AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1177/15311074251360767
Scott M Perl, Ashley E Murphy, Chinmayee Govinda Raj, Stephanie C Santos, Mihaela Glamoclija, David Des Marais, Tori Hoehler, Svetlana Shkolyar, Sherry L Cady, Jen Blank, Alfonso Davila, Paulina Cortez, Ashleigh Burgess, Jon Lima-Zaloumis
{"title":"Crystal Habits as Potential Biosignatures.","authors":"Scott M Perl, Ashley E Murphy, Chinmayee Govinda Raj, Stephanie C Santos, Mihaela Glamoclija, David Des Marais, Tori Hoehler, Svetlana Shkolyar, Sherry L Cady, Jen Blank, Alfonso Davila, Paulina Cortez, Ashleigh Burgess, Jon Lima-Zaloumis","doi":"10.1177/15311074251360767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15311074251360767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our understanding of crystalline structures within terrestrial planetary analog environments can shed light on how these features can be interpreted on rocky planets and icy moons in our solar system. The ability to distinguish biogenic and abiotic components within the mineral, crystal, and structural features allows us to inform future life detection missions, science payloads, and instrument measurement resolutions. Moreover, having these terrestrial reference measurements in a review format allows the measurement rationale to be understood in the context of mission concepts and geomicrobiological assessment of life in extreme environments. From 2020 to 2022, this team contributed to NASA's Center for Life Detection, Life Detection Knowledge Base, where structural features in crystalline and crystal-centric sample analyses were reviewed and assessed for biogenic preservation potential. This article highlights the scientific rationale and astrobiological sample assessment of evaluation for crystal habits as a possible biosignature. This is to illustrate true and false positives of the standards of evidence for minerals and their associated crystal habits. Moreover, we illustrate how these efforts contribute to the overall assessment of this type of morphological evidence in extant and extinct life detection campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1089/ast.2025.0012
Jon Lima-Zaloumis, Sherry L Cady, Jen G Blank, Svetlana Shkolyar, Victor Akudoro, Stanley M Awramik, Barbara Cavalazzi, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Martin Homann, Nora Noffke, Scott M Perl, Sally L Potter-McIntyre, Frances Westall
{"title":"Laminae as Potential Biosignatures.","authors":"Jon Lima-Zaloumis, Sherry L Cady, Jen G Blank, Svetlana Shkolyar, Victor Akudoro, Stanley M Awramik, Barbara Cavalazzi, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Martin Homann, Nora Noffke, Scott M Perl, Sally L Potter-McIntyre, Frances Westall","doi":"10.1089/ast.2025.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2025.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laminae are millimeter-scale features in rocks created by physiochemical processes that can be influenced by the presence and activities of communities of organisms that occur as biofilms and microbial mats. The structure and composition of laminae reflect the processes involved in their formation and can be preserved in the rock record over geologic time; however, diagenetic and metamorphic alteration can lead to the loss of primary information and confusion over the interpretation of their origins. As potential records of ancient life, laminae can preserve evidence of microbial activity over billions of years of Earth's history. On planetary bodies such as Mars, laminae in sedimentary rocks are common and represent significant features of interest that can record habitable conditions (e.g., the presence of liquid water) at the time of their formation. Here we review the significance of laminae as targets for astrobiological exploration. We discuss common mechanisms by which laminae form in natural environments on Earth, present arguments and evidence for laminae as potential biosignatures, and describe how such information is presented in the NASA Life Detection Knowledge Base.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-06-26DOI: 10.1089/ast.2024.0107
Tori M Hoehler, Alfonso Davila, Niki Parenteau, Richard Quinn, David Des Marais, Svetlana Shkolyar, Leslie Bebout, Steven Benner, Jennifer G Blank, William Brinckerhoff, Morgan Cable, Sherry Cady, Jennifer Eigenbrode, Richard Everroad, Stephanie Getty, Daniel Glavin, Stanislaw Gliniewicz, Heather Graham, Lindsay Hays, Linda Jahnke, Barbara Lafuente, Graham Lau, Owen Lehmer, Jon Lima-Zaloumis, Kennda Lynch, Ashley Murphy, Marc Neveu, Scott M Perl, J Hank Rainwater, Antonio Ricco, Andro Rios, Sanjoy Som, Mary Beth Wilhelm, Andrew Pohorille
{"title":"Introduction to the Life Detection Knowledge Base Project.","authors":"Tori M Hoehler, Alfonso Davila, Niki Parenteau, Richard Quinn, David Des Marais, Svetlana Shkolyar, Leslie Bebout, Steven Benner, Jennifer G Blank, William Brinckerhoff, Morgan Cable, Sherry Cady, Jennifer Eigenbrode, Richard Everroad, Stephanie Getty, Daniel Glavin, Stanislaw Gliniewicz, Heather Graham, Lindsay Hays, Linda Jahnke, Barbara Lafuente, Graham Lau, Owen Lehmer, Jon Lima-Zaloumis, Kennda Lynch, Ashley Murphy, Marc Neveu, Scott M Perl, J Hank Rainwater, Antonio Ricco, Andro Rios, Sanjoy Som, Mary Beth Wilhelm, Andrew Pohorille","doi":"10.1089/ast.2024.0107","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2024.0107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":"451-453"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-07-09DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0156
Alfonso F Davila, Tori Hoehler, Niki Parenteau, Marc Neveu, Svetlana Shkolyar, David J Des Marais, Sherry L Cady, Andro C Rios, Leslie Bebout, Graham Lau, Linda Jahnke, Scott Perl, Jennifer L Eigenbrode, Andrew Pohorille, Richard Quinn
{"title":"Life Detection Knowledge Base: Taxonomy of Potential Biosignatures.","authors":"Alfonso F Davila, Tori Hoehler, Niki Parenteau, Marc Neveu, Svetlana Shkolyar, David J Des Marais, Sherry L Cady, Andro C Rios, Leslie Bebout, Graham Lau, Linda Jahnke, Scott Perl, Jennifer L Eigenbrode, Andrew Pohorille, Richard Quinn","doi":"10.1089/ast.2022.0156","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2022.0156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Life Detection Knowledge Base (LDKB) is a community webtool developed to test and evaluate strategies to search for evidence of life beyond Earth, with an emphasis on recognizing potential false-positive and false-negative results. As part of the LDKB framework, we developed a taxonomy of potential biosignatures. The taxonomy brings together a broad array of life-detection strategies into a common and systematic structure that allows for equitable evaluations based on a specific set of criteria, chosen to assess the likelihood of false-positive and false-negative interpretations. The taxonomy is also a tool to organize life-detection strategies in a way that streamlines their infusion into robotic spaceflight missions. This article describes the structure of the taxonomy and its functional qualities. Two accompanying articles detail the overall LDKB framework and the set of criteria used to evaluate potential biosignatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":"464-473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-07-08DOI: 10.1089/ast.2024.0105
Svetlana Shkolyar, Leslie Bebout, Jennifer G Blank, Sherry L Cady, Barbara Cavalazzi, Elizabeth Corbin, Alfonso F Davila, David Des Marais, Martin Fisk, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Jonathan Lima-Zaloumis, Nicola McLoughlin, Ashley E Murphy, Nora Noffke, Scott M Perl, Andrew Pohorille, Sally L Potter-McIntyre, J Hank Rainwater, Frances Westall
{"title":"Structural Biosignatures-A Category of Potential Biosignatures in the Life Detection Knowledge Base.","authors":"Svetlana Shkolyar, Leslie Bebout, Jennifer G Blank, Sherry L Cady, Barbara Cavalazzi, Elizabeth Corbin, Alfonso F Davila, David Des Marais, Martin Fisk, Keyron Hickman-Lewis, Jonathan Lima-Zaloumis, Nicola McLoughlin, Ashley E Murphy, Nora Noffke, Scott M Perl, Andrew Pohorille, Sally L Potter-McIntyre, J Hank Rainwater, Frances Westall","doi":"10.1089/ast.2024.0105","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2024.0105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Life Detection Knowledge Base (LDKB) is part of the Life Detection Forum suite of web tools developed for life detection mission planners. This article details the development of one of its categories of biosignatures, the <i>Structure</i> category. The <i>Structure</i> category includes physical attributes of objects and their spatial relationships (e.g., orientation). Initial population of the LDKB <i>Structure</i> category performed during a Content Development Group (CDG) phase resulted in the selection of six high-priority biosignature themes for content development: crystal habits, microtunnels, Mesa Depression Relief structures (a sedimentary surface morphology), laminations, spheroids, and filaments. In populating content, it was concluded that environmental considerations are crucial to recognize structural biosignatures remotely for planetary exploration when not known <i>a priori</i>. CDG activity also revealed knowledge and technology gaps in identifying structural biosignatures. This included gaps in research on biological prevalence of structural features due to a lack of research on these topics and a gap in technologies for <i>in situ</i> surface imaging of potential structural biosignatures. In addition, the implementation of two functionalities in the tool (i.e., linking multiple lines of evidence within entries and including images to represent physical biosignature attributes) resulted directly from CDG activity. These improvements enhance the LDKB's ability to serve as a comprehensive repository for data on true biosignatures and their abiotic counterparts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":"482-497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-06-24DOI: 10.1089/ast.2024.0106
Andrew Pohorille, Graham Lau, Stanislaw Gliniewicz, Alfonso Davila, Niki Parenteau, David Des Marais, Richard Quinn, Svetlana Shkolyar, Richard Everroad, Tori Hoehler
{"title":"Life Detection Knowledge Base: A Community Tool for Knowledge Management and Representation.","authors":"Andrew Pohorille, Graham Lau, Stanislaw Gliniewicz, Alfonso Davila, Niki Parenteau, David Des Marais, Richard Quinn, Svetlana Shkolyar, Richard Everroad, Tori Hoehler","doi":"10.1089/ast.2024.0106","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2024.0106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Life Detection Knowledge Base (LDKB; https://lifedetectionforum.com/ldkb) is a community-owned web resource that is designed to facilitate the infusion of astrobiology knowledge and expertise into the conceptualization and design of life detection missions. The aim of the LDKB is to gather and organize diverse knowledge from a range of fields into a common reference frame to support mission science risk assessment, specifically in terms of the potential for false positive and false negative results when pursuing a particular observation strategy. Within the LDKB, knowledge sourced from the primary scientific literature is organized according to (1) a taxonomic classification scheme in which potential biosignatures are defined at a uniform level of granularity that corresponds to observable physical or chemical quantities, qualities, or states; (2) a set of four standard assessment criteria, uniformly applied to each potential biosignature, that target the factors that contribute to false positive and false negative potential; and (3) a discourse format that utilizes customizable, user-defined \"arguments\" to represent the essential aspects of relevant scientific literature in terms of their specific bearing on one of the four assessment criteria, and thereby on false positive and false negative potential. By mapping available and newly emerging knowledge into this standardized framework, we can identify areas where the current state of knowledge supports a well-informed science risk assessment as well as critical knowledge gaps where focused research could help flesh out and mature promising life detection approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":"454-463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-07-09DOI: 10.1089/ast.2024.0104
Niki Parenteau, Tori Hoehler, Alfonso Davila, Stephanie Getty, Graham Lau, Marc Neveu, Svetlana Shkolyar, David Des Marais, Andro Rios, Linda Jahnke, Leslie Bebout, Richard Quinn, Andrew Pohorille
{"title":"Life Detection Knowledge Base: Assessment Criteria for Potential Biosignatures.","authors":"Niki Parenteau, Tori Hoehler, Alfonso Davila, Stephanie Getty, Graham Lau, Marc Neveu, Svetlana Shkolyar, David Des Marais, Andro Rios, Linda Jahnke, Leslie Bebout, Richard Quinn, Andrew Pohorille","doi":"10.1089/ast.2024.0104","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2024.0104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Astrobiology and the search for evidence of life beyond Earth are now key drivers for planetary science and astronomy missions. Efforts are underway to establish evaluative frameworks to interpret potential signs of life in returned data. However, there is a need for a \"before-the-fact\" system to assess mission science risk and the potential false negative and false positive results. The Life Detection Knowledge Base (LDKB) is a community-owned web tool that organizes the scientific literature and enables discourse and evaluation of potential biosignatures (defined to the same level of granularity) relative to a set of standard criteria. This article details the development of draft criteria and their utilization as an organizing basis for the LDKB and their vetting by the astrobiology community via two workshops. We report the incorporation of community feedback to generate a finalized set of criteria, which delineate contributing factors to the potential for false negative or false positive results in the search for evidence of life within and beyond our solar system.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":"474-481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2025-06-26DOI: 10.1089/ast.2025.0001
Fathi Karouia, Michael Wilson, Karl Schweighofer, Christophe Chipot, Tori Hoehler, Joanna Sokolowska
{"title":"In Memoriam: Professor Andrzej (Andrew) Pohorille (May 14, 1949, to January 6, 2024): A Legacy in Astrobiology and Computational Science.","authors":"Fathi Karouia, Michael Wilson, Karl Schweighofer, Christophe Chipot, Tori Hoehler, Joanna Sokolowska","doi":"10.1089/ast.2025.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2025.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"25 7","pages":"498-500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-26DOI: 10.1089/ast.2024.0165
John E Moores, Jacob L Kloos, Grace Bischof, Conor W Hayes, Andrew C Schuerger
{"title":"A Microbial Survival Model for the Permanently Shadowed Regions of the Moon Shows Long-Term Survival of Terrestrial Microbial Contamination.","authors":"John E Moores, Jacob L Kloos, Grace Bischof, Conor W Hayes, Andrew C Schuerger","doi":"10.1089/ast.2024.0165","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2024.0165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous models of microbial survival on the moon do not directly consider the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). These regions shield their interiors from many of the biocidal factors encountered in space flight, such as UV irradiation and high temperatures, and this shielding reduces the rate at which microbial spores become nonviable. We applied the Lunar Microbial Survival Model (LMS, Schuerger et al., 2019) to the environment found inside PSRs at two craters targeted for exploration by the Artemis missions, Shackleton and Faustini. The model produced rates of reduction of -0.0815 and -0.0683 logs per lunation, respectively, which implies that it would take 30.0 years for Shackleton and 30.8 years for Faustini to accumulate a single Sterility Assurance Level of -12 logs of reduction. The lunar PSRs are therefore one of the least biocidal environments in the solar system and would preserve viable terrestrial microbial contamination for decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":"391-394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AstrobiologyPub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1089/ast.2024.0142
Kevin T Jansen, Nathan W Reed, Eleanor C Browne, Margaret A Tolbert
{"title":"Measurement of Photochemical Haze Refractive Indices and Hygroscopicity: Influence of CO<sub>2</sub> in CH<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>S/N<sub>2</sub> Mixtures.","authors":"Kevin T Jansen, Nathan W Reed, Eleanor C Browne, Margaret A Tolbert","doi":"10.1089/ast.2024.0142","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2024.0142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atmospheric organic hazes are widespread across various planetary bodies and have significant effects on both the surface and atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the optical and hygroscopic properties of organic hazes formed through photochemical processes. The hazes were generated from the irradiation of mixtures that contained molecular nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), and varying amounts of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to mimic early Earth-like conditions. In the absence of CO<sub>2</sub>, the photochemical haze absorbed radiation at 405 nm. In contrast, the incorporation of CO<sub>2</sub> into the precursor gas mixtures resulted in hazes with reduced absorption at 405 nm. This decrease in absorption was due to the formation of non-absorbing inorganic salts and/or a change in organic composition; however, the exact composition is not fully known. Further, we observed that these hazes exhibited varying tendencies to uptake water, with non-CO<sub>2</sub> hazes showing no water uptake, while CO<sub>2</sub> hazes could absorb water and increase in size. Consequently, under humid conditions, the increased size of the haze enhanced its ability to scatter light and would thus promote cooling of a planetary atmosphere. Both the change in refractive indices and the increased hygroscopicity would contribute to greater cooling effects with higher CO<sub>2</sub> levels. In addition, the ability of the haze to uptake water would facilitate the particles acting as cloud condensation nuclei, potentially leading to the wet deposition of nutrients to a planet's surface that could help facilitate the emergence of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":" ","pages":"395-403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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