Experimental Astronomy最新文献

{"title":"Digital electronics for the eXTP large area detector","authors":"Xianqi Wang,&nbsp;Paolo Bastia,&nbsp;Jörg Bayer,&nbsp;Federica Bonfitto,&nbsp;Franck Cadoux,&nbsp;Artur Emanuel Cardoso Coimbra,&nbsp;Francesco Ceraudo,&nbsp;Nicolas De Angelis,&nbsp;Giovanni Della Casa,&nbsp;Ettore Del Monte,&nbsp;Yannick Favre,&nbsp;Alejandro Guzman,&nbsp;Paul Hedderman,&nbsp;Malgorzata Michalska,&nbsp;Aline Meuris,&nbsp;Gabriele Minervini,&nbsp;Witold Nowosielski,&nbsp;Samuel Pliego Caballero,&nbsp;Andreas Putz,&nbsp;Andrea Santangelo,&nbsp;Christoph Tenzer,&nbsp;Alessio Trois,&nbsp;Francesco Villa,&nbsp;Hao Xiong","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10017-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10017-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry Mission (eXTP) is a flagship collaborative Sino-European X-ray mission currently in its Phase B study, led by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). One of the primary instruments contributed by the European consortium to eXTP is the Large area detector (LAD), which consists of 40 modules of Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) operating in the 2–30 keV energy range. The Back-End Electronics (BEE) for the LAD are organized at two hierarchical levels: Module Back-End Electronics (MBEE) and Panel Back-End Electronics (PBEE), to manage the large number of detectors in the instrument. The Module Back-End Electronics (MBEE) acquires data from 8 Front-End Electronics (FEE) boards, which constitute half of a module and additionally preprocesses the acquired digital data. The PBEE, positioned one level higher in the hierarchy, is responsible for aggregating the data streams (science telemetry and Housekeeping (HK) data) from 20 MBEE to the Instrument Control Unit (ICU) using a single SpaceWire connection. Additionally, it distributes power, telecommands, and synchronized timing information from the ICU to the MBEE. The BEEs are designed using radiation-tolerant embedded and programmable logic systems to support data acquisition, processing, telecommand handling, and HK collection. This paper discusses the architecture of the LAD and its electronics system, with a focus on the BEE, and presents the test results and performance derived from a single-line LAD data acquisition chain setup.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10686-025-10017-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design a control framework for large mosaic cameras named RACS2-CCS and its application in WFST","authors":"Zhe Geng,&nbsp;Zhi-yue Wang,&nbsp;Zhen-hao Zheng,&nbsp;Kun Ge,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Hong-fei Zhang,&nbsp;Jian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10018-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10018-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the field of time-domain sky surveys, traditional single-sensor cameras have a limited field of view, making it challenging to efficiently complete large-scale survey tasks. Cameras composed of multiple mosaicked sensors, enables telescopes to achieve wide-field, high-resolution imaging, greatly enhancing survey efficiency. The Camera Control System (CCS) is responsible for controlling the operation of devices in mosaic camera systems, monitoring their status in real-time, coordinating them to complete the full operational workflow, and ultimately generating scientific image data. In this paper, we present an in-depth study of the system architecture for large distributed mosaic cameras and we propose the RACS2-CCS framework, based on the second-generation Remote Autonomous Control System (RACS2). The core feature of RACS2-CCS is its event-driven mechanism. In this framework, we not only establish a unified component programming paradigm but also introduce a range of new features, including component management, image file management, and a site interface, addressing the limitations of RACS2 when applied to the control of large mosaic camera systems. RACS2-CCS was built through the gradual implementation of the hardware control layer, system control layer, and interface layer. RACS2-CCS was successfully applied to the CCS of the Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST). During multiple joint debugging sessions, the system performed stably and successfully completed long-term observation tasks at the Lenghu observatory, verifying its efficiency and reliability in real-world operations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145145444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and fabrication of a lightweight three-lens corrector system for the 2.34-m Vainu Bappu telescope","authors":"Nitish Singh,&nbsp;S. Sriram,&nbsp;Ramya Sethuram,&nbsp;Bharat Kumar Yerra,&nbsp;Rahuldeb Burman,&nbsp;G. Nataraj,&nbsp;C Chethan,&nbsp;P. Madan Mohan Kemkar,&nbsp;K Sagayanathan,&nbsp;Saikat Das,&nbsp;Francis Xavier Rozario J","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-09997-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-09997-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) is a 2.34-m reflector, primarily supported on-axis field of view, offering high-resolution and low-to-medium resolution spectroscopic observations in its prime and Cassegrain configurations. This study presents the design and fabrication of a compact, lightweight, three-element wide-field corrector (WFC) utilizing three spherical lenses to cover a polychromatic wavelength range over a 30<span>(')</span> FoV at prime focus. The WFC design was optimized using ZEMAX, ensuring precision in aberrations, tolerances, and atmospheric dispersion. The fabricated lenses met stringent tolerances, with a ±1 mm deviation in radius of curvature and ±2 mm deviation in center thickness. A mechanical mount was developed to integrate all the WFC lenses, and wavefront error testing for the WFC system was performed using ZYGO interferometry, yielding a Wavefront Error of 0.05 <span>(lambda )</span>. Laboratory performance tests were designed and conducted using a dedicated setup with achromatic lenses and 100 <span>(mu m)</span> fiber-coupled polychromatic light source showed a deviation of 0.1 pixel on-axis and 0.5 pixel at the extreme off-axis field compared to the ZEMAX design, demonstrating that the optical performance of WFC is with minimal aberrations across the entire FoV. The successful integration of the WFC at the VBT prime focus will increase the FoV, enabling the multi-fiber, multi-spectrograph setup in <span>(30^{prime })</span> field that will facilitate both OMR and Echelle spectrograph to be used on the same night along with the addition of new multi-object spectrograph and an integral field unit instrument. This will mark a significant upgrade for the VBT, broadening its research potential, and expanding its observational versatility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145144777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beni Mellal isoplanatic angle as determined by ERA5","authors":"Tarik Mouhtafid,&nbsp;M. Sabil,&nbsp;Z. Ihsane,&nbsp;E.A Siher","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10015-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10015-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this publication, we continue a series of investigations carried out in the High Atlas, in particular at Oukaïmdan and Aklim, by identifying a new astronomical site in the Beni Mellal mountains, notably at Tassemit. At present, we rely on satellites to gather meteorological and geophysical data. The analysis of atmospheric turbulence and wind speed distribution is of crucial importance in the evaluation of astronomical sites and the implementation of adaptive optics systems. This study examines optical turbulence using a general model, as well as wind characteristics at Tassemit. The data used come from reanalyses (ERA5) of the European Centre for Meteorological Forecasting, covering a 10-year period. We study vertical variations and seasonal trends in wind speed and atmospheric turbulence. At a pressure level of 200 hPa, wind speeds <span>(V_{200})</span> show lower levels in summer and autumn, with the exception of November, while they are higher in winter and spring. At Tassemit, extreme values of <span>(V_{200})</span> are observed in April, reaching 26.87 <span>(mathrm {ms^{-1}})</span>, and in August, with a minimum of 12.32 <span>(mathrm {ms^{-1}})</span>. Furthermore, the locations of the peaks in the <span>(C_{n}^2)</span> profiles correspond to the tropopause and jet stream regions at the Tassemit site. In addition, the aim of this work is to calculate the astroclimatic parameters for the qualification of the astronomical sites (<span>(r_{textrm{0}})</span>, and <span>(theta _{textrm{0}})</span>). The initial data come from the Tassemit site. The medians of the <span>(r_{textrm{0}})</span> and <span>(theta _{textrm{0}})</span> values are 11.19 cm and 1.65 arcsec accordingly, offering a possible point of reference for astronomical uses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145144120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An SBC-based controller and processor for the laboratory model of PRATUSH digital receiver","authors":"Srivani K.S.,&nbsp;Girish B.S.,&nbsp;Mayuri S. Rao,&nbsp;Saurabh Singh,&nbsp;Adarsh Kumar Dash,&nbsp;Narendra S.,&nbsp;Yash Agrawal,&nbsp;Keerthipriya S.,&nbsp;Somashekar R.,&nbsp;Madhavi S.,&nbsp;Jacob Rajan,&nbsp;Udaya Shankar N.,&nbsp;Seetha S.","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10013-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10013-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Probing ReionizATion of the Universe using Signal from Hydrogen (PRATUSH) is a proposed space-based radiometer that aims to detect the sky-averaged 21-cm signal from Cosmic Dawn – a crucial phase in the cosmic evolution of the Universe. PRATUSH will operate in the frequency range of 55-110 MHz. PRATUSH will conduct observations in low earth orbit in its first phase, followed by lunar orbit in the second phase. Digital correlation spectrometer is an integral subsystem of PRATUSH radiometer, enabling phase switching, digitization and generation of sky spectrum. The digital correlation spectrometer for PRATUSH laboratory model features 10-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and a Virtex-6 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). A Raspberry Pi 4 Model B-based single-board computer (SBC) serves as the master controller, real-time processor and data recorder, to minimize the power, mass and volume requirement of the laboratory model. This paper presents the implementation of the PRATUSH laboratory model digital receiver, challenges arising from the use of an SBC in place of a conventional computer, and demonstrates the performance of the spectrometer when integrated with the PRATUSH laboratory model analog receiver.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflection grating fabrication for the Rockets for Extended-source X-ray Spectroscopy","authors":"Drew M. Miles,&nbsp;Ross McCurdy,&nbsp;Michael Labella,&nbsp;Randall L. McEntaffer,&nbsp;Fabien Grisé,&nbsp;Jake McCoy,&nbsp;James H. Tutt","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10011-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10011-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Rockets for Extended-source X-ray Spectroscopy (tREXS) grating spectrograph uses modules of reflection gratings to collect spectroscopic data from extended astronomical sources of soft X-rays. Two blazed master gratings were produced on silicon substrates with electron-beam lithography (EBL) and complementary nanofabrication processes that include KOH etching. Substrate-conformal imprint lithography (SCIL) was then used to create 191 replicas of the two grating masters for use in the flight instrument. Diffraction efficiency was measured for several replica gratings, which achieve a peak of <span>( varvec{&gt;} )</span>70% absolute efficiency near 0.22 keV and an average of <span>( varvec{approx } )</span>50% absolute efficiency across the measured band, from 0.18 – 0.8 keV. Here we detail the nanofabrication of the grating masters, including the EBL parameters and tREXS-specific fabrication considerations, and the SCIL replication process used to generate the final instrument gratings. A discussion of grating characterization and areas for future improvement is also presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12165994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GIFTS: A 6U CubeSat for the detection and localisation of gamma-ray bursts","authors":"Alexey Uliyanov,&nbsp;Cuán de Barra,&nbsp;David Murphy,&nbsp;Derek O’Callaghan,&nbsp;Padraig McDermott,&nbsp;Joseph Thompson,&nbsp;Lorraine Hanlon,&nbsp;Sheila McBreen","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10014-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10014-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>GIFTS is a 6U CubeSat designed to detect and localise gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Its main goal is to improve the sky coverage of existing GRB observatories and contribute to the search of electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational-wave events. GIFTS will use six CeBr<span>( _3 )</span> scintillator detectors oriented at different angles to localise GRBs based on the difference in the observed count rates. Each detector employs an array of 24 SiPMs for scintillator readout. A full-size prototype of one GIFTS detector was built and tested with gamma rays with energies ranging from 31 keV to 1.3 MeV. It showed an energy resolution of 5.4% at 662 keV. Monte-Carlo simulations were used to estimate the GRB detection and localisation performance of the full instrument. GIFTS was able to detect about 50% of the GRBs from the Fermi GBM catalogue, provided they were not occulted by Earth. Assuming a 60% duty factor for GRB observations, GIFTS is expected to detect about 80 GRBs/year including 12 short GRBs/year. For 90% of the detected GRBs with positive elevations, the true localisation error is less than 32<span>( ^{circ } )</span>. The localisation error is mainly defined by statistical fluctuations in the observed count rates and becomes smaller for brighter events. Systematic localisation errors are expected to depend mainly on the accuracy of the instrument response model used by the localisation procedure. GIFTS is under development and expected to be launch ready for the next gravitational-wave observing run (O5).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10686-025-10014-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel energy reconstruction method for wide-field-of-view imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique experiments","authors":"Qingqian Zhou,&nbsp;Qingyuan Hou,&nbsp;Youliang Feng,&nbsp;Tianlu Chen,&nbsp;Hengjiao Liu,&nbsp;Yiqing Guo,&nbsp;Cheng Liu,&nbsp;Zihao Zhang,&nbsp;Qi Gao,&nbsp;Maoyuan Liu,&nbsp;Xiangli Qian,&nbsp;Yuanqi Liu,&nbsp;Jiadan Xie,&nbsp;Shanjie Shu,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhu,&nbsp;Weiqi Han,&nbsp;Qijiao Fang,&nbsp;Yanan Wang,&nbsp;Baozhen Liu,&nbsp;Shaohua Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10007-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10007-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The High Altitude Detection of Astronomical Radiation (HADAR) experiment employs an innovative Cherenkov observation technique, boasting an expansive Field-of-View (FOV), and is specifically designed to capture the prompt emissions from Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs).We propose a novel method for energy reconstruction of Very-high-energy (VHE) γ-rays in the HADAR experiment, based on the Boosted Decision Trees (BDTs) model in machine learning algorithms, referred to as BDTs-Erec. We discuss this energy reconstruction method in detail. A training dataset is generated through Monte Carlo simulation, and the TMVA tool in the ROOT framework is utilized to implement the BDTs model. This model minimizes prediction errors by incrementally adding decision trees and finally constructs 3000 BDTs, thus optimizing the accuracy of energy reconstruction. Performance comparisons are made against the traditional energy reconstruction method based on Look-Up-Tables (denoted as LUTs-Erec), indicating that BDTs-Erec significantly outperforms LUTs-Erec in prediction performance with increasing energy, while it exhibits poorer performance in the low-energy range.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145143474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar wind speed estimate with machine learning ensemble models for LISA","authors":"Federico Sabbatini,&nbsp;Catia Grimani","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10010-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10010-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work we study the potentialities of machine learning models in reconstructing the solar wind speed observations gathered in the first Lagrangian point by the ACE satellite in 2016–2017. We leverage a supervised model trained with the ACE observations and the galactic cosmic-ray flux variation data measured with particle detectors hosted on board the LISA Pathfinder mission also orbiting around L1 during the same years. Missing data in galactic cosmic-ray time series have been filled with the benefit of other machine learning models developed in previous work. The model presented here will be used for the European Space Agency Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) after its launch in 2035 to estimate the solar wind speed, that will not be measured on board, with the only benefit of galactic cosmic-ray variation measurements. We show that ensemble models composed of heterogeneous weak regressors are able to outperform weak regressors in terms of predictive accuracy. Machine learning and other powerful predictive algorithms open a window on the possibility of substituting dedicated instrumentation with software models acting as surrogates for diagnostics of space missions such as the LISA mission and space weather science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflight calibration of SRG/ART-XC point spread function at large off-axis angles","authors":"R. Krivonos,&nbsp;R. Burenin,&nbsp;E. Filippova,&nbsp;I. Lapshov,&nbsp;A. Tkachenko,&nbsp;A. Semena,&nbsp;I. Mereminskiy,&nbsp;V. Arefiev,&nbsp;A. Lutovinov,&nbsp;B. D. Ramsey,&nbsp;J. J. Kolodziejczak,&nbsp;D. A. Swartz,&nbsp;C.-T. Chen,&nbsp;S. R. Ehlert,&nbsp;A. Vikhlinin","doi":"10.1007/s10686-025-10008-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10686-025-10008-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The knowledge of the point spread function (PSF) of the Mikhail Pavlinsky Astronomical Roentgen Telescope–X-ray Concentrator (ART-XC) telescope aboard the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (<i>SRG</i>) observatory plays an especially crucial role in the detection of point X-ray sources in the all-sky survey and the studies of extended X-ray objects with low surface brightness. In this work, we calibrate the far off-axis shape of the ART-XC PSF using in-flight data of Sco X-1 and the Crab Nebula, in all-sky survey or scan mode, respectively. We demonstrate that the so-called “slewing” ART-XC PSF (in contrast to the on-axis PSF), in convolution with the detector pixels, is consistent with ground calibration performed at the Marshall Space Flight Center, and can be used to model the PSF up to large off-axis distances in all-sky survey or scan modes. The radial profile of the Crab Nebula in the 4−12 keV band shows an extended structure out to <span>( sim )</span>150” and is consistent with Sco X-1 at larger off-axis angles. Finally, we performed an analytic parametrization of the slewing ART-XC PSF as a function of energy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145142097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}