IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the Lightning Impulse Current Impact on CFRP Epoxy Nanocomposite by Adopting Optical Emission Spectroscopy","authors":"Gandluri Parameswarreddy;Hisayuki Suematsu;Ramanujam Sarathi;Rishi Verma;Archana Sharma","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3425537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3425537","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to understand the conductive filler (viz., multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/ graphene nanoparticle (GNP)/MXene)-loaded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) epoxy composite for its electrical conductivity property and lightning strike damage resistance using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) results clearly indicate that MXene fillers are uniformly dispersed than the MWCNT and GNP. It was found that the MXene-loaded samples exhibited superior resistance to lightning strike damage compared to the composites loaded with MWCNT and GNP nanofiller. The optical emission spectrum of plasma generated during lightning discharge has been used to assess the lightning damage behavior, and it is confirmed that the MXene sample exhibits a lower carbon peak intensity in the OES, indicating a minimal carbonization process caused by lightning discharge. In addition to that, the calculated electron density in the discharge plasma clearly showed a direct correlation with electrical conductivity and the MXene sample has higher electron density. It is concluded that the MXene-loaded CFRP epoxy composite has better filler dispersion and high electrical conductivity with enhanced lightning strike damage resistance.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 9","pages":"4613-4618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Solid-State Pulsed Power Generator With Chip-on-Board Packaging SiC-Based Switching Module","authors":"Diangeng Li;Zicheng Zhang;Jingming Gao;Yijie Sun;Juntao He","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3455573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3455573","url":null,"abstract":"The solid-state pulsed power generators (PPGs) are widely used in various modern industrial applications for their high repetition rate and long lifetime. The output characteristics of the generators are significantly affected by the dynamic characteristics of the semiconductor switches. Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor power devices, such as silicon carbide metal-oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (SiC MOSFETs), have the potential to structure solid-state PPGs due to many advantages, such as a high rated voltage, low ON-resistance, high operational temperature, and fast switching speed. Typically, these devices are used in series/parallel connections to enhance the power level of the generators. However, this approach often leads to increased parasitic inductance of the switching modules, which results in flattened rising edges of the output pulse and reduced power transmission efficiency. The chip-on-board (COB) packaging method exhibits excellent high-frequency performance by allowing current paths to be more flexible, which is suitable for constructing the power module. This article proposes a solid-state PPG with Blumlein pulse forming network (BPFN) and COB packaging SiC-based switching module. The switching module is based on a four-layer printed circuit board (PCB). SiC MOSFET bare dies, gate drivers, and auxiliary elements are directly soldered on the top layer of the PCB. Separate conducting layers are connected to the terminals of the switching module by vias, which provides extra flexibility in designing and enables the stray inductance of the power loop to be minimized to 5.14 nH by optimizing the current communication loops. A 5-kV prototype of the solid-state PPG is fabricated based on the designed switching module. Under a resistive load of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.8~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, a quasi-square pulse with a 62-ns pulsewidth and a 45-ns rise time can be obtained. Additionally, this generator has been tested at a 500-Hz repetition rate in the burst mode, and the di/dt of the switching module is about 80 A/ns, proving the effectiveness of the solid-state PPG.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 9","pages":"4619-4625"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle-in-Cell Investigation on the Influences of Ion Source Parameters on Flow and Expansion Characteristics of Deuterium-Titanium Ions","authors":"Ye Dong;Qianhong Zhou;Wenyuan Yang;Qiang Sun;Wei Yang;Zhiwei Dong","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3458428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3458428","url":null,"abstract":"By using a self-programmed cylindrical coordinate 2-D, three velocity components, particle-in-cell (2D3V-PIC) code, the influences of ion source parameters on the flow, and expansion of deuterium-titanium ions in a vacuum device are investigated. The flow and expansion characteristics of deuterium-titanium ions from the ion source to the expansion cup are influenced by plasma generation rate, electron temperature, and kinetic energy of multicomponention, but hardly influenced by ion proportions. Decreasing electron temperature or plasma generation rate will weaken the radial expansion capabilities of ions. Increasing the kinetic energy of a certain component ion will also weaken the radial expansion capabilities of this component ion. But, the influence mechanisms are not the same. Decreasing electron temperature or plasma generation rate will weaken the electric field intensity in the plasma sheath near the ion source wall. This effect will weaken the radial accelerating capabilities of ions. Increasing the kinetic energy of a certain component ion will cause the total velocity of this component ion deflection from radial to axial direction. Compared with Ti2+, the flow and expansion characteristics of D+ are more sensitive to ion source parameters. The ion extraction efficiency of D+ is notably lower than Ti2+. In the steady phase, there is no ion-acceleration in the axial direction. Ion-acceleration occurs only in the radial direction. The two different radial ion-acceleration mechanisms are theoretically analyzed. One is sheath acceleration; ions are radially accelerated by the electric field formed by the sheath near the ion source wall. The other one is expansion acceleration, ions are radially accelerated by the electric field formed by the gradient of electron density in the expansion cup. The theoretical results well verify the simulated results.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3370-3380"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of KOH Addition on Nitrate Formation in Plasma-Activated Coffee Ground Solution","authors":"Shao-Hsuan Chin;Yuan-Tai Lai;Sheng-Yu Hsu;Po-Yu Chen;Jenq-Gong Duh","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3431016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3431016","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma technology has recently been applied in various fields. In agricultural applications, plasma-activated organic fertilizer (PAOF) is a promising alternative. In this study, the spent coffee grounds (SCGs) was activated by using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with argon/air as the treating gas, which was called plasma-activated coffee grounds solution (PACs). In addition, alkali was added to shift pH from acidic to neutral, enhancing nitrate concentration in PACs. Nitrate levels increased significantly, reaching 66 times that of nonplasma-treated solution. High-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analysis revealed amino acid decomposition by alkali and their participation in reactions with reactive species in PACs. The sufficient nitrate concentration and appropriate pH value exhibit advantages of PACs with the addition of alkali, showing great potential as a novel fertilizer in agriculture fields.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3145-3152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relaxation of Electric Field by Covering Cathode Edge With Vanadate Glass","authors":"Souichi Katagiri;Tatsuya Miyake;Takashi Naito;Hiroshi Morita;Yasushi Yamano","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3396468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3396468","url":null,"abstract":"The surface flashover discharge model under direct current (dc) voltage in a vacuum is considered an avalanche discharge induced according to the field emission electrons generated by the electric field concentration and secondary electron yield on the insulator surface. One of the effective ways to suppress this phenomenon is to suppress the field emission electrons at the origin. We have investigated a method for relaxing the field concentration by covering the cathode edge with metallic glass, and the following conclusions were obtained. Metallic glasses are conductive dielectrics and can be sintered to form amorphous and smooth surfaces. Covering the cathode surface with metallic glass is expected to relax the electric field concentration around the cathode edge. The metallic glass evaluated was vanadium-based, with a glass transition temperature of 321 °C, a crystallization temperature of 439 °C, a resistivity of 107–\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{8}~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-cm, and a relative permittivity of 15. The withstand voltage of a sample with a cathode and an anode formed on an alumina surface was evaluated with and without a metallic glass coating on the cathode edge. As a result, the voltage holding capability was approximately 2.7 times higher than without the coating, under an ultrahigh vacuum of 10−7 Pa, and a good electric field relaxation effect was obtained. The numerical simulation of the electric field concentration relaxation effect of metallic glass as a conductive dielectric material showed that the relaxation effect was equivalent to the experimental results. Future applications will include practical applications such as pin-to-pin interaction in multipin feedthroughs.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 9","pages":"4390-4395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online Fault Diagnosis of Electromagnetic Launch System via Time Series Anomaly Detection","authors":"Delin Zeng;Junyong Lu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3443150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3443150","url":null,"abstract":"As a special nonperiodic transient system, the electromagnetic launch system realizes the conversion of ultrahigh power of energy in a few seconds, which is harmful when the system fails. It is urgent to study the online fault diagnosis method of the system to stop the launch in time. Fault diagnosis based on online detection of abnormal waveform of time series in launch period is an important direction to solve the problems. Compared with traditional waveforms anomaly detection, the time series data points of electromagnetic launch system are very large, the time distortion is serious, and the abnormal waveform characteristics are not obvious. Therefore, the traditional methods can not realize online anomaly detection and location. This article analyzes the characteristics of electromagnetic launch time series and proposes a novel named FWSSP-TSAD anomaly detection method. To verify the performance of the proposed method, multiple discharge tests were conducted based on an electromagnetic launch system, and the obtained PFN voltage time series dataset was used as an algorithm input. The results show that the proposed algorithm accurately identifies all abnormal waveforms and extracts all abnormal sub waveforms, achieving fault diagnosis and localization. The average calculation time is less than the window time, which meets the requirements of online fault diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3285-3293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher Order Corrections to Kinetic Alfvén Waves in Nonthermal Plasma","authors":"Sunidhi Singla;Geetika Slathia;Rajneet Kaur;N. S. Saini","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3454816","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, the formation of kinetic Alfvén (KA) solitons in nonthermal electron-positron–ion (e-p-i) plasma has been illustrated. The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is derived by using the reductive perturbation technique. Further, the inclusion of higher order (HO) such as nonlinear and dispersion effects and inhomogeneous KdV-type equation is derived. Only positive potential KA wave (KAW) solitons are evolved in the given plasma environment. The influence of plasma beta, positron density, and nonthermality of electrons and positrons has been analyzed to study the characteristics of KAW solitons. The combined impact of density, nonthermality of electrons, as well as positrons has vastly modified the characteristics of solitons as well as dressed KAW solitons. This investigation may have applications for particle acceleration and energy transportation in interstellar medium where nonthermal electron and positron pairs exist.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2460-2466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending the Operating Pressure Range of a Forevacuum-Pressure Plasma-Cathode Ribbon Electron Beam Source","authors":"Aleksandr S. Klimov;Ilya Yu Bakeev;Ebroem Joel-Eric Dagri;Anna V. Dolgova;Efim M. Oks;Aleksey A. Zenin","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454996","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454996","url":null,"abstract":"We show that the use of a two-stage discharge system—an extended hollow-cathode main discharge system with an auxiliary hollow-cathode discharge system mounted on the ends of the main discharge region—extends the operating pressure range toward a lower pressure range, down to 0.1 Pa. We have measured the electron flux from the auxiliary discharge cells to the hollow cathode of the main discharge as a function of operating gas pressure and the gas species and determined the dependence of main discharge ignition voltage on auxiliary discharge current. In the extended operating pressure range of 0.1–20 Pa, the source is capable of generating ribbon electron beams (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm2) at an electron energy of 5 keV and a current density of 10 mA/cm2, while the nonuniformity along the length of the beam is less than 10%.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2786-2791"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociation of CO2 by Argon Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet","authors":"Chien-Cheng Jen;Jang-Hsing Hsieh;Weite Wu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3450546","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3450546","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the dissociation rate and efficiency of carbon dioxide (CO2) using Ar atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) at room temperature. Various process parameters, including CO2 flow rate, pulse frequency, and peak voltage, were used to study, under which the plasma characteristics, mainly electron temperature (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$T_{e}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), electron density (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$n_{e}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), and the intensity ratio of CO to CO2 (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I_{mathrm {CO}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I_{mathrm {CO}2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), were evaluated and correlated to the results of the dissociation rate and efficiency of CO2. The plasmas were characterized using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). In the experiment, the plasma consisted of Ar (10 slm) and CO2 (6, 9, 12, and 15 sccm). The pulse frequencies were 13.16 and 16.67 kHz, and the peak voltages of the square wave were 9, 9.5, and 10 kV. In the measurement and numerical analysis, the dissociation rate and efficiency of CO2 were measured by a newly developed way, which used a CO2 chemical sensor. The results show that the increase in CO2 flow rate would cause a decrease in plasma density due to high breakdown voltage of CO2 gas, which is not conducive to the formation of plasma. As a result, the CO2 dissociation rate and efficiency would also decrease. With the increase of pulse frequency, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$n_{e}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 would be enhanced to promote more Ar atoms to be excited or ionized. These results would be advantageous toward improving the dissociation rate of CO2. According to the results obtained from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I_{mathrm {CO}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$I_{mathrm {CO}2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 ratio analysis, the trends were consistent with those measured and calculated dissociation efficiency and rate. To summarize, it can be concluded that the highest CO2 dissociation rate could be obtained at a low CO2 flow rate, high pulse frequency, and high peak voltage. The highest average dissociation efficiency obtained here was 67.71%, while the highest average dissociation rate was 0.48 g/h. This was obtained when the CO2 input was 6 sccm with a pulse frequency of 16.67 kHz and a peak voltage of 10 kV.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2948-2958"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a 90-Stage Inner-Isolated All Solid-State Stacked Blumlein Pulse Generator","authors":"Yuxin Hao;Hao Zhou;Song Qiu;Che Xu;Qingxiang Liu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454114","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454114","url":null,"abstract":"The stacked Blumlein pulse generator (SBPG), famed for its exceptional voltage efficiency, represents a leading technological approach among direct-drive high-power microwave (HPM) drivers. This article presents a novel inner-isolated all solid-state SBPG (IISBPG), blending the advantages of SBPG topology and semiconductor switches. It thoroughly resolves high-voltage driver isolation issue, extending the application range of insulate-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based SBPG. The presented IISBPG incorporates pulsed power bricks and isolation bricks. The pulsed power brick, consisting of a two-stage pulse forming network (PFN) and IGBT arrays, generates a high-voltage pulse of 10 kV. The isolation brick, equipped with common mode (CM) inductors and optical components, is used to alter the charging and discharging circuits and trigger the switch. A 90-stage IISBPG was constructed and tested. The results show that pulses can be superimposed to reach 432 kV, with a stable output current of 720 A.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2959-2964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}