{"title":"大型强子对撞机的软QCD物理:亮点与机遇","authors":"P. Christiansen, P. Van Mechelen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101050","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN became operational in 2009 and has since then produced a plethora of physics results from proton–proton (<jats:italic> pp</jats:italic>) collisions. This short review covers results that relate to soft quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with a focus on nondiffractive physics at midrapidity. Most of the presented results are based on transverse momentum spectra and related derived observables, including multiplicity, the average transverse momentum, and various particle ratios. Additionally, the phenomenon of the observed ridge and its potential connection to the formation of a quark–gluon plasma in <jats:italic>pp</jats:italic> collisions are discussed. The goals of the review are to introduce the topics and provide references for scientists joining the LHC program and to highlight what we consider to be the most interesting results and open questions, to inspire novel measurements.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"246 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: Highlights and Opportunities\",\"authors\":\"P. Christiansen, P. Van Mechelen\",\"doi\":\"10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101050\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN became operational in 2009 and has since then produced a plethora of physics results from proton–proton (<jats:italic> pp</jats:italic>) collisions. This short review covers results that relate to soft quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with a focus on nondiffractive physics at midrapidity. Most of the presented results are based on transverse momentum spectra and related derived observables, including multiplicity, the average transverse momentum, and various particle ratios. Additionally, the phenomenon of the observed ridge and its potential connection to the formation of a quark–gluon plasma in <jats:italic>pp</jats:italic> collisions are discussed. The goals of the review are to introduce the topics and provide references for scientists joining the LHC program and to highlight what we consider to be the most interesting results and open questions, to inspire novel measurements.\",\"PeriodicalId\":8090,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science\",\"volume\":\"246 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":9.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-25\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"101\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101050\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"物理与天体物理\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"PHYSICS, NUCLEAR\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-121423-101050","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSICS, NUCLEAR","Score":null,"Total":0}
Soft QCD Physics at the LHC: Highlights and Opportunities
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN became operational in 2009 and has since then produced a plethora of physics results from proton–proton ( pp) collisions. This short review covers results that relate to soft quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with a focus on nondiffractive physics at midrapidity. Most of the presented results are based on transverse momentum spectra and related derived observables, including multiplicity, the average transverse momentum, and various particle ratios. Additionally, the phenomenon of the observed ridge and its potential connection to the formation of a quark–gluon plasma in pp collisions are discussed. The goals of the review are to introduce the topics and provide references for scientists joining the LHC program and to highlight what we consider to be the most interesting results and open questions, to inspire novel measurements.
期刊介绍:
The Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science is a publication that has been available since 1952. It focuses on various aspects of nuclear and particle science, including both theoretical and experimental developments. The journal covers topics such as nuclear structure, heavy ion interactions, oscillations observed in solar and atmospheric neutrinos, the physics of heavy quarks, the impact of particle and nuclear physics on astroparticle physics, and recent advancements in accelerator design and instrumentation.
One significant recent change in the journal is the conversion of its current volume from gated to open access. This conversion was made possible through Annual Reviews' Subscribe to Open program. As a result, all articles published in the current volume are now freely available to the public under a CC BY license. This change allows for greater accessibility and dissemination of research in the field of nuclear and particle science.