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Dileptons at Colliders as Probes of the Quark–Gluon Plasma 对撞机中的双轻子作为夸克-胶子等离子体的探测器
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100858
R. Bailhache, H. Appelshäuser
{"title":"Dileptons at Colliders as Probes of the Quark–Gluon Plasma","authors":"R. Bailhache, H. Appelshäuser","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100858","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are used to create a deconfined state of quarks and gluons, the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), similar to the matter in the early Universe. Dileptons are a unique probe of the QGP. Being emitted during all stages of the collision without interacting strongly with the surrounding matter, they carry undistorted information about the medium evolution. The mass of the lepton–antilepton pair gives a unique means to separate partonic from hadronic radiation. Thus, dileptons can be used to study the QGP equilibration time, its average temperature, and effects related to the restoration of chiral symmetry in the hot medium via vector meson decays. This information is not accessible with hadrons. The price to pay is a large background from ordinary hadron decays. We summarize the potential of dilepton measurements, the results obtained so far at colliders, and the ongoing efforts regarding future experiments with further increased sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Detectors for Relativistic Nuclear Collisions 相对论性核碰撞探测器
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-045821
Luciano Musa, Werner Riegler
{"title":"Detectors for Relativistic Nuclear Collisions","authors":"Luciano Musa, Werner Riegler","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-045821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-045821","url":null,"abstract":"Detectors for relativistic nuclear interactions have significantly increased in size and sophistication over the last few decades, primarily owing to rising collision energies and rates. Common across most particle physics experiments is the need to measure collision vertex, particle momentum, and particle energy. To accurately measure momenta at the very low level of 100 MeV/<jats:italic>c</jats:italic>, tracking detectors with a very low material budget are required. Additionally, particle identification requires detector systems that use time-of-flight, energy loss, and Cherenkov radiation measurements. Compared to high-luminosity proton–proton experiments, these detectors face considerably lower radiation levels, enabling the use of a wider range of sensor technologies and leading to innovative developments in this area. Technological advancements in data transport and processing over recent decades now enable continuous data readout and online processing, eliminating the need for selective triggering, which has significantly enhanced detector performance. This article provides an overview of current and future detectors for relativistic nuclear collisions along with a discussion of key technological advancements in this context. Given the similarity in detector requirements for future <jats:italic>e</jats:italic> <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> <jats:italic>e</jats:italic> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> Higgs factories, the conclusions drawn here are also relevant to developments in that domain.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Long-Term Multidimensional Models of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Progress and Challenges 核心坍缩超新星的长期多维模型：进展与挑战
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100945
Hans-Thomas Janka
{"title":"Long-Term Multidimensional Models of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Progress and Challenges","authors":"Hans-Thomas Janka","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100945","url":null,"abstract":"Self-consistent, multidimensional core-collapse (CC) supernova (SN) simulations, especially in three dimensions, have achieved tremendous progress over the past 10 years. They are now able to follow the entire evolution from CC through bounce, neutrino-triggered shock revival, and shock breakout at the stellar surface to the electromagnetic SN outburst and the subsequent SN remnant phase. Thus they provide general support for the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism by reproducing observed SN energies, neutron star (NS) kicks, and diagnostically relevant radioactive isotope yields. They also allow prediction of neutrino and gravitational wave signals for many seconds of proto-NS cooling, confirm correlations between explosion and progenitor or remnant properties already expected from previous spherically symmetric (one-dimensional) and two-dimensional models, and carve out various scenarios for stellar-mass black hole (BH) formation. Despite these successes, it is currently unclear which stars explode or form BHs because different modeling approaches disagree and suggest the possible importance of the three-dimensional nature of the progenitors and of magnetic fields. The role of neutrino flavor conversion in SN cores needs to be better understood, the nuclear equation of state (including potential phase transitions) implies major uncertainties, the SN 1987A neutrino measurements raise new puzzles, and tracing a possible correlation of NS spins and kicks requires still more refined SN simulations.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Progress of the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics ( JUNA) Experimental Platform ​
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101021
Weiping Liu, Bing Guo, Jianjun He, Zhihong Li, Xiaodong Tang, Maria Lugaro, Gang Lian
{"title":"Progress of the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics ( JUNA) Experimental Platform","authors":"Weiping Liu, Bing Guo, Jianjun He, Zhihong Li, Xiaodong Tang, Maria Lugaro, Gang Lian","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101021","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the development and achievements of the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics ( JUNA) experimental platform and focuses on the direct measurement of reaction rates inside or near the Gamow window in deep-underground astrophysical experiments. It discusses the advantages of conducting experiments in the deep-underground environment of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), which provides significant shielding from cosmic rays along with milliampere-level intensity from the JUNA accelerator. This shielding and high intensity are crucial for accurately measuring very-low-cross-section nuclear reactions essential to understanding astrophysical processes, such as the synthesis of heavy elements in stars from neutron sources and CNO cycle leakage. The manuscript also covers technological achievements, including advancements in ion sources, accelerators, detectors, and targets used in the JUNA experiment. The physics results from these experiments provide valuable data for key reactions, such as neutron source reactions and radiative capture reactions, as well as for the production of heavy elements in early stars. Future plans for the JUNA experiment are also outlined.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neutrino Oscillations in Core-Collapse Supernovae and Neutron Star Mergers 核心坍缩超新星和中子星合并中的中微子振荡
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100853
Lucas Johns, Sherwood Richers, Meng-Ru Wu
{"title":"Neutrino Oscillations in Core-Collapse Supernovae and Neutron Star Mergers","authors":"Lucas Johns, Sherwood Richers, Meng-Ru Wu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100853","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate neutrino transport is crucial for reliably modeling explosive astrophysical events like core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and neutron star mergers (NSMs). However, in these extremely neutrino-dense systems, flavor oscillations exhibit challenging nonlinear effects rooted in neutrino–neutrino forward scattering. Evidence is quickly accumulating that these collective phenomena can substantially affect explosion dynamics, neutrino and gravitational-wave signals, nucleosynthesis, and kilonova light curves. We review the progress made so far on the difficult and conceptually deep question of how to correctly include this physics in simulations of CCSNe and NSMs. Our aim is to take a broad view of where the problem stands and provide a critical assessment of where it is headed.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lattice QCD and the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment 点阵QCD与中子电偶极矩
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100927
Keh-Fei Liu
{"title":"Lattice QCD and the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment","authors":"Keh-Fei Liu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100927","url":null,"abstract":"The recent lattice QCD calculations of the neutron and proton electric dipole moments and the <jats:italic>CP</jats:italic>-violating π<jats:italic>NN</jats:italic> coupling constant due to the θ term are reviewed. Progress toward nucleon electric dipole moment calculations, including the Weinberg three-gluon operator, the quark chromoelectric dipole moment operator, and their renormalization, is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: Highlights and Opportunities 大型强子对撞机的软QCD物理：亮点与机遇
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101050
P. Christiansen, P. Van Mechelen
{"title":"Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: Highlights and Opportunities","authors":"P. Christiansen, P. Van Mechelen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101050","url":null,"abstract":"The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN became operational in 2009 and has since then produced a plethora of physics results from proton–proton (<jats:italic> pp</jats:italic>) collisions. This short review covers results that relate to soft quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with a focus on nondiffractive physics at midrapidity. Most of the presented results are based on transverse momentum spectra and related derived observables, including multiplicity, the average transverse momentum, and various particle ratios. Additionally, the phenomenon of the observed ridge and its potential connection to the formation of a quark–gluon plasma in <jats:italic>pp</jats:italic> collisions are discussed. The goals of the review are to introduce the topics and provide references for scientists joining the LHC program and to highlight what we consider to be the most interesting results and open questions, to inspire novel measurements.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"246 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144488874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quarkonia and Deconfined Quark–Gluon Matter in Heavy-Ion Collisions 重离子碰撞中的夸克和非限定夸克-胶子物质
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101041
Anton Andronic, Roberta Arnaldi
{"title":"Quarkonia and Deconfined Quark–Gluon Matter in Heavy-Ion Collisions","authors":"Anton Andronic, Roberta Arnaldi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101041","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present an experimental overview of quarkonium results obtained in nucleus–nucleus collisions with a focus on the data collected at the LHC. We discuss the current understanding of charmonium and bottomonium behavior in the deconfined medium produced in such collisions, and we compare the currently accessible observables with predictions from state-of-the-art theoretical models. We also discuss the open questions and explain how future heavy-ion experiments aim to clarify these aspects.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144488875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low-Energy Backgrounds in Solid-State Phonon and Charge Detectors 固体声子和电荷探测器中的低能量背景
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100849
Daniel Baxter, Rouven Essig, Yonit Hochberg, Margarita Kaznacheeva, Belina von Krosigk, Florian Reindl, Roger K. Romani, Felix Wagner
{"title":"Low-Energy Backgrounds in Solid-State Phonon and Charge Detectors","authors":"Daniel Baxter, Rouven Essig, Yonit Hochberg, Margarita Kaznacheeva, Belina von Krosigk, Florian Reindl, Roger K. Romani, Felix Wagner","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-100849","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state phonon and charge detectors probe the scattering of weakly interacting particles, such as dark matter and neutrinos, through their low recoil thresholds. Recent advancements have pushed sensitivity to eV-scale energy depositions, uncovering previously unseen low-energy excess backgrounds. While some arise from known processes such as thermal radiation, luminescence, and stress, others remain unexplained. This review examines these backgrounds, their possible origins, and parallels to low-energy effects in solids, an understanding of which is essential for interpreting particle interactions at and below the eV scale.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144479231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vision for High-Energy-Frontier Particle Colliders in China 中国高能前沿粒子对撞机的展望
IF 12.4 2区 物理与天体物理
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101120
Jie Gao, Dou Wang, Yifang Wang
{"title":"Vision for High-Energy-Frontier Particle Colliders in China","authors":"Jie Gao, Dou Wang, Yifang Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101120","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider has opened the door to a new realm of physics, where high-energy accelerators are essential to explore more fundamental laws. In this article, we share our vision regarding the future of high-energy physics and accelerators, particularly focusing on the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) and Super Proton-Proton Collider (SPPC) projects proposed by Chinese scientists in September 2012. Following the recent completion of the CEPC accelerator's technical design report, we review its main physics drives, technical design, and related technology development. The construction of the CEPC will become technologically viable upon the completion of its engineering design report, expected in approximately 3 years. Efforts are also underway to advance technologies for the SPPC.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144479309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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