Astrobiology最新文献_第10页

Recovery of Microbes from Subsurface Europa Analog Environments: An Efficient Mechanical-Thermal Probe for Collecting Biological Samples from the Subsurface of Icy Moons. 从木卫二地下模拟环境中恢复微生物:从冰冷卫星地下收集生物样本的有效机械-热探针。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0036

Ashley Davis, Matthew Ford

{"title":"Recovery of Microbes from Subsurface Europa Analog Environments: An Efficient Mechanical-Thermal Probe for Collecting Biological Samples from the Subsurface of Icy Moons.","authors":"Ashley Davis, Matthew Ford","doi":"10.1089/ast.2022.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2022.0036","url":null,"abstract":"The ultra-low temperatures (<173K) and ultra-low pressures (<0.1 Pa) that exist on the surface of icy moons present a formidable challenge for collecting biological samples. Standard drilling technology is not efficient in these conditions, where conduction of thermal energy leads to the possibility of freezing in place and shear forces impart a strenuous test on microbial viability. If microbes exist within the first few meters of the surface, an extraction process must be gentle enough to recover them intact. This report describes a substantial improvement from the study by Davis in 2017, who presented a concave conical thermal probe capable of penetrating -65°C ice in 1000 Pa pressure. The current report describes a mechanical-thermal device for penetrating ≤ -150°C ice in 10 Pa pressure, which is analogous to the physical conditions on the surface of icy moons. The mechanism has an efficiency of >68% with -65°C ice and >61% with -150°C ice, which is well above the expected 10-15% for a Philberth-type probe. In addition, the probe can harvest a sensitive bacterium (Escherichia coli) from under a layer of acidified peroxide ice (pH 1.1), which is analogous to the expected surface chemical composition of the icy moon Europa. In field tests at -20°C air and -6°C ice temperatures, multiple organisms were extracted in a viable state, and chemical analysis indicated high-resolution separation of stratified layers. Finally, attaching the thermal tip to a telescopic mechanism allowed the probe to penetrate through 1.0 m of -65°C ice, which is well below the depth of harmful radiation expected at the subsurface of Europa. The current work opens the door for a lander vehicle to penetrate the upper subsurface of Europa and analyze biologically active samples.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"105-126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10718642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Planetary Mapping Using Deep Learning: A Method to Evaluate Feature Identification Confidence Applied to Habitats in Mars-Analog Terrain. 基于深度学习的行星制图:一种评估火星模拟地形栖息地特征识别置信度的方法。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0014

Michael S Phillips, Jeffrey E Moersch, Nathalie A Cabrol, Alberto Candela, David Wettergreen, Kimberly Warren-Rhodes, Nancy W Hinman, The Seti Institute Nai

{"title":"Planetary Mapping Using Deep Learning: A Method to Evaluate Feature Identification Confidence Applied to Habitats in Mars-Analog Terrain.","authors":"Michael S Phillips, Jeffrey E Moersch, Nathalie A Cabrol, Alberto Candela, David Wettergreen, Kimberly Warren-Rhodes, Nancy W Hinman, The Seti Institute Nai","doi":"10.1089/ast.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The goals of Mars exploration are evolving beyond describing environmental habitability at global and regional scales to targeting specific locations for biosignature detection, sample return, and eventual human exploration. An increase in the specificity of scientific goals-from follow the water to find the biosignatures-requires parallel developments in strategies that translate terrestrial Mars-analog research into confident identification of rover-explorable targets on Mars. Precisely how to integrate terrestrial, ground-based analyses with orbital data sets and transfer those lessons into rover-relevant search strategies for biosignatures on Mars remains an open challenge. Here, leveraging small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS) technology and state-of-the-art fully convolutional neural networks for pixel-wise classification, we present an end-to-end methodology that applies Deep Learning to map geomorphologic units and quantify feature identification confidence. We used this method to assess the identification confidence of rover-explorable habitats in the Mars-analog Salar de Pajonales over a range of spatial resolutions and found that spatial resolutions two times better than are available from Mars would be necessary to identify habitats in this study at the 1-σ (85%) confidence level. The approach we present could be used to compare the identifiability of habitats across Mars-analog environments and focus Mars exploration from the scale of regional habitability to the scale of specific habitats. Our methods could also be adapted to map dome- and ridge-like features on the surface of Mars to further understand their origin and astrobiological potential.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"76-93"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10719190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A Deep Ultraviolet Raman and Fluorescence Spectral Library of 51 Organic Compounds for the SHERLOC Instrument Onboard Mars 2020. 火星 2020 上 SHERLOC 仪器的 51 种有机化合物深紫外拉曼和荧光光谱库。

IF 3.5 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0023

Joseph Razzell Hollis, Sunanda Sharma, William Abbey, Rohit Bhartia, Luther Beegle, Marc Fries, Jeffrey D Hein, Brian Monacelli, Austin D Nordman

{"title":"A Deep Ultraviolet Raman and Fluorescence Spectral Library of 51 Organic Compounds for the SHERLOC Instrument Onboard Mars 2020.","authors":"Joseph Razzell Hollis, Sunanda Sharma, William Abbey, Rohit Bhartia, Luther Beegle, Marc Fries, Jeffrey D Hein, Brian Monacelli, Austin D Nordman","doi":"10.1089/ast.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"We report deep ultraviolet (DUV) Raman and Fluorescence spectra obtained on a SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals) analog instrument for 51 pure organic compounds, including 5 carboxylic acids, 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 24 amino acids, 6 nucleobases, and 6 different grades of macromolecular carbon from humic acid to graphite. Organic mixtures were not investigated. We discuss how the DUV fluorescence and Raman spectra exhibited by different organic compounds allow for detection, classification, and identification of organics by SHERLOC. We find that 1- and 2-ring aromatic compounds produce detectable fluorescence within SHERLOC's spectral range (250-355 nm), but fluorescence spectra are not unique enough to enable easy identification of particular compounds. However, both aromatic and aliphatic compounds can be identified by their Raman spectra, with the number of Raman peaks and their positions being highly specific to chemical structure, within SHERLOC's reported spectral uncertainty of ±5 cm-1. For compounds that are not in the Library, classification is possible by comparing the general number and position of dominant Raman peaks with trends for different kinds of organic compounds.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0f/6e/ast.2022.0023.PMC9810352.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10709800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Toward Detecting Biosignatures of DNA, Lipids, and Metabolic Intermediates from Bacteria in Ice Grains Emitted by Enceladus and Europa. 探测土卫二和木卫二冰粒中细菌的DNA、脂质和代谢中间体的生物特征。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0063

Marie Dannenmann, Fabian Klenner, Janine Bönigk, Miriam Pavlista, Maryse Napoleoni, Jon Hillier, Nozair Khawaja, Karen Olsson-Francis, Morgan L Cable, Michael J Malaska, Bernd Abel, Frank Postberg

{"title":"Toward Detecting Biosignatures of DNA, Lipids, and Metabolic Intermediates from Bacteria in Ice Grains Emitted by Enceladus and Europa.","authors":"Marie Dannenmann, Fabian Klenner, Janine Bönigk, Miriam Pavlista, Maryse Napoleoni, Jon Hillier, Nozair Khawaja, Karen Olsson-Francis, Morgan L Cable, Michael J Malaska, Bernd Abel, Frank Postberg","doi":"10.1089/ast.2022.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2022.0063","url":null,"abstract":"The reliable identification of biosignatures is key to the search for life elsewhere. On ocean worlds like Enceladus or Europa, this can be achieved by impact ionization mass spectrometers, such as the SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA) on board NASA's upcoming Europa Clipper mission. During spacecraft flybys, these instruments can sample ice grains formed from subsurface water and emitted by these moons. Previous laboratory analog experiments have demonstrated that SUDA-type instruments could identify amino acids, fatty acids, and peptides in ice grains and discriminate between their abiotic and biotic origins. Here, we report experiments simulating impact ionization mass spectra of ice grains containing DNA, lipids, and metabolic intermediates extracted from two bacterial cultures: Escherichia coli and Sphingopyxis alaskensis. Salty Enceladan or Europan ocean waters were simulated using matrices with different NaCl concentrations. Characteristic mass spectral signals, such as DNA nucleobases, are clearly identifiable at part-per-million-level concentrations. Mass spectra of all substances exhibit unambiguous biogenic patterns, which in some cases show significant differences between the two bacterial species. Sensitivity to the biosignatures decreases with increasing matrix salinity. The experimental parameters indicate that future impact ionization mass spectrometers will be most sensitive to the investigated biosignatures for ice grain encounter speeds of 4-6 km/s.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"60-75"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9280757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Spectral Detection of Nanophase Iron Minerals Produced by Fe(III)-Reducing Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaea. 超嗜热铁还原藻纳米铁矿物的光谱检测。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0042

Srishti Kashyap, Elizabeth C Sklute, Peng Wang, Thomas J Tague, M Darby Dyar, James F Holden

{"title":"Spectral Detection of Nanophase Iron Minerals Produced by Fe(III)-Reducing Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaea.","authors":"Srishti Kashyap, Elizabeth C Sklute, Peng Wang, Thomas J Tague, M Darby Dyar, James F Holden","doi":"10.1089/ast.2022.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2022.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral transformations by two hyperthermophilic Fe(III)-reducing crenarchaea, Pyrodictium delaneyi and Pyrobaculum islandicum, were examined using synthetic nanophase ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite, and akaganeite separately as terminal electron acceptors and compared with abiotic mineral transformations under similar conditions. Spectral analyses using visible-near-infrared, Fourier-transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopies were complementary and revealed formation of various biomineral assemblages distinguishable from abiotic phases. The most extensive biogenic mineral transformation occurred with ferrihydrite, which formed primarily magnetite with spectral features similar to biomagnetite relative to a synthetic magnetite standard. The FTIR-ATR spectra of ferrihydrite bioreduced by P. delaneyi also showed possible cell-associated organics such as exopolysaccharides. Such combined detections of biomineral assemblages and organics might serve as biomarkers for hyperthermophilic Fe(III) reduction. With lepidocrocite, P. delaneyi produced primarily a ferrous carbonate phase reminiscent of siderite, and with akaganeite, magnetite and a ferrous phosphate phase similar to vivianite were formed. P. islandicum showed minor biogenic production of a ferrous phosphate similar to vivianite when grown on lepidocrocite, and a mixed valent phosphate or sulfate mineral when grown on akaganeite. These results expand the range of biogenic mineral transformations at high temperatures and identify spacecraft-relevant spectroscopies suitable for discriminating mineral biogenicity.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"43-59"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9810357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10701465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Carnobacterium Species Capable of Growth at Pressures Ranging Over 5 Orders of Magnitude, from the Surface of Mars (10³ Pa) to Deep Oceans (10⁷ Pa) in the Solar System. 能够在超过5个数量级的压力下生长的肉杆菌，从火星表面(103帕)到太阳系的深海(107帕)。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0043

Kathleen M Miller, Flora Tang, Sixuan Li, Kelli K Mullane, Brontë R Shelton, Lam Bui, Douglas H Bartlett, Wayne L Nicholson

{"title":"Carnobacterium Species Capable of Growth at Pressures Ranging Over 5 Orders of Magnitude, from the Surface of Mars (103 Pa) to Deep Oceans (107 Pa) in the Solar System.","authors":"Kathleen M Miller, Flora Tang, Sixuan Li, Kelli K Mullane, Brontë R Shelton, Lam Bui, Douglas H Bartlett, Wayne L Nicholson","doi":"10.1089/ast.2022.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2022.0043","url":null,"abstract":"Several permanently cold solar system bodies are being investigated with regard to their potential habitability, including Mars and icy moons. In such locations, microbial life would have to cope with low temperatures and both high and low pressures, ranging from ∼102 to 103 Pa on the surface of Mars to upward of ∼108-109 Pa in the subsurface oceans of icy moons. The bacterial genus Carnobacterium consists of species that were previously shown to be capable of growth in the absence of oxygen at low temperatures and at either low pressure or high pressure, but to date the entire pressure range of the genus has not been explored. In the present study, we subjected 14 Carnobacterium strains representing 11 species to cultivation in a complex liquid medium under anaerobic conditions at 2°C and at a range of pressures spanning 5 orders of magnitude, from 103 to 107 Pa. Eleven of the 14 strains showed measurable growth rates at all pressures tested, representing the first demonstration of terrestrial life forms capable of growth under such a wide range of pressures. These findings expand the physical boundaries of the capabilities of life to occur in extreme extraterrestrial environments.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"94-104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10710465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Chemical Gardens Mimic Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra and Morphology of Biogenic Mn Oxides. 化学花园模仿生物氧化锰的电子顺磁共振波谱和形态。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0194

Sigrid Huld, Sean McMahon, Susanne Sjöberg, Ping Huang, Anna Neubeck

{"title":"Chemical Gardens Mimic Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra and Morphology of Biogenic Mn Oxides.","authors":"Sigrid Huld, Sean McMahon, Susanne Sjöberg, Ping Huang, Anna Neubeck","doi":"10.1089/ast.2021.0194","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ast.2021.0194","url":null,"abstract":"Manganese (Mn) oxides are ubiquitous in nature and occur as both biological and abiotic minerals, but empirically distinguishing between the two remains a problem. Recently, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been proposed for this purpose. It has been reported that biogenic Mn oxides display a characteristic narrow linewidth in contrast to their pure abiotic counterparts, which is explained in part by the large number of cation vacancies that form within the layers of biogenic Mn oxides. It was, therefore, proposed that natural samples that display a narrow EPR linewidth, ΔHpp < 580G, could be assigned to a biogenic origin. However, in poorly crystalline or amorphous solids, both dipolar broadening and exchange narrowing simultaneously determine the linewidth. Considering that the spectral linewidth is governed by several mechanisms, this approach might be questioned. In this study, we report synthetic chemical garden Mn oxide biomorphs that exhibit both morphologically life-like structures and narrow EPR linewidths, suggesting that a narrow EPR line may be unsuitable as reliable evidence in assessment of biogenicity.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"23 1","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9810355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10710467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Astrobiological Implications of Interstellar Material in the Solar System. 太阳系星际物质的天体生物学意义。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0088

Paul C W Davies, S Peter Worden

引用次数: 0

Directed Panspermia Using Interstellar Comets. 利用星际彗星的定向泛生。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0188

Christopher P McKay, Paul C W Davies, Simon P Worden

引用次数: 0

The New Astronomical Frontier of Interstellar Objects. 星际天体的新天文学前沿。

IF 4.2 3区物理与天体物理

Astrobiology Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0189

Amir Siraj, Abraham Loeb

{"title":"The New Astronomical Frontier of Interstellar Objects.","authors":"Amir Siraj, Abraham Loeb","doi":"10.1089/ast.2021.0189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2021.0189","url":null,"abstract":"The upcoming commencement of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will greatly enhance the discovery rate of interstellar objects (ISOs). 'Oumuamua and Borisov were the first two ISOs confirmed in the Solar System, although the first interstellar meteor was detected earlier. We explore the intriguing mass budget of ejected planetesimals implied by the detections of 'Oumuamua and Borisov and explore the expected abundance of ISOs as a function of size in the solar neighborhood. Specifically, we find that a significant fraction of stellar mass must go toward producing ISOs and that ISOs outnumber Solar System objects in the Oort cloud. We consider signatures of ISOs colliding with Earth, the Moon, and neutron stars, as well as the possibility of differentiating ISOs from Solar System objects in stellar occultation surveys, and we show that these methods are observationally feasible. We introduce a test for dynamical anisotropy that is capable of determining the typical ejection speed of ISOs from their parent stars. Finally, we predict a new population of dynamically distinct ISOs originating from stars in the Galactic halo. One of the two branches of the newly established Galileo Project1 seeks to learn more about the nature of ISOs like 'Oumuamua by performing new searches and designing follow-up observations.","PeriodicalId":8645,"journal":{"name":"Astrobiology","volume":"22 12","pages":"1459-1470"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10361243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2