm to assess feature importance and optimize data input through assigned weights. Finally, the trained model is used to forecast oilfield production. Three sets of comparative experiments are conducted in this paper. Experiment 1 confirms that the new method outperforms previous methods in prediction performance. Experiment 2 demonstrates that the multi-input model exhibits superior prediction performance compared to single-input models. Experiment 3 verifies that the combination of importance weight initialization and the attention mechanism significantly enhances the accuracy of the model’s predictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/6195991","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Pore Structure Quantitative Characterization and Enhanced Oil Recovery During Air/CO2 Flooding of Shale Reservoir With Online NMR","authors":"Chuanyi Tang,&nbsp;Meng Du,&nbsp;Jiaxing Liu,&nbsp;Lei Bai,&nbsp;Hui Tian,&nbsp;Zhihong Li,&nbsp;Liang Xu,&nbsp;Qiang Luo,&nbsp;Hongxian Liu,&nbsp;Liguo Zhou,&nbsp;Zhengming Yang","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9287658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9287658","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Injecting air or CO₂ into shale reservoirs can significantly enhance oil recovery (EOR) following the initial depletion. However, effectively characterizing the complex pore structure of shale reservoirs poses a challenge, leading to an incomplete understanding of the seepage mechanism and microscopic production characteristics of air/CO₂ flooding at different pore scales. In this study, we characterized the microscopic pore structure of shale reservoirs through the reconstruction of visual and quantitative digital cores in multiple dimensions. Subsequently, the online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) air/CO₂ flooding experiments were conducted, and the production characteristics and influencing factors of microscopic pore crude oil were quantitatively studied. The results show that the pore structure characteristics and connectivity of shale reservoirs are highly intricate and the deterioration of reservoir physical properties correlates with a decreasing trend in pore-throat coordination numbers and heterogeneity. Shale oil primarily occurs in three types of pores (&lt; 0.1, 0.1–1, and 1–10 <i>μ</i>m), and improving micronanopore recovery is urgent for EOR. Crude oil production is observed during the air and oil molecule generation low-temperature oxidation (LTO) reaction. Additionally, CO₂ accelerates mass transfer and oil and gas extraction through molecular diffusion effects, substantially improving shale oil recovery; however, significant differences exist in the microscopic production characteristics of air/CO₂ flooding. High-oxygen-concentration air flooding or high-pressure CO₂ proves beneficial for EOR, especially for small pores and macropores, which contribute 45.75%–53.42% recovery. This study provides scientific and theoretical support for clarifying the microscopic production characteristics and efficient development of shale oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9287658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Macro- and Micromechanical Characteristics of Mudstone Under Dynamic Impact Based on FDM-DEM Coupling","authors":"Jiangkun Yang,&nbsp;Hongfa Ma,&nbsp;Feng Wang,&nbsp;Yuzhong Shen,&nbsp;Linfeng Shi","doi":"10.1155/gfl/4731135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/4731135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The blasting at a site can cause impact disturbances to an open-pit mine slope. For further study the dynamic mechanical properties of rock masses in open-pit mine slope, in this paper, the mudstone of an open-pit slope in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China was taken as research object. Through an indoor split-Hopkinson impact test and a finite difference method and discrete element method coupling simulation (FDM-DEM), the macro and micro impact mechanical response of mudstone under different impact velocities was studied. The results showed that under dynamic load, mudstone exhibited significant strain rate effects. The postpeak plasticity varied in exponentially increasing changes. The crack propagation process in mudstone can be divided into undamaged, initiation, propagation, and rupture stages. As the impact velocity increased, the initiation stage exhibited more microcracks, and the cracks opening in the rupture stage became larger. The 3D coupling numerical model can satisfy stress effectiveness during the dynamic impact process. During the impact process, microcracks increased sharply before the peak stress, and there was a strain lag between the maximum point of crack increment and the peak point of stress. A large number of internal microcracks developed during the postpeak stage, and the cumulative crack increment exhibited a reverse “Z” shape.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/4731135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Controlling Effect of Synsedimentary Normal Faults on Regional Gas Occurrence","authors":"Man Wang,&nbsp;Weihua Song,&nbsp;Huice Jiao","doi":"10.1155/gfl/5955281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/5955281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Taking the Guodishan Fault as an example, the regional geological evolution background and measured gas parameters were analyzed, and the gas occurrence characteristics in the region and the control effect of synsedimentary faults on regional gas were studied. Research has shown that the gas occurrence in the control area of the Guodishan Fault is complex and has obvious zoning characteristics, and its syndepositional characteristics and geological movements have a significant impact on the generation and preservation of coal gas. The gas content and pressure in the area controlled by the fault gradually weaken from the severely affected areas of the hanging wall to the footwall, then to the moderately and weakly affected areas of the hanging wall. Warning values for coal and gas outburst are reached at the burial depths of 285, 420, 577, and 1717 m, respectively. It is worth noting that gas anomalies frequently occur in the moderately affected areas, so coal and gas outburst may occur above the warning burial depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/5955281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143857082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Disaster Mechanism of Roadway Deformation and Roof Energy Accumulation in Advance Working Face","authors":"Long Cheng","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9692590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9692590","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is one of the important disasters faced by coal mine that roof energy accumulation leads to its advance failure and roadway failure. Identifying the position of roof energy accumulation can predict the position of roof advance failure and roadway deformation, so as to take preventive measures. Based on two generalized displacement beams, the accumulation law of the bending moment and energy density of the top coal wall under different loads, different thicknesses, and different cantilever lengths is investigated. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Under different load conditions, the peak of the bending moment and energy density both appear at 10 m in front of the coal wall and rapidly decrease to 0 after reaching the peak and no longer change. The peak value of the bending moment increases linearly with the increase of the load, and the relation is <i>M</i> = −143.32<i>q</i> − 286.63. The peak value of bending moment changes exponentially with the increase of load, and the relation is <i>U</i>^<i>e</i> = 200.46e^0.42<i>q</i>. (2) Under different thicknesses, the bending moment of the thickness to the rock layer has an irregular distribution at the peak value. When the thickness is 12.5 and 15 m, the change tends to be consistent, and when the thickness is 7.5 and 10 m, the bending moment of the roof is small when the thickness is 17.5 m. When the thickness is less than 17.5 m, the smaller the thickness is, the larger the peak value is, and the more advanced the peak value is. The smaller the thickness of the roof, the smaller the range of energy density accumulation. (3) Under different cantilever lengths, with the increase of cantilever length, the peak bending moment presents a linear increase, and the relationship is <i>M</i>^<i>e</i> = −158.22 <i>L</i> + 137.4, and the range of bending moment accumulation increases with the increase of the roof cantilever length. With the increase of the cantilever length, the peak energy density of the roof increases exponentially, and the relationship is <i>U</i>^<i>e</i> = 3.5536<i>e</i>^{1.1067<i>L</i>}, and the lead energy accumulation distance of the roof increases. (4) When the thickness of the roof is 10 m, the stress peak occurs more frequently within 5–15 m in front of the working face, which well confirms the correctness of the theoretical analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9692590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143836397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Breathing Effect Under the Coupled Flow Between Formation and Wellbore During Deepwater Drilling","authors":"Ming Xiang,&nbsp;Jingchao Li,&nbsp;Xianghua Zhang,&nbsp;Xuerui Wang,&nbsp;Xingxing Zhang,&nbsp;Hao Li","doi":"10.1155/gfl/6628523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/6628523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In deepwater drilling, due to the complex coupling mechanism between the wellbore and the formation, the breathing effect is easily induced. The formation of the breathing effect is closely related to the unstable flow between the wellbore and the opening–closing formation fractures. The breathing effect refers to the phenomenon where a portion of the drilling fluid enters the formation fractures during circulation and returns after circulation stops. Its characteristics are similar to those of a well overflow. However, confusing the two can lead to extremely serious consequences due to incorrect handling. Currently, research on the coupled wellbore–formation flow mechanism and the induced breathing effect is still limited, highlighting the urgent need for more refined techniques to identify the breathing effect. To address this issue, a numerical model of the wellbore breathing effect was established by combining the wellbore unsteady flow model and the fracture deformation model. This model comprehensively considers the effects of flow resistance, fluid compressibility, flow path expansion, fracture deformation, and the equivalent damage radius. The model was applied to a subsalt well in the deepwater region of Mexico, and the results showed that the model’s accuracy had an error of less than 10% compared to the field data. Simulations were conducted to analyze bottomhole ECD changes, mud loss during pump start, and mud backflow during pump stop under varying flow rates, which improved the accuracy of identifying the formation breathing effect. This study provides guidance for accurately identifying the breathing effect in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/6628523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of Hydrothermal Geothermal System and Evaluation of Resources: A Case Study of Pingdingshan Coalfield, China","authors":"Yanhe Li,&nbsp;Zheng Zhen,&nbsp;Zhijun Wan,&nbsp;Peng Shi,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1155/gfl/8869554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/8869554","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As one of the clean renewable energy sources, geothermal energy has broad prospects, and correctly understanding its genetic mechanism and resource reserve is the basis for the efficient utilization of the geothermal resources. The characteristics of the ground temperature field in the Pingdingshan mining area are analyzed, and the influence of groundwater convection in the Karst layer on the formation temperature was carried out by the hydrothermal coupling. In addition, the Monte Carlo method is adopted to reduce the uncertainty of input parameters. Results show that the geothermal field distribution shows obvious zoning characteristics, and the hydrothermal coupling simulation shows that the water-conducting fault can profoundly change the distribution of formation temperature, which is the boundary for the decline or rise of formation temperature. The thermal refraction effect caused by the fluctuation of bedrock is the main reason for the high temperature in the structural uplift area of the mining area, which is the heat flow disturbance caused by the thermal refraction effect within 12.3 mW/m². The heat contained in geothermal resources is (5.037 ~ 15.82) × 1014 J, while the heat contained in geothermal water is (0.8806 ~ 6.531) × 1014 J, and the rest is contained in the rock matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/8869554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Prospect Analysis of Paleocene Coalbed Methane: A Case Study of Hangu Formation, Trans-Indus Ranges, Pakistan”","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/gfl/9784804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/9784804","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Qadri, Hamza Azam, Ali Wahid, Numair Ahmed Siddiqui, Syed Haroon Ali, Ahmed Abd El Aal, Amirul Qhalis Bin Abu Rashid, and Mohd Najib Bin Temizi. “Prospect Analysis of Paleocene Coalbed Methane: A Case Study of Hangu Formation, Trans-Indus Ranges, Pakistan.” <i>Geofluids</i> 2022, no. 1 (2022): 8313048, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8313048.</p><p>The authors wish to correct the acknowledgement statement as follows, to acknowledge the support from Group Research and Technology (GR&amp;T):</p><p>The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, for the lab analysis and technical support at the Geoscience Department and research fund YUTP-FRG 1/2021 015LC0-363. We would also like to thank GR&amp;T (Cost Centre: 015MDO-068) for some laboratory analysis support. Moreover, special thanks are due to the Makarwal Collieries Limited, Pakistan, for allowing access to their mines and to conduct this research work. The laboratory facilitation provided by the Center of Coal Technology, Punjab University, Pakistan, and Centralized Resource Laboratory (CRL), University of Peshawar, Pakistan, are also highly appreciated.</p><p>As GR&amp;T is a commercial entity, the Conflict of Interest statement is therefore also corrected as follows:</p><p>Support for laboratory analysis was provided by GR&amp;T. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest associated with this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/9784804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}