IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Hollow Cathode Geometry on the Parameters of a Forevacuum Plasma Electron Source","authors":"Ilya Yu. Bakeev;Aleksandr S. Klimov;Efim M. Oks;Aleksey A. Zenin","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3556416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3556416","url":null,"abstract":"We present the results of our exploration of the influence of cathode cavity geometry on the parameters of a forevacuum-pressure plasma-cathode electron source based on a hollow cathode glow discharge with an extended plasma emission surface. We show that the electron emission current of the source depends nonmonotonically on the diameter of the cathode cavity output aperture. Increased electron emission current and electron beam power are obtained with optimized cathode cavity geometry, opening up possibilities for the use of the source in electron-beam technologies for the modification of high-temperature dielectric materials.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"922-927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Ion-Acoustic Soliton Propagation Near the Super-Critical Values in Relativistic Magnetized Plasmas","authors":"Sagar Barua;M. G. Hafez;Md. Obaidur Rahman","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3556972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3556972","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses the derivation of a new evolution equation with quartic nonlinearity and its analytical solution along with dynamical features for investigating nonlinear propagation characteristics of ion-acoustic soliton (IAS) in a magnetized, rotating, relativistic plasma environment comprising of relativistic ion fluids and generalized distributed electrons, and positions. Employing the conventional reductive perturbation method, the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation involving quartic nonlinearity is derived. The effect of obliqueness, relativistic streaming factor, rotational frequency, and other related plasma parameters on the nonlinear propagation characteristic is analyzed. The plasma parameters affect remarkably the propagation characteristics of IASs with the consideration of relativistic Lorentz factor (RLF) up to 20 terms rather than 2 or 3 terms. Through the implementation of a traveling wave transformation, a planar dynamical system (PDS) is rigorously formulated. The phase portrait is meticulously constructed, allowing for a comprehensive and deeply nuanced analysis of the emergent nonlinear wave phenomena inherent to the system. It is observed that even the slightest alteration in any parameter can exert a significant and abrupt influence on the propagation dynamics of IASs when approaching the super-critical threshold. The findings presented may contribute to the underlying physics in understanding soliton propagation in the astrophysical scenarios such as magnetosphere, neutron stars, dark matter halos, white dwarfs, etc. in the presence of magnetic field.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"880-892"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz Backward Wave Oscillator: A Review on Slow Wave Structure Designs, Performance Characterizations, and Fabrication Methods","authors":"Qipei Ban;Tieyan Zhang;Wenxin Liu;Xiaoxia Wang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3557079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3557079","url":null,"abstract":"The backward wave oscillator (BWO) is an important vacuum electron source that utilizes backward waves to interact with electron beam, resulting in high-frequency self-excited oscillations. Due to the negative dispersion property, self-excited oscillations, tunability, room-temperature operation, and relativistic effects, the BWO has significant application prospects in fields such as terahertz (THz) imaging and nuclear fusion. The development direction of BWO is high frequency and high power. This article jointly reviews the research progress of THz BWOs in the last decade from many aspects, such as the theory of BWO, slow wave structure (SWS) design, and common fabrication methods used in the THz band, and introduces the latest methods and mechanisms for improving the performance of BWOs. In addition, the latest progress of relativistic BWOs (RBWOs) and the applications of BWOs was also introduced. The above contents will help to understand the theoretical and experimental studies of BWOs and RBWOs and promote their practical applications in the fields of identification imaging and energy.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"1081-1089"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma Resistance Control for Ignition Energy Improvements Under High-Speed Flow Conditions","authors":"Xiao Yu;Linyan Wang;Ming Zheng","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3558478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3558478","url":null,"abstract":"Modern spark ignition (SI) systems tend to face a fuel-lean mixture of elevated density and intensified flow for improving engine efficiency and exhaust emission. A more effective ignition source, e.g., a properly modulated current profile of on-demand elevated energy is preferred to assist the flame kernel formation process and developments. The strong air motion blows the plasma channel away from the spark gap, causing the plasma channel to stretch, which leads to restrike events when stretched excessively. In this work, the impact of spark plasma stretching on the discharge processes has been investigated under various flow velocities and background densities. It is observed that the cross-flow may raise the deposition efficiency of discharge energy between the spark electrodes via plasma stretching, but the prolonged stretching may challenge the plasma stability. The mechanisms of restrike and blow-off events are investigated corresponding to plasma resistance and discharge voltage. Furthermore, a boosted current strategy is applied to study the effectiveness of discharge current modulation (50 mA–3 A) on the plasma resistance control under the flow conditions. The study comprehensively investigates the impacts of discharge current, flow velocity, and background pressure on plasma stretching and energy release efficacy.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"945-954"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Increasing Input Power on Methane Dissociation Dynamics in Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactor: A 2-D Simulation","authors":"Abdelatif Gadoum;Hocine Tebani;Djilali Benyoucef","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3540172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3540172","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we focus on 2-D simulation of methane dissociation using a low-temperature inductively coupled plasma reactor. This model incorporates the motions and collisions of both neutral and charged particles, including a total of 33 species (neutrals, radicals, ions, and electrons), as well as over 300 reactions (electron impact with methane, neutral-neutral, neutral-ion, and surface reactions). The results indicate a significant methane conversion rate; hydrogen production reaches 27%. The findings are highly significant and need experimental confirmation.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"850-862"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Enhancements for Compact Marx Generators","authors":"Jon Cameron Pouncey;Jane M. Lehr;Cameron D. Harjes","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3549021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3549021","url":null,"abstract":"As research on high-power radio frequency systems has become focused on compact systems for deployable directed energy applications, compact Marx generators have become a common modulator technology for these systems. Despite this popularity, the engineering of compact Marx generators is still somewhat of an art. An analysis of the various stray capacitance for the general characteristics of a Platts (wave erection) Marx, a PFN-Marx, and a compact high-energy Marx is performed to examine the effect on the erection process and mitigations are evaluated. The analysis reveals that stray capacitance effects are dependent on the number of stages and stage geometry. Moreover, the increase in output voltage with the number of stages is a function of the stray capacitance normalized to the stage capacitance. A successful compact Marx design will exhibit good erection performance while also addressing the engineering tradeoffs to optimize a design for a particular application.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"970-979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and Gaps in the Development of Pulsed Power for Fusion Applications: A Preroadmapping Perspective From Industry, Academia, and National Laboratory Experts","authors":"Randy D. Curry;Michael E. Cuneo;Frank Hegeler;Robert J. Kaplar;Bruno J. Le Galloudec;Tyler J. Mason;Matthew Moynihan;Michael T. Ponting;Edl Schamiloglu;Mark A. Schneider;Steven T. Walsh","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3550865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3550865","url":null,"abstract":"Fusion energy meets the twenty-first century World Grand Challenge of sustainable, ubiquitous, and safer energy sources. However, harnessing the promise of fusion energy has proven elusive. The competing approaches to fusion power plant design include inertial confinement fusion, National Ignition Facility (ICF-NIF, <italic>Z</i> machine, etc.,) magnetic confinement fusion (MCF-Tokamak, stellarators, etc.), and other approaches that show promise in small- (flow stabilized <italic>Z</i> pinches) or large-scale applications. These approaches are being accelerated with private and public funding and seek to demonstrate the feasibility of different approaches to fusion-based power plants. Yet, how can the necessary pulsed power technologies for these disruptive technology bases be accelerated with no clear “Dominant Design?” Roadmapping holds the promise to identify and develop common critical pulsed power components for laboratory, prototype, and commercial fusion, and can accelerate the commercialization of fusion reactor designs. A preroadmapping Workshop on Pulsed Power for Fusion was held at the IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference in San Antonio, TX, USA, in June 2023. The workshop had 177 attendees. Here, the common elements for many of the ICF technologies vying for dominant design were identified. The advancement of these technologies through roadmapping will enhance commercial expectations that require their rapid and innovative development in the next five years, as well as the next five to ten years. The key technologies identified that underpin and limit the advancement of fusion power include pulsed power technologies such as energy storage, high-voltage switching, additive manufacturing, and modular pulsed power circuit topologies. They are the focus of our effort in the following roadmap scenario, which will delineate potential paths to technology development.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"1046-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation Theory of VLF Waves Generated by Beating HF Waves in the Anisotropic Ionosphere","authors":"Tong He;Hui Ran Zeng;Xue Wei Zhang;Kai Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3557027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3557027","url":null,"abstract":"Ionospheric heating by high-power high frequency (HF: 3–30 MHz) electromagnetic waves has been an emerging technique to generate very low frequency (VLF: 3–30 kHz) signals in recent decades. In this article, we propose an analytical method to calculate the VLF field generated by electrojet-independent beat-wave heating in an anisotropic ionospheric plasma. By considering the effects of both the extraordinary wave and ordinary wave, the kernels of the virtual ionospheric antenna are derived under the anisotropic condition and are further combined with the nonlinear modulation current induced by beating two HF heaters to evaluate the VLF radiation directly. Computations show that a lower heater frequency would give rise to stronger radiation and the generated VLF radio waves always propagate along the background magnetic field regardless of the dip angle of the heater induced current source. The results manifest that the intensity of VLF radiation due to beat-wave modulation may still increase with the radiation frequency within a certain frequency range, and the predicted fields using the presented theory are found to be in good agreement with the observations in previous HAARP experiments.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"1017-1024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erosion–Corrosion of Metal Electrodes in Liquid-Phase Spark Plasma With Phenol Solution Medium","authors":"Haixia Wu;Wei Ye;Bin Zheng;Xiao Han;Ruoyu Liu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3556418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3556418","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid-phase discharge plasma is a promising technology for environmental applications, but the erosion and corrosion of metal electrodes remain a critical challenge that limits its long-term efficiency and stability. This study investigates the erosion–corrosion behavior of seven metal electrodes (Fe, Al, Cu, W, Ti, Ni, and Mo) in a phenol solution under pulsed discharge plasma. The effects of discharge power, peak voltage, solution pH, and conductivity on electrode erosion–corrosion were investigated. Surface morphology and composition of the electrodes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that higher discharge power and peak voltage significantly increased erosion–corrosion, with Al exhibiting the highest material loss and Fe and Ti showing the least. Solution pH had minimal impact, while higher conductivity reduced erosion–corrosion due to suppressed plasma generation. Post-discharge analysis indicated the formation of distinct surface features, including smooth-edged pits on Fe, Al, and Mo electrodes and flat pits on Cu, W, and Ti electrodes. Metal oxides formed on the electrode surfaces, with Ti developing the thickest oxide layer. Residual metal ions (Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text{WO}_{4}^{2-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, Ti²⁺, and Ni²⁺) and nanoparticles (80–300 nm) were detected in the solution, with Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ni²⁺ forming hydroxide precipitates over time. This study provides critical insights into the erosion–corrosion mechanisms of metal electrodes under discharge plasma, offering a foundation for electrode material selection and optimization in plasma-based wastewater treatment systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"928-935"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Plasma Diagnostic System Based on Linear Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave","authors":"Chao Sun;Minjian Liang;Gang Cao;Chengwei Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3555270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3555270","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a plasma diagnostic system based on linear frequency-modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) is designed to calculate the electron density by determining the change of electromagnetic wave propagation time delay. The system adopts a swept microwave interferometry method to accurately measure the effect of plasma on the propagation time delay and solves the problem of phase-periodic ambiguity in the traditional microwave diagnostic method. This article describes the system design, including hardware selection, signal processing flow, and system simulation. Experiments show that the system can effectively diagnose high electron density plasma.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 5","pages":"955-964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}