物理与天体物理最新文献

{"title":"Prior guided deep difference meta-learner for fast adaptation to stylized segmentation.","authors":"Dan Nguyen, Anjali Balagopal, Ti Bai, Michael Dohopolski, Mu-Han Lin, Steve Jiang","doi":"10.1088/2632-2153/adc970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/adc970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiotherapy treatment planning requires segmenting anatomical structures in various styles, influenced by guidelines, protocols, preferences, or dose planning needs. Deep learning-based auto-segmentation models, trained on anatomical definitions, may not match local clinicians' styles at new institutions. Adapting these models can be challenging without sufficient resources. We hypothesize that consistent differences between segmentation styles and anatomical definitions can be learned from initial patients and applied to pre-trained models for more precise segmentation. We propose a Prior-guided deep difference meta-learner (DDL) to learn and adapt these differences. We collected data from 440 patients for model development and 30 for testing. The dataset includes contours of the prostate clinical target volume (CTV), parotid, and rectum. We developed a deep learning framework that segments new images with a matching style using example styles as a prior, without model retraining. The pre-trained segmentation models were adapted to three different clinician styles for post-operative CTV for prostate, parotid gland, and rectum segmentation. We tested the model's ability to learn unseen styles and compared its performance with transfer learning, using varying amounts of prior patient style data (0-10 patients). Performance was quantitatively evaluated using dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance. With exposure to only three patients for the model, the average DSC (%) improved from 78.6, 71.9, 63.0, 69.6, 52.2 and 46.3-84.4, 77.8, 73.0, 77.8, 70.5, 68.1, for CTV_style1, CTV_style2, CTV_style3, Parotid_superficial, Rectum_superior, and Rectum_posterior, respectively. The proposed Prior-guided DDL is a fast and effortless network for adapting a structure to new styles. The improved segmentation accuracy may result in reduced contour editing time, providing a more efficient and streamlined clinical workflow.</p>","PeriodicalId":33757,"journal":{"name":"Machine Learning Science and Technology","volume":"6 2","pages":"025016"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12001319/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Versus Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation On Chronic Venous Lower Limb Ulceration Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Ahmed M Elfahl, Amal M Abd El Baky, Mohamed T Yousef, Hany M Elgohary","doi":"10.1177/15347346221093860","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15347346221093860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The major objective of the current paper is to trace and investigate which method is more effective whether the high or the low Transcutaneous electric Nerve Stimulations (TENS) on venous ulcers. A single-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial was done successfully. Sixty venous ulcer patients were divided randomly into three groups; Group (A): control group, Group(B): High-TENS group, and Group(C): Low-TENS group. Group (A), contains twenty participants who received routine medical care and dressing. As for group (B), includes twenty participants who obtained high-frequency TENS; Frequency (80-120) HZ, Intensity (15 - 30 amp), Pulse duration 250 Micro sec, 60 min per session with routine medical care and dressing. The third group (c) L-TENS, encompasses twenty participants who received low-frequency TENS (1-5) HZ; Intensity (30 -80 amp), Pulse duration 250 Micro sec, 60 min per session with routine medical care and dressing. All the participants were examined before and after two months of intervention; four weeks (post1), then after eight weeks (post2). Participants were examined by using (image j) to measure the ulcer area. Saline was used for measuring the ulcer volume, and a visual analog scale was adopted to evaluate pain. After drawing a comparison among the three groups after four weeks and after eight weeks of treatment, a statistically significant decrease (P <0.05) in wound surface area, wound volume, and pain in favor of L-TENS was noticed. It has been found that L- TENS is more effective than H -TENS and is highly recommended in the treatment protocol for such debilitating conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48702,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review a","volume":"92 1","pages":"376-382"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83785209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation Between Bacteria Count Using a Rapid Bacterium Counting System and Changes in Wound Area on Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Indonesia: A Prospective Study.","authors":"Haryanto Haryanto, Suriadi Jais, Supriadi Supriadi, Imran Imran, Kazuhiro Ogai, Makoto Oe, Mayumi Okuwa, Junko Sugama","doi":"10.1177/15347346221098515","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15347346221098515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to clarify the correlation between changes in bacterial number and wound area in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This study used a prospective longitudinal cohort design. A total of 30 participants met the inclusion criteria. Changes in bacterial number and wound area were evaluated weekly until week 4. The chi-square test indicated no significant correlation between biofilm formation and wound area (p = 0.32) but a significant correlation between bacterial count and wound area (p = 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant correlation between bacterial count and changes in wound area (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.372-0.997; p = 0.04). The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.660 (95% CI, 0.52-0.79; p = 0.03) with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 88%. The present prospective longitudinal cohort study demonstrated the correlation between bacterial count changes and wound area in DFUs. Our results suggest that changes in bacterial count could help wound healing evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48702,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review a","volume":"84 1","pages":"402-408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83814266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Advisory Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2211-3797(25)00202-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2211-3797(25)00202-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21042,"journal":{"name":"Results in Physics","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 108308"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental investigation into the aerofoil trailing-edge broadband noise reduction using ogee serrations","authors":"Wenhao Zhou ,&nbsp;Fusheng Qiu ,&nbsp;Yulong Sun ,&nbsp;Tongyang Shi ,&nbsp;Qingqing Ye ,&nbsp;Benshuai Lyu","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trailing edge (TE) serrations have been widely used as an effective technique to reduce the turbulent boundary-layer TE noise. In this paper, an experimental campaign is carried out to study the effects of ogee serrations on TE noise reduction. Serrations are installed on a NACA 0012 aerofoil and tested in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel. Ogee serrations of various geometries are retrofitted to the aerofoil and tested at various flow speeds and angles of attack (AoAs). The geometry of ogee serrations is parametrized by varying serration wavelength (<em>λ</em>), amplitude (2<em>h</em>), and sharpness factor (<em>b</em>). Traditional sawtooth serrations, considered a special case of ogee serration when its sharpness factor approaches zero, are also included. A sensitivity analysis of the TE noise reduction is conducted by varying each geometric parameter of the serrations. Results show that ogee serrations achieve effective noise reduction of 1-3 dB under various flow speeds. With the increase of AoA, the noise reduction gradually diminishes until noise increase occurs at AoA <span><math><mo>≥</mo><msup><mrow><mn>15</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>. In particular, it is shown that ogee serrations outperform sawtooth serrations when the serration is sufficiently sharp (large 2<em>h</em>, small <em>λ</em>, and large <em>b</em>) at intermediate and high frequencies, in accordance with analytical predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinguishing Between Thermal Coupling and Spin Interaction for Cr3+ NIR Luminescence Through Temperature‐Dependent Lifetime Analysis","authors":"Shengqiang Liu, Zhen Song, Feng Wang, Quanlin Liu","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202500568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202500568","url":null,"abstract":"Octahedrally coordinated Cr<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> ions have been well‐documented for exceptional near‐infrared (NIR) luminescence properties, originating from intra‐configurational <jats:italic>d</jats:italic>‐<jats:italic>d</jats:italic> transition. While broadband emissions within intermediate crystal fields have been tentatively attributed to either thermally coupled excited states or Cr<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>‐Cr<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> spin interaction. A definitive delineation of the underlying mechanism governing these two luminescence behaviors remains contentious. In this study, this controversy based on the thermal evolution of decay lifetime in gallate garnet and magnetoplumbite lattices is resolved. The temperature‐dependent time decay rate within intermediated crystal fields is evaluated, employing a numerical simulation within a two‐level model framework. The results reveal that the broadband luminescence in Y<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>Ga<jats:sub>5</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>12</jats:sub>:Cr<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> stems from the thermal coupling of <jats:sup>2</jats:sup>E and <jats:sup>4</jats:sup>T<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> excited states, in which the thermal population of <jats:sup>4</jats:sup>T<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> state by the longer‐lived <jats:sup>2</jats:sup>E level resulted in a pseudo‐exponential decrease in the lifetime as a function of temperature. In contrast, these lifetimes of SrGa<jats:sub>12</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>19</jats:sub>:Cr<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> and LaMgGa<jats:sub>11</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>19</jats:sub>:Cr<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> exhibit a significantly slower decay rate with temperature, indicating the emergence of spin interaction, which is verified by calculating the spin interaction energy. Therefore, the works provide an easy‐handle analytical framework to distinguish the physical mechanism of Cr<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> luminescence in intermediate crystal fields using temperature‐dependent lifetime analysis.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habor protection with underwater acoustic barrier: Method and system","authors":"Bo Lei ,&nbsp;Zhaoyang He ,&nbsp;Qingguo Fan ,&nbsp;Yixin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2025.110856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active acoustic detection of unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) remains challenging because of weak target echoes in backward scenarios. In this paper, a real-time forward detection method using limited target data was proposed. Trained dimensionality reduction technique was employed to suppress dominant direct blast interference. A novel sonar system was developed based on detecting target-induced variations in the transmitted acoustic field. High-frequency underwater acoustic barriers were established by deploying multiple source and receiver buoys with proposed method embedded. Remote sensing was realized through satellite communication and post-processing. A sea trial was conducted to evaluate the system performance. The timing of each crossing event was clearly observed, and target range was further estimated through data fusion. The system performance was found to be influenced by the channel and the source-target-receiver geometry. The effects of ambient noise and direct blast interference were comparatively analyzed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55506,"journal":{"name":"Applied Acoustics","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 110856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-free estimation of the Cramér–Rao bound for deep learning microscopy in complex media","authors":"Ilya Starshynov, Maximilian Weimar, Lukas M. Rachbauer, Günther Hackl, Daniele Faccio, Stefan Rotter, Dorian Bouchet","doi":"10.1038/s41566-025-01657-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01657-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artificial neural networks have become important tools to harness the complexity of disordered or random photonic systems. Recent applications include the recovery of information from light that has been scrambled during propagation through a complex scattering medium, especially in the challenging case in which the deterministic input–output transmission matrix cannot be measured. This naturally raises the question of what the limit is that information theory imposes on this recovery process, and whether neural networks can actually reach this limit. To answer these questions, we introduce a model-free approach to calculate the Cramér–Rao bound, which sets the ultimate precision limit at which artificial neural networks can operate. As an example, we apply this approach in a proof-of-principle experiment using laser light propagating through a disordered medium, evidencing that a convolutional network approaches the ultimate precision limit in the challenging task of localizing a reflective target hidden behind a dynamically fluctuating scattering medium. The model-free method introduced here is generally applicable to benchmark the performance of any deep learning microscope, to drive algorithmic developments and to push the precision of metrology and imaging techniques to their ultimate limit.</p>","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":35.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refractive Index Engineering: Insights from Biological Systems for Advanced Optical Design","authors":"Jiale Huang, Zihao Ou","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202500180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202500180","url":null,"abstract":"This review explores the innovative design to achieve advanced optical functions in natural materials and intricate optical systems inspired by the unique refractive index profiles found in nature. By understanding the physical principles behind biological structures, materials with tailored optical properties that mimic these natural systems can be developed. One key area discussed is biomimetic materials design and intricate optical systems based on refractive index contrast. Additionally, the review covers optical scattering engineering, which is crucial for biomedical imaging. By adjusting the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index, it is possible to control how much light is scattered and absorbed by tissues. The review also discusses various techniques for measuring the refractive index of biological tissues which provide comprehensive insights into the optical properties of biological materials, facilitating the development of advanced biomimetic designs. In conclusion, the manipulation of refractive index profiles in biological systems offers exciting opportunities for technological advancements. By drawing inspiration from nature and understanding the underlying physical principles, materials and devices with enhanced performance and new functionalities can be created. Future research should focus on further exploring these principles and translating them into practical applications to address real‐world challenges.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra‐Low‐Loss Slow‐Light Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate Optical Modulator","authors":"Chenlei Li, Jianghao He, Ming Zhang, Yeyu Tong, Weixi Liu, Siyuan Wang, Lijia Song, Hongxuan Liu, Hengzhen Cao, Liu Liu, Yaocheng Shi, Daoxin Dai","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202401998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202401998","url":null,"abstract":"Electro‐optic modulators for next‐generation optical interconnects require low loss‐efficiency products (α<jats:italic>V</jats:italic><jats:sub>π</jats:sub>L), compact footprints, high modulation efficiency and broad bandwidths. Here it is proposed and demonstrated a low‐loss high‐efficiency thin‐film lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulator enabled by a novel ultralow‐loss slow‐light structure based on apodized gratings in cascade. The present loss‐engineered slow‐light structure achieves excess losses as low as 0.6 dB mm<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> experimentally, which is tens of times lower than conventional slow‐light structures, and a high modulation bandwidth up to 320 GHz in theory is achieved with optimally‐designed capacitively‐loaded traveling‐wave electrodes. Experimentally, the fabricated slow‐light modulator with a 2.8‐mm‐long modulation region has an ultra‐low loss‐efficiency product αV<jats:sub>π</jats:sub>L of 7.4 V dB and a flat electro‐optic response up to 67 GHz, enabling 100‐Gbps on‐off keying with high ERs of 4.5 dB at a low driving voltage of 2<jats:italic>V</jats:italic><jats:sub>pp</jats:sub>, while 200‐Gbps PAM4 and 150‐Gbps PAM8 signals are also generated to show great promise for advanced modulation formats. In particular, it has also achieved the highest figure‐of‐merit (FOM = BR×(ER/<jats:italic>V</jats:italic><jats:sub>pp</jats:sub>)/(<jats:italic>V</jats:italic><jats:sub>π</jats:sub><jats:italic>L</jats:italic>)) of ≈182 Gbps∙(dB/V)/(V∙cm) for high‐speed optical modulation. The outstanding performance of the present slow‐light modulator shows great potential and paves the way for developing high‐speed optical interconnects for both data‐centers and high‐performance computing systems.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}