Experimental Astronomy最新文献

{"title":"Methodological refinement of the submillimeter galaxy cross-correlation function measurements and their uncertainty estimation","authors":"Joaquín González-Nuevo,&nbsp;Laura Bonavera,&nbsp;Marcos M. Cueli,&nbsp;David Crespo,&nbsp;Jose Manuel Casas,&nbsp;Rebeca Fernández-Fernández","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10055-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10055-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we aim to develop a new methodology to estimate the cross-correlation function and uncertainties and apply it to the analysis of magnification bias in galaxy surveys. We adopt a new methodological framework that uses a statistically rigorous approach to obtain more robust measurements for constraining cosmological parameters. This strategy involves using the full field area to count the number of different pairs for each field and combine them into a single estimation, reducing statistical uncertainty and accounting for the full information available in the data. The covariance matrix was estimated internally using an oversampled bootstrap method. We divided each field into at least five patches, that were defined automatically using a k-mean clustering algorithm. We investigate the robustness of the new methodology by comparing the results from a spectroscopic lens sample with those from a photometric lens sample, finding them to be compatible. We also analyse the cross-correlation function and auto-correlation function for individual fields in the three GAMA fields, comparing both samples. The G15 field was found to have a stronger signal compared to the other fields, suggesting that the stronger cross-correlation is produced by the rare combination of two excesses of large-scale structure in both the foreground and background samples. Our results demonstrate the robustness of the new methodology and suggest that the differences with respect to the mini-tile previously used approached may be due to physical properties of the samples themselves. The identified G15 anomalous signal warrants further investigation into its impact on cosmological parameters.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10686-026-10055-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of non X-ray background for the DIffuse X-ray Explorer (DIXE) mission","authors":"Ruixuan Tian,&nbsp;Junjie Mao,&nbsp;Jiejia Liu,&nbsp;Hai Jin,&nbsp;Wei Cui","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10053-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10053-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>DIffuse X-ray Explorer (DIXE) is a proposed high-resolution spectroscopic survey mission onboard the China Space Station. Equipped with microcalorimeters based on the Transition-edge sensor technology, it aims to survey the hot gas in the Milky Way. The performance of DIXE depends on the understanding of non X-ray background (NXB), which can strongly affect observations of diffuse X-ray emission. In this work, we simulated the NXB of DIXE in a low-earth orbit (LEO) using <span>Geant4</span>. A detailed mass model of the payload was constructed, and the major sources of NXB were identified, including cosmic rays, albedo neutrons and albedo photons. These components were implemented in <span>Geant4</span> with realistic angular and spectral distributions. We simulated the relevant physical processes of space radiation interacting with the instrument and calculated the resulting NXB. We also evaluated the delayed background from trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). Our simulations show that, at the geomagnetic equator and under solar minimum conditions, the NXB is on average <span>(4.46 times 10^{-2} ~mathrm {counts~s^{-1}~cm^{-2}~keV^{-1}})</span> in 0.1–10 keV energy band, with dominant contributions from the induced particles generated by primary cosmic protons. The NXB increases toward higher geomagnetic latitudes, reaching a maximum of <span>(1.55 times 10^{-1} ~mathrm {counts~s^{-1}~cm^{-2}~keV^{-1}})</span>. The delayed background induced by the SAA decays rapidly after exiting the anomaly and becomes negligible within approximately 5 minutes. The simulated NXB is consistent with that of similar X-ray observatories in LEOs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing at timau national observatory based on ERA5 dataset","authors":"Rhorom Priyatikanto,&nbsp;Clara Y. Yatini,&nbsp;Gerhana P. Putri,&nbsp;Ishfahani Rusyda,&nbsp;Evan I. Akbar,&nbsp;Agustinus G. Admiranto,&nbsp;Ferdhiansyah Noor,&nbsp;Siti Maryam,&nbsp;Elyyani Elyyani,&nbsp;Abd Rachman","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10054-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10054-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding the seeing conditions is crucial for astronomical observations using a ground-based telescope. This study analyzes long-term atmospheric data (2002–2021) from the ERA5 dataset to assess the seeing conditions at the new Timau National Observatory in Indonesia, which hosts a 3.8-meter optical telescope. While the ERA5 dataset shows remarkable agreement with radiosonde data for temperature and wind speed, it tends to underestimate seeing at Eltari Airport, Kupang. Despite this discrepancy, the ERA5 data suggest a median seeing of <span>(varvec{0.79})</span> arcseconds at Timau, with optimal seeing conditions in March and November and greater variability during the May to September dry season. These findings are crucial for the planning and operation of the observatory, which requires excellent seeing conditions for its three-band optical imager and a near-infrared camera. Although the seeing at Timau is not as good as at some other observatories, the conditions at Timau make it an observatory that has good prospects for equatorial regions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WCDA detector of the LHAASO experiment as a pair-meter to measure atmospheric muon spectrum","authors":"Yu. V. Stenkin,&nbsp;A. V. Butkevich,&nbsp;I. S. Karpikov,&nbsp;D. A. Kuleshov,&nbsp;K. O. Kurinov,&nbsp;X. H. Ma,&nbsp;I. O. Maliy,&nbsp;O. B. Shchegolev,&nbsp;Z. G. Yao","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10045-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10045-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) experiment is a multi-purpose experiment for gamma-ray astronomy, cosmic ray physics and for many other tasks. Its task number will be undoubtedly extended in future. We proposed to use existing WCDA (Water Cherenkov Detector Array being a part of LHAASO) as a pair-meter to measure atmospheric muon energy spectrum. This work confirms that WCDA without any reconstruction can serve as an optimal pair-meter to study near-horizontal atmospheric muons with energy beyond ~ 10 TeV. In this article we study response of the WCDA detector to Cherenkov light produced by high energy muons and its accompanying, taking into account the cells configuration, possible crosstalk between cells, and photomultiplier (PMT) characteristics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a one-dimensional position sensitive detector for Compton X-ray polarimeters","authors":"Abhay Kumar,&nbsp;Santosh V. Vadawale,&nbsp;N. P. S. Mithun,&nbsp;Tanmoy Chattopadhyay,&nbsp;S. K. Goyal,&nbsp;A. R. Patel,&nbsp;M. Shanmugam","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10052-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10052-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The scientific potential of X-ray polarimetry has long been recognized, but the challenges in measuring polarization have left it largely unexplored, particularly in the hard X-ray regime. While tremendous advancement has been made in soft X-ray polarimetery, the lack of sensitive hard X-ray polarimeters and polarisation measurements continues to limit our understanding of high-energy astrophysical processes. With the development of hard X-ray mirrors, it is now possible to develop a sensitive focal plane hard X-ray polarimeter. One such effort is Compton X-ray Polarimeter (CXPOL), a prototype developed at Physical Research laboratory, India, which consists of a plastic scintillator as active scatterer readout by Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) surrounded by CsI(Tl) scintillators in cylindrical array with Si photomultiplier (SiPM) readout from one side. First results of the prototype have been demonstrated in 20 to 80 keV energy range by Chattopadhyay et al. (2015). The sensitivity of the instrument can be significantly enhanced using faster and better light yield scintillator like NaI as absorbers. Further, the use of a position-sensitive scatterer surrounded by position-sensitive absorbers, can also provide spectroscopic information by measuring the interaction position along the length and from the known energy depositions in the detectors. Position sensitive detectors are also helpful in mitigating the systematic effects introduced by the off-axis events in the polarisation measurements. Here, we demonstrate the detection sensitivity in the 100x20x5 mm<span>(^{3})</span> NaI(Tl) scintillator absorber readout on both ends by Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays operating in co-incidence. In this work, we characterize the first prototype of this detector system and investigate the variation in energy and position resolution, and light output with irradiation position along the length of the detector. The two end readout in co-incidence also reduces the overall SiPM background per absorber by an order of magnitude, further enhancing the polarimetric sensitivity of the instrument.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10686-026-10052-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-precision lunar corner-cube retroreflectors: A wave-optics perspective","authors":"Slava G. Turyshev","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10048-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10048-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-precision corner-cube retroreflectors (CCRs) are critical for advanced lunar laser ranging (LLR) because they enable sub-millimeter-scale measurements of the Earth–Moon distance—a level of precision essential for rigorous tests of relativistic gravitation and for advancing our understanding of lunar geophysics. In this work, we develop a comprehensive two-dimensional Fourier-optics model for single CCRs with apertures ranging from 80–110 mm. Our model incorporates realistic thermal–mechanical wavefront errors, detailed diffraction effects, and velocity aberration offsets. Our analysis reveals a strong coupling between aperture size and aberration angular offset: while larger CCRs deliver high on-axis flux under near-ideal conditions, their narrow diffraction lobes suffer significant flux loss at moderate aberration offsets, thereby favoring smaller apertures with broader main lobes. Furthermore, comparisons between solid fused-silica and hollow silicon-carbide (SiC) CCRs show that hollow designs not only achieve competitive or superior photon return—particularly at 1064 nm, where phase errors are relatively reduced—but also offer nearly an order-of-magnitude mass reduction for the same aperture sizes. These results establish a robust quantitative framework for optimizing CCR designs to perform at the sub-millimeter level under realistic lunar conditions and underscore the advantages of precision hollow SiC CCRs for next-generation LLR operations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147643138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and development of a deployable boom for the MAG payload onboard Aditya-L1 spacecraft","authors":"Vipin K. Yadav,&nbsp;Pankaj Agarwal,&nbsp;Narendra S.,&nbsp;Vijay Shankar Rai,&nbsp;Vijaya Y.,&nbsp;Monika Mahajan,&nbsp;Mallikarjun K.V.L.N.,&nbsp;Srikar P. Tadepalli","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10051-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10051-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To measure the local magnetic field in space, magnetometers are regularly flown onboard space missions. In general, the spacecrafts carrying the magnetic field measuring instruments themselves generate a magnetic field which acts as magnetic noise thereby compromising the accurate measurements of magnetic fields onboard. To overcome this handicap, the spacecrafts employ long booms so that the magnetic field sensors are placed near the tip of these booms away from the spacecraft and the magnetic contamination produced by it can be avoided. The first Indian solar mission, to continuously observe and study the Sun, Aditya-L1 is placed in a halo-orbit around the first Lagrangian (L1) point. A fluxgate magnetometer (MAG) is one of the seven payloads onboard Aditya-L1 spacecraft to measure the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) around the L1 point. A 6 m long non-conducting deployable boom holds two sets of the MAG sensors. In this paper, the technical design and the realization of this MAG boom is described which is working as expected in an orbit around the L1 point.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147607261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate identification of X-ray single photons using multi-dimensional features and positive-unlabeled learning","authors":"Zhihui Lyu,&nbsp;Shuai Jia,&nbsp;Fei Wei,&nbsp;Songwu Peng","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10050-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10050-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Traditional thresholding for X-ray astronomical detection faces challenges in balancing low-energy photon detection efficiency and noise suppression. This paper proposes an innovative algorithm based on multidimensional feature engineering and positive-unlabeled (PU) learning. The algorithm constructs morphological features of photon events, greatly enhancing the ability to distinguish photons from noise. By combining the PU learning framework with an adaptive threshold, the algorithm addresses the identification of low-energy photons. Experimental results show that its ability to distinguish photons from noise (d’ value of 1489.49) far surpasses the upper limit of conventional methods (maximum d’ value of 11.13). The algorithm accurately recovers the low-energy spectrum, which traditional methods severely distort. This leads to more than an order of magnitude improvement in spectrum recovery accuracy (NMSE). The algorithm demonstrates excellent performance in single-photon identification, providing key technology for realizing the potential of CMOS detectors in space exploration.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147607338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data management architecture for Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment : MACE-DMS","authors":"D. Sarkar,&nbsp;U. Karnani,&nbsp;N. Chouhan,&nbsp;K. Vaibhav,&nbsp;L. K. Patel,&nbsp;K. K. Yadav,&nbsp;K. Rajesh,&nbsp;R. Thubstan,&nbsp; Keshavanand,&nbsp;S. Godambe,&nbsp;K. Chanchalani,&nbsp;M. Khurana,&nbsp;J. Hariharan,&nbsp;K. Venugopal,&nbsp;S. Norlha,&nbsp;S. Godiyal,&nbsp;S. V. Kotwal,&nbsp;Z. A. Dar,&nbsp;P. Chandra,&nbsp;P. Pandey,&nbsp;M. K. Koul,&nbsp;V. K. Dhar,&nbsp;N. Dorji,&nbsp;P. Dorjey,&nbsp;M. Kothari,&nbsp;N. Kumar,&nbsp;N. K. Agarwal,&nbsp;P. Marandi,&nbsp;C. P. Kushwaha,&nbsp;K. K. Gour","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10049-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10049-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this digital era, the generation of data is occurring at an unprecedented rate across diverse fields, and scientific experiments are no exception. These experiments often generate massive volumes of data that require robust and efficient data management. Addressing challenges such as data archiving, backup, retrieval, and analysis are critical for ensuring the usability,longevity, and security of scientific datasets. In this paper, we present the design of a Data Management System (DMS) tailored to meet the unique requirements and complexities of a Very High Energy (VHE) ground-based gamma-ray experiment. We describe both the high-level design and low-level implementation details of the data management architecture developed for the Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE). This architecture incorporates scalable storage solutions, advanced data retrieval mechanisms, and efficient analysis pipelines to support real-time processing and long-term data preservation. In addition, we present an overview of MACE observational data, storage patterns, and system performance in terms of data handling, demonstrating how DMS has effectively addressed all aspects of data management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147562003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and preliminary performance study of the broad-band spectrometer detector for POLAR-2","authors":"Jian-Chao Sun,&nbsp;Jiang He,&nbsp;Shuang-Nan Zhang,&nbsp;Shao-Lin Xiong,&nbsp;Jiang-Tao Liu,&nbsp;Yan-Bing Xu,&nbsp;Jia Ma,&nbsp;Shuo Wang,&nbsp;Lei Shuai,&nbsp;Xiu-Zuo Liang,&nbsp;Hong-Bang Liu,&nbsp;Fei Xie,&nbsp;Ming Zeng,&nbsp;Philipp Azzarello,&nbsp;Jörg Bayer,&nbsp;Franck Cadoux,&nbsp;Nicolas De Angelis,&nbsp;Huan-Bo Feng,&nbsp;Zu-Ke Feng,&nbsp;Min Gao,&nbsp;Ramandeep Gill,&nbsp;Jonathan Granot,&nbsp;Jochen Greiner,&nbsp;Alejandro Guzman,&nbsp;Jin-Xiu Hu,&nbsp;Yue Huang,&nbsp;Johannes Hulsman,&nbsp;Zheng-Huo Jiang,&nbsp;Merlin Kole,&nbsp;Dao-Wu Li,&nbsp;Han-Cheng Li,&nbsp;Tong-Lei Liao,&nbsp;Long Peng,&nbsp;Agnieszka Pollo,&nbsp;Nicolas Produit,&nbsp;Dominik Rybka,&nbsp;Andrea Santangelo,&nbsp;Li-Ming Song,&nbsp;Chris Tenzer,&nbsp;Xiao-Ming Wang,&nbsp;Yuan-Hao Wang,&nbsp;Bo-Bing Wu,&nbsp;Pei-Lian Wu,&nbsp;Xin Wu,&nbsp;Shuo Xiao,&nbsp;Sheng Yang,&nbsp;Lai-Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Yong-Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10686-026-10043-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-026-10043-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>POLAR-2, the successor of the POLAR experiment aboard China’s Tiangong-2 space lab, is set to be deployed on the China Space Station. The POLAR-2 mission aims to conducting high-precision polarization measurements of high-energy transients with a primary focus on Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), following POLAR’s pioneering accurate polarization measurements of GRB prompt emission. One of the key advancements in POLAR-2 is the inclusion of a dedicated Broad-band Spectrometer Detector (BSD) instrument, designed to provide precise measurements of GRB location and spectral parameters, which are critical inputs for accurate polarization analysis of POLAR-2’s dedicated High-energy Polarimetry Detector (HPD), which is made of plastic scintillator bars array. BSD employs a coded-aperture mask imaging technique and pixelated GAGG scintillation crystals, offering a wide half-coded field of view of <span>(sim 132^circ times 125^circ)</span> and an operational energy range of 10–1000 keV. Simulation results indicate that the instrument can achieve a localization accuracy of approximately <span>(1.5^circ)</span> for faint GRBs similar to GRB 170817A, satisfying the core requirements of GRB polarimetry with HPD. BSD also has moderate capability for GRB polarimetry, particularly at several hundred keV energy. This paper outlines the preliminary design of BSD and presents an overall evaluation of its expected scientific performance, based on extensive Monte Carlo simulations and preliminary ground-based calibration tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}