IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science最新文献

{"title":"Simulation of Outgassing Breakdown Induced by Electromagnetic Radiation on a Thermal Control Layer","authors":"Wei Liu;Jian-Hong Hao;Fang Zhang;Qiang Zhao;Jie-Qing Fan;Bi-Xi Xue;Zhi-Wei Dong","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3290950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2023.3290950","url":null,"abstract":"The actual working environment of spacecraft in space is highly harsh, among which space radiation is the primary harmful environmental factor leading to spacecraft failure in orbit. This study investigates field emission, multipacting, and outgassing ionization as effects of electromagnetic radiation on the thermal control layer (TCL) of spacecraft. Based on the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation method coupled with Monte Carlo collisions (MCCs), a 2-D simulation model of particle motion in a vacuum is created to study the evolution of the point discharge process of electromagnetic irradiation breakdown to generate plasma. Simulated and analyzed results show the impact of various microwave amplitudes, frequencies, and gas densities on the interface breakdown of thermal control materials. According to the findings, the number of primary electrons generated and the energy attained by them in the microwave field increase with the electric field, speeding up secondary electron emission, and gaseous collision ionization; the time it takes for the electrons to return to bombard the surface of the material under the influence of the microwave field is shortened with increasing microwave frequency, which promotes electron multipacting; the frequency of collisions and ionization increases with gas density, which facilitates the occurrence of avalanche ionization. After the avalanche, there is a large energy deposition of plasma on the surface of the thermally controlled material, which results in a quick rise in temperature and subsequent damage.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 8","pages":"2186-2191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3507543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuum Arcs","authors":"H. Craig Miller","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3261779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2023.3261779","url":null,"abstract":"Vacuum arcs and their applications are discussed. A brief history of vacuum arcs is presented. Cathode phenomena, column phenomena, and anode phenomena in vacuum arcs are summarized. Applications of vacuum arcs-especially vacuum interrupters (vacuum circuit breakers (VCB), vacuum switches) and vacuum arc generated coatings are given. Those readers desiring further information on specific topics are referred to several excellent books.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 7","pages":"1585-1594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3496728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma Activated Water Production by Magnetically Driven Gliding Arc","authors":"Chuhyun Cho;Yun-Sik Jin;Chae-Hwa Shon;Daejong Kim","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3290555","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3290555","url":null,"abstract":"The gliding arc plasma has been widely used for the plasma nitrogen fixation (PNF) and the plasma-activated water (PAW) production. The gliding arc starts in a narrow gap between two diverging electrodes. If the gas flow between the electrodes is fast enough, it forces the arc to move and elongate along the electrodes. As the length of the arc column increase, more power is demanded to sustain the arc, resulting in the more effective synthesis of nitrogen oxide molecules. But in this system, the larger airflow can lower the concentration of nitrogen oxides, which may adversely affect the production of PAW. In this study, in order to elongate the arc column without gas flow, the magnetic field was applied perpendicular to the arc column. It was confirmed that the expansion and movement of the arc column by the magnetic field were effectively realized. The energy consumption of arc plasma during some periods is measured to be constant regardless of the strength of the magnetic field. It was confirmed that the decrease in the gas flow rate is an important factor to improve the efficiency of PAW production.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 10","pages":"2894-2900"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62548468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Open-Ferromagnetic Core for Tesla Transformer-Based Pulse Generators","authors":"G. N. Appiah;H. Deiban;F. Albarracín;C. Kasmi;N. Mora","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3287875","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3287875","url":null,"abstract":"This article details an open-ferromagnetic (OF) core design to be used in a Tesla transformer (TT)-based pulse generator. The core model is designed based on parameters obtained through an analytical design of the TT. Due to the high energy density of the pulse forming line (PFL), the required effective cross-sectional (CS) area of the core to mitigate core saturation is calculated and modeled solely on the structure of the core. Electromagnetic simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the ferromagnetic core in terms of its degree of saturation, ease of fabrication, and the total transformer power loss when used in a pulse generator with an average output power of 4.65 kW.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 10","pages":"2759-2764"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62548397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of 120 kV and 60 kW Three Phase LCC Resonant Converter for Electron Beam Welding System","authors":"Seong-Ho Son;Chang-Hyun Kwon;Tae-Hyun Kim;Chan-Hun Yu;Sung-Roc Jang;Seong-Tae Han;Jong-Soo Kim;Chu-Hyun Cho;Hyoung-Suk Kim","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3288116","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3288116","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the development of a 120 kV and 60 kW cathode power supply (CPS) for an electron beam welding (EBW) system. Since the developed CPS is based on a three phase LCC resonant converter, it shows many superior features such as parasitic component utilization and low output voltage ripple. In addition, by adopting a symmetrical bipolar voltage multiplier (SBVM) as the CPS rectifier, the voltage imbalance among SBVM stages can be reduced even at the high output current. Therefore, the CPS can effectively achieve the output voltage of 120 kV and output power of 60 kW with low voltage stress on SBVM components. Furthermore, by using phase shift modulation (PSM) for load regulation, the conduction and switching losses are reduced in the light load operation due to the fixed operating frequency and small circulating current compared with the conventional pulse frequency modulation (PFM). For the practical use of the three phase LCC resonant converter with SBVM, several issues about the implementations of the transformer and interleaved PSM controller are addressed. The developed CPS is installed on the 120 kV and 60 kW EBW systems and the experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the developed CPS.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 10","pages":"2813-2822"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62548410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Nanoscale Microprotrusions on Metal Electrode Surfaces Under High Electric Fields","authors":"Yingyao Zhang;Hao Yu;Zhikang Yuan;Miaosong Gu;Fanping Deng;Xuejun Qian;Chenglian Lang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3288900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2023.3288900","url":null,"abstract":"Microprotrusions under high electric fields are considered to be sources of metal vapor and microplasma on metal electrode surfaces and may even initiate vacuum breakdown in vacuum gaps. The mechanism of the phenomena has been studied for a long time. However, the dynamic evolution processes of microprotrusions under high electric fields considering the influence of the material properties are still not clear. The objective of this article is to study the dynamic evolution processes of the nanoscale microprotrusions on Cu and Cr electrode surfaces under high electric fields based on atomistic modeling. With considering the electron emission heating, surface charge, Coulomb, and electric field forces, a 3-D numerical model is established by coupling molecular dynamics (MD) and finite difference method (FDM), for simulating the dynamic evolution processes of the microprotrusions under high electric field. Furthermore, the influence of material properties on the dynamic evolution processes is discussed and compared between Cu and Cr. The simulation results show that the heating effect of the electron emission induced by an intense electric field could lead the microprotrusions to localized melting and subsequent elongation and may finally generate metal vapor in the vacuum gap. In addition, the material properties have a significant influence on the field-induced dynamic evolution processes of microprotrusions.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 8","pages":"2428-2435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3488365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Mechanism of Gap Breakdown Characteristics of Overhead Transmission Line Under the Condition of Forest Fire Flame","authors":"Hui Liu;Miao Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3288352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2023.3288352","url":null,"abstract":"This article mainly analyzes the effects of flame temperature, flame conductivity, and particles on the gap breakdown characteristics. Under high-temperature conditions, it can quickly increase the number of electrons and ions in the channel, increase the conductivity of the channel, and significantly enhance the thermal dissociation in the air near the electrode, resulting in a decrease in the breakdown voltage of the gap. Due to the effects of thermal dissociation and chemical ionization, there are a large number of charged particles in the flame, which makes the flame conductivity sufficiently high, provides sufficient current, promotes the development of discharge, and ultimately forms a stable discharge channel, leading to gap breakdown. After particles enter the gap, the electric field near the particles undergoes distortion. As the voltage increases, more and more particles are attracted, forming particle chains to bridge more gaps, ultimately leading to a significant decrease in the insulation strength of the gaps. Among them, the influence of flame conductivity is analyzed from four aspects: the source of charge, the characteristics of flame leakage current, the influence of conductivity on breakdown voltage, and the influence mechanism of conductivity on gap discharge. The discharge mechanism of the transmission lines under the condition of forest fire is described. Based on the similar characteristics of gas discharge and the on- site statistical analysis data of transmission lines under the conditions of forest fire, the breakdown mechanism of transmission lines under the conditions of forest fire is analyzed. First, the mechanism of gap discharge development under the conditions of forest fire is analyzed, and then, the breakdown model of transmission lines under the conditions of forest fire is analyzed by combining the line and forest fire parameters, According to the simulation test results (full-flame and semiflame test data), the average breakdown field strengths of fir branches, reeds, and straw in the flame zone are 24, 55, and 43 kV/m, while the average breakdown field strengths in the semiflame zone are 155, 160, and 150 kV/m, respectively. The mechanism of the influence of flame temperature, flame conductivity, and ash and smoke on the development of discharge in flames has been clarified. When a forest fire occurs, due to the high intensity of flame combustion, the thermal buoyancy and electric field will cause the ash particles generated by the combustion to float up and randomly suspend in the flame, triggering discharge near the high-voltage electrode, thereby reducing the insulation strength of the gap. The main impact of ash on the gap breakdown voltage is the “multiplication effect” of ash-triggered discharge. The strength of particles triggering discharge in flames is related to factors such as particle size and the proportion of bridging gaps. When the gap between the flames is not fully bridged, the safe distance ","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 7","pages":"1974-1987"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3491626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Runaway Electrons During the Breakdown of Homogeneous Electric Field Air Gaps Under Nanosecond Pulse Voltage","authors":"Zhenming Wen;Ming Jiang;Zhiguo Wang;Siyuan Fan;Shuyi Ren;Aici Qiu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3289993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2023.3289993","url":null,"abstract":"The development of discharge that starts near the cathode in a homogeneous electric field air gap under nanosecond pulse voltage is studied using a 2.5-D particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisional model. The simulation is first performed in the absence of photoionization reactions. It is found that runaway electrons are produced in the head of the streamer when the local electric field strength is sufficiently high. Runaway electrons ionize the area in front of the streamer tip while producing abundant preionization electrons, which significantly accelerate the rate of discharge propagation. Photoelectrons and runaway electrons perform an analogous role in preionizing gas, but the latter is more efficient because of their directionality. A more complete discharge process is simulated in the presence of photoionization reactions. Electrons with relatively high energy appear in the bipolar end of the discharge channel while the discharge continuously progresses toward the anode. During the later moment of discharge, the streamer expands to the anode at an extremely fast velocity as a result of the combined action of photoionization and runaway electrons located at the negative streamer tip. The simulation results reveal the discharge mechanisms of the air gap applied with a homogeneous electric field under a nanosecond voltage pulse and provide a comprehensive understanding of the fast breakdown of air gaps.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 8","pages":"2124-2133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3508134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Layer Composite Dielectric Structure for Ionic Wind Actuator at Near Space","authors":"Liwei Zhou;Liqiu Wei;Chong Teng;Desheng Zhou;Hong Li;Jingfeng Tang;Yongfeng He;Yongjie Ding","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3282697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2023.3282697","url":null,"abstract":"Based on surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD), this article proposes a composite dielectric structure for ionic wind actuator in near space. The performance difference between the actuator of quartz-air-quartz three-layer composite structure and single-layer quartz glass was investigated. The experimental results show that compared with the single-layer quartz glass actuator, the dynamic permittivity of the actuator with three-layer composite dielectric decreases by about 63%, and the maximum flow velocity reaches 0.95 and 0.99 m/s. The maximum thrust of the actuator with three-layer composite dielectric is about <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$792 mu text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/m, which increases by 25.7%, and the voltage and input power corresponding to the saturation point of thrust increase by 14.0% and 31.8%, respectively. The maximum force-to-weight ratio of the actuator with single-layer quartz glass is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$988 mu text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/kg, and the maximum force-to-weight ratio of the actuator with three-layer composite dielectric is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$2329 mu text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/kg, which increases by about 135.7%. The different dielectric properties of multilayer composite dielectric lead to different electric field intensities and current densities in different dielectrics. Therefore, the space charge limiting current effect (SCLC) appears at the interface of dielectric, which has a significant regulating effect on the space charge deposited on the dielectric surface in the discharge plasma region and effectively improves the charge distribution in the discharge region. The dynamic performance of the actuator is improved.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 7","pages":"2023-2034"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3494741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Arc Characteristics of Symmetric and Asymmetric Flat Tungsten Electrodes","authors":"Tao Ye;Yuan-Bo Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2023.3289886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2023.3289886","url":null,"abstract":"Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding with flat tungsten electrode can effectively reduce the arc pressure distribution, restrain welding defects, and improve the welding speed of thin plate. In this article, the arc characteristics of symmetric and asymmetric flat tungsten electrodes are studied by selecting different tip angles and tilt angles of flat tungsten electrodes. The temperature variation, current density variation, flow field variation, and pressure variation of flat tungsten electrode arc are calculated. Based on the approximate formula of cathode jet intensity of flat tungsten arc, the variation laws of various physical fields are clarified from the perspective of flow.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"51 8","pages":"2358-2369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3489254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}