Living Reviews in Relativity最新文献

{"title":"Analogue gravity","authors":"Carlos Barceló,&nbsp;Stefano Liberati,&nbsp;Matt Visser","doi":"10.1007/s41114-026-00064-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-026-00064-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Analogue gravity is a research programme that explores analogues of general relativistic gravitational fields within other physical systems, particularly but not exclusively in condensed matter systems, with the aim of gaining new insights into related problems. Analogue models of gravity boast a long and distinguished history, dating back to the early years of general relativity. This review article delves into the history, aims, results, and future prospects of various analogue models. We begin by presenting a particularly simple example of an analogue model, then traverse the rich history and complex array of models discussed in the literature. The last decade has witnessed significant and sustained advances in analogue gravity, resulting in hundreds of published articles, workshops, and books. The future of the analogue gravity programme looks promising, with rapid technological advances on the experimental front and the potential for analogue models to inspire innovative approaches to the problem of quantum gravity on the theoretical front. Most of all, these recent years have seen the rise of an unprecedented collaboration and interplay between different communities that we believe will set a new standard for interdisciplinary research in the years to come.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":64.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-026-00064-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148355661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamental physics and cosmology with TianQin","authors":"Jun Luo,&nbsp;Haipeng An,&nbsp;Ligong Bian,&nbsp;Rong-Gen Cai,&nbsp;Zhoujian Cao,&nbsp;Wenbiao Han,&nbsp;Jianhua He,&nbsp;Martin A. Hendry,&nbsp;Wencong Hong,&nbsp;Bin Hu,&nbsp;Yi-Ming Hu,&nbsp;Fa Peng Huang,&nbsp;Shun-Jia Huang,&nbsp;Sang Pyo Kim,&nbsp;En-Kun Li,&nbsp;Yu-Xiao Liu,&nbsp;Vadim Milyukov,&nbsp;Shi Pi,&nbsp;Konstantin Postnov,&nbsp;Misao Sasaki,&nbsp;Cheng-Gang Shao,&nbsp;Lijing Shao,&nbsp;Changfu Shi,&nbsp;Shuo Sun,&nbsp;Anzhong Wang,&nbsp;Pan-Pan Wang,&nbsp;Sai Wang,&nbsp;Shao-Jiang Wang,&nbsp;Zhong-Zhi Xianyu,&nbsp;Huan Yang,&nbsp;Tao Yang,&nbsp;Jian-dong Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Wen Zhao,&nbsp;Liang-Gui Zhu,&nbsp;Jianwei Mei","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00063-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00063-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The exploration of the surrounding world and the universe is an important theme in the legacy of humankind. The detection of gravitational waves is adding a new dimension to this grand effort. What are the fundamental physical laws governing the dynamics of the universe? What is the fundamental composition of the universe? How has the universe evolved in the past and how will it evolve in the future? These are the basic questions that press for answers. The space-based gravitational wave detector TianQin will tune in to gravitational waves in the millihertz frequency range (<span>(10^{-4})</span>–1 Hz, to be specific), opening a new gravitational wave spectrum window to explore many of the previously hidden sectors of the universe. TianQin will discover many astrophysical systems, populating the universe at different redshifts: some will be of new types that have never been detected before, some will have very high signal-to-noise ratios, and some will have very high parameter estimation precision. The plethora of information collected will bring us to new fronts on which to search for the breaking points of general relativity, the possible violation of established physical laws, the signature of possible new gravitational physics and new fundamental fields, and to improve our knowledge on the expansion history of the universe. In this white paper, we highlight the advances that TianQin can bring to fundamental physics and cosmology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00063-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147751200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and opportunities of gravitational-wave searches above 10 kHz","authors":"Nancy Aggarwal,&nbsp;Odylio D. Aguiar,&nbsp;Diego Blas,&nbsp;Andreas Bauswein,&nbsp;Giancarlo Cella,&nbsp;Sebastian Clesse,&nbsp;Adrian Michael Cruise,&nbsp;Valerie Domcke,&nbsp;Sebastian Ellis,&nbsp;Daniel G. Figueroa,&nbsp;Gabriele Franciolini,&nbsp;Camilo García-Cely,&nbsp;Andrew Geraci,&nbsp;Maxim Goryachev,&nbsp;Hartmut Grote,&nbsp;Mark Hindmarsh,&nbsp;Asuka Ito,&nbsp;Joachim Kopp,&nbsp;Sung Mook Lee,&nbsp;Killian Martineau,&nbsp;Jamie McDonald,&nbsp;Francesco Muia,&nbsp;Nikhil Mukund,&nbsp;David Ottaway,&nbsp;Marco Peloso,&nbsp;Krisztian Peters,&nbsp;Fernando Quevedo,&nbsp;Angelo Ricciardone,&nbsp;Andreas Ringwald,&nbsp;Jessica Steinlechner,&nbsp;Sebastian Steinlechner,&nbsp;Sichun Sun,&nbsp;Carlos Tamarit,&nbsp;Michael E. Tobar,&nbsp;Francisco Torrenti,&nbsp;Caner Ünal,&nbsp;Graham White","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00060-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00060-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The first direct measurement of gravitational waves by the LIGO and Virgo collaborations has opened up new avenues to explore our Universe. This White Paper outlines the challenges and gains expected in gravitational-wave searches at frequencies above the LIGO/Virgo band. The scarcity of possible astrophysical sources in most of this frequency range provides a unique opportunity to discover physics beyond the Standard Model operating both in the early and late Universe, and we highlight some of the most promising of these sources. We review several detector concepts that have been proposed to take up this challenge, and compare their expected sensitivity with the signal strength predicted in various models. This report is the summary of a series of workshops on the topic of high-frequency gravitational wave detection, held in 2019 (ICTP, Trieste, Italy), 2021 (online) and 2023 (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00060-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waveform modelling for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna","authors":"LISA Consortium Waveform Working Group,&nbsp;Niayesh Afshordi,&nbsp;Sarp Akçay,&nbsp;Pau Amaro Seoane,&nbsp;Andrea Antonelli,&nbsp;Josu C. Aurrekoetxea,&nbsp;Leor Barack,&nbsp;Enrico Barausse,&nbsp;Robert Benkel,&nbsp;Laura Bernard,&nbsp;Sebastiano Bernuzzi,&nbsp;Emanuele Berti,&nbsp;Matteo Bonetti,&nbsp;Béatrice Bonga,&nbsp;Gabriele Bozzola,&nbsp;Richard Brito,&nbsp;Alessandra Buonanno,&nbsp;Alejandro Cárdenas-Avendaño,&nbsp;Marc Casals,&nbsp;David F. Chernoff,&nbsp;Alvin J. K. Chua,&nbsp;Katy Clough,&nbsp;Marta Colleoni,&nbsp;Geoffrey Compère,&nbsp;Mekhi Dhesi,&nbsp;Adrien Druart,&nbsp;Leanne Durkan,&nbsp;Guillaume Faye,&nbsp;Deborah Ferguson,&nbsp;Scott E. Field,&nbsp;William E. Gabella,&nbsp;Juan García-Bellido,&nbsp;Miguel Gracia-Linares,&nbsp;Davide Gerosa,&nbsp;Stephen R. Green,&nbsp;Maria Haney,&nbsp;Mark Hannam,&nbsp;Anna Heffernan,&nbsp;Tanja Hinderer,&nbsp;Thomas Helfer,&nbsp;Scott A. Hughes,&nbsp;Sascha Husa,&nbsp;Soichiro Isoyama,&nbsp;Michael L. Katz,&nbsp;Chris Kavanagh,&nbsp;Gaurav Khanna,&nbsp;Larry E. Kidder,&nbsp;Valeriya Korol,&nbsp;Lorenzo Küchler,&nbsp;Pablo Laguna,&nbsp;François Larrouturou,&nbsp;Alexandre Le Tiec,&nbsp;Benjamin Leather,&nbsp;Eugene A. Lim,&nbsp;Hyun Lim,&nbsp;Tyson B. Littenberg,&nbsp;Oliver Long,&nbsp;Carlos O. Lousto,&nbsp;Geoffrey Lovelace,&nbsp;Georgios Lukes-Gerakopoulos,&nbsp;Philip Lynch,&nbsp;Rodrigo P. Macedo,&nbsp;Charalampos Markakis,&nbsp;Elisa Maggio,&nbsp;Ilya Mandel,&nbsp;Andrea Maselli,&nbsp;Josh Mathews,&nbsp;Pierre Mourier,&nbsp;David Neilsen,&nbsp;Alessandro Nagar,&nbsp;David A. Nichols,&nbsp;Jan Novák,&nbsp;Maria Okounkova,&nbsp;Richard O’Shaughnessy,&nbsp;Naritaka Oshita,&nbsp;Conor O’Toole,&nbsp;Zhen Pan,&nbsp;Paolo Pani,&nbsp;George Pappas,&nbsp;Vasileios Paschalidis,&nbsp;Harald P. Pfeiffer,&nbsp;Lorenzo Pompili,&nbsp;Adam Pound,&nbsp;Geraint Pratten,&nbsp;Hannes R. Rüter,&nbsp;Milton Ruiz,&nbsp;Zeyd Sam,&nbsp;Laura Sberna,&nbsp;Stuart L. Shapiro,&nbsp;Deirdre M. Shoemaker,&nbsp;Carlos F. Sopuerta,&nbsp;Andrew Spiers,&nbsp;Hari Sundar,&nbsp;Nicola Tamanini,&nbsp;Jonathan E. Thompson,&nbsp;Alexandre Toubiana,&nbsp;Antonios Tsokaros,&nbsp;Samuel D. Upton,&nbsp;Maarten van de Meent,&nbsp;Daniele Vernieri,&nbsp;Jeremy M. Wachter,&nbsp;Niels Warburton,&nbsp;Barry Wardell,&nbsp;Helvi Witek,&nbsp;Vojtěch Witzany,&nbsp;Huan Yang,&nbsp;Miguel Zilhão,&nbsp;Angelica Albertini,&nbsp;K. G. Arun,&nbsp;Miguel Bezares,&nbsp;Alexander Bonilla,&nbsp;Christian Chapman-Bird,&nbsp;Bradley Cownden,&nbsp;Kevin Cunningham,&nbsp;Chris Devitt,&nbsp;Sam Dolan,&nbsp;Francisco Duque,&nbsp;Conor Dyson,&nbsp;Chris L. Fryer,&nbsp;Jonathan R. Gair,&nbsp;Bruno Giacomazzo,&nbsp;Priti Gupta,&nbsp;Wen-Biao Han,&nbsp;Roland Haas,&nbsp;Eric W. Hirschmann,&nbsp;E. A. Huerta,&nbsp;Philippe Jetzer,&nbsp;Bernard Kelly,&nbsp;Mohammed Khalil,&nbsp;Jack Lewis,&nbsp;Nicole Lloyd-Ronning,&nbsp;Sylvain Marsat,&nbsp;Germano Nardini,&nbsp;Jakob Neef,&nbsp;Adrian Ottewill,&nbsp;Christiana Pantelidou,&nbsp;Gabriel Andres Piovano,&nbsp;Jaime Redondo-Yuste,&nbsp;Laura Sagunski,&nbsp;Leo C. Stein,&nbsp;Viktor Skoupý,&nbsp;Ulrich Sperhake,&nbsp;Lorenzo Speri,&nbsp;Thomas F. M. Spieksma,&nbsp;Chris Stevens,&nbsp;David Trestini,&nbsp;Alex Vañó-Viñuales","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00056-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00056-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, will usher in a new era in gravitational-wave astronomy. As the first anticipated space-based gravitational-wave detector, it will expand our view to the millihertz gravitational-wave sky, where a spectacular variety of interesting new sources abound: from millions of ultra-compact binaries in our Galaxy, to mergers of massive black holes at cosmological distances; from the early inspirals of stellar-mass black holes that will ultimately venture into the ground-based detectors’ view to the death spiral of compact objects into massive black holes, and many sources in between. Central to realising LISA’s discovery potential are waveform models, the theoretical and phenomenological predictions of the pattern of gravitational waves that these sources emit. This White Paper is presented on behalf of the Waveform Working Group for the LISA Consortium. It provides a review of the current state of waveform models for LISA sources, and describes the significant challenges that must yet be overcome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00056-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145404381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quasi-local black hole horizons: recent advances","authors":"Abhay Ashtekar,&nbsp;Badri Krishnan","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00061-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00061-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While the early literature on black holes focused on event horizons, subsequently it was realized that their teleological nature makes them unsuitable for many physical applications both in classical and quantum gravity. Therefore, over the past two decades, event horizons have been steadily replaced by quasi-local horizons which do not suffer from teleology. In numerical simulations event horizons can be located as an ‘after thought’ only after the entire space-time has been constructed. By contrast, quasi-local horizons naturally emerge <i>in the course of</i> these simulations, providing powerful gauge-invariant tools to extract physics from the numerical outputs. They also lead to interesting results in mathematical GR, providing unforeseen insights. For example, for event horizons we only have a qualitative result that their area cannot decrease, while for quasi-local horizons the increase in the area during a dynamical phase is quantitatively related to <i>local</i> physical processes at the horizon. In binary black hole mergers, there are interesting correlations between observables associated with quasi-local horizons and those defined at future null infinity. Finally, the quantum Hawking process is naturally described as formation and evaporation of a quasi-local horizon. This article focuses on the <i>dynamical</i> aspects of quasi-local horizons in classical general relativity, emphasizing recent results and ongoing research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00061-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author Correction: Fundamental physics opportunities with the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope","authors":"Dimitry Ayzenberg,&nbsp;Lindy Blackburn,&nbsp;Richard Brito,&nbsp;Silke Britzen,&nbsp;Avery E. Broderick,&nbsp;Raúl Carballo-Rubio,&nbsp;Vitor Cardoso,&nbsp;Andrew Chael,&nbsp;Koushik Chatterjee,&nbsp;Yifan Chen,&nbsp;Pedro V. P. Cunha,&nbsp;Hooman Davoudiasl,&nbsp;Peter B. Denton,&nbsp;Sheperd S. Doeleman,&nbsp;Astrid Eichhorn,&nbsp;Marshall Eubanks,&nbsp;Yun Fang,&nbsp;Arianna Foschi,&nbsp;Christian M. Fromm,&nbsp;Peter Galison,&nbsp;Sushant G. Ghosh,&nbsp;Roman Gold,&nbsp;Leonid I. Gurvits,&nbsp;Shahar Hadar,&nbsp;Aaron Held,&nbsp;Janice Houston,&nbsp;Yichao Hu,&nbsp;Michael D. Johnson,&nbsp;Prashant Kocherlakota,&nbsp;Priyamvada Natarajan,&nbsp;Héctor Olivares,&nbsp;Daniel Palumbo,&nbsp;Dominic W. Pesce,&nbsp;Surjeet Rajendran,&nbsp;Rittick Roy,&nbsp; Saurabh,&nbsp;Lijing Shao,&nbsp;Shammi Tahura,&nbsp;Aditya Tamar,&nbsp;Paul Tiede,&nbsp;Frédéric H. Vincent,&nbsp;Luca Visinelli,&nbsp;Zhiren Wang,&nbsp;Maciek Wielgus,&nbsp;Xiao Xue,&nbsp;Kadri Yakut,&nbsp;Huan Yang,&nbsp;Ziri Younsi","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00062-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00062-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00062-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology","authors":"Jean-Philippe Uzan","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00059-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00059-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fundamental constants are a cornerstone of our physical laws. Any constant varying in space and/or time would signal a violation of local position invariance and be associated with a violation of the universality of free fall, and hence of the weak equivalence principle at the heart of the geometrisation of gravity. It will also reflect the existence of new degrees of freedom that couple to standard matter fields. Thus, testing for the stability of fundamental constants is of utmost importance for our understanding of gravity and for characterizing the domain of validity of general relativity. Besides, it opens an independent window on the dark matter and dark energy components. As a consequence, thanks to the active developments of experiments, fundamental constants have become a key player in our search for physics beyond the standard model of particle physics and general relativity. This review details the various roles of the fundamental constants in the laws of physics and in the construction of the international system of units, which now depends strongly on them. This requires to distinguish the concepts of <i>fundamental units</i> and <i>fundamental parameters</i>. Then, the relations between constants, the tests of the local position invariance and of the universality of free fall are presented, as well as the construction of field theories that account for “varying constants” and the motivations arising from high-energy physics and string theory. From a theoretical perspective any varying fundamental parameter is related to a dynamical field, the dynamics of which is dictated from the whole theory so that it remains fully consistent: no arbitrary law of variation has to be postulated. Then, the main experimental and observational constraints that have been obtained from atomic clocks, the Oklo phenomenon, solar system observations, meteorite dating, quasar absorption spectra, stellar physics, pulsar timing, the cosmic microwave background and Big Bang nucleosynthesis are described. It details the basics of each system, its dependence with respect to the primary parameters the variation of which can be constrained from observations, the known systematic effects and the most recent constraints. It also describes how these primary parameters can be related to the fundamental constants and the model-dependencies that is involved. Both time and space variations are considered. To finish, it contains a short discussion on the more speculative possibility of understanding the numerical values of the fundamental parameters in view of the apparent fine-tuning that they confront us with, by invoking anthropic arguments. Given the huge increase of data and constraints and the difficulty to standardize them, a general scheme to present experimental and observational results and to construct a collaborative data base that will be more efficient for the community and allow us for better traceability, is proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00059-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmology using numerical relativity","authors":"Josu C. Aurrekoetxea,&nbsp;Katy Clough,&nbsp;Eugene A. Lim","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00058-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00058-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review is an up-to-date account of the use of numerical relativity to study dynamical, strong-gravity environments in a cosmological context. First, we provide a gentle introduction into the use of numerical relativity in solving cosmological spacetimes, aimed at both cosmologists and numerical relativists. Second, we survey the present body of work, focusing on general relativistic simulations, organised according to the cosmological history—from cosmogenesis, through the early hot Big Bang, to the late-time evolution of the universe. We discuss the present state-of-the-art, and suggest directions in which future work can be fruitfully pursued.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00058-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144924337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamental physics opportunities with future ground-based mm/sub-mm VLBI arrays","authors":"Dimitry Ayzenberg,&nbsp;Lindy Blackburn,&nbsp;Richard Brito,&nbsp;Silke Britzen,&nbsp;Avery E. Broderick,&nbsp;Raúl Carballo-Rubio,&nbsp;Vitor Cardoso,&nbsp;Andrew Chael,&nbsp;Koushik Chatterjee,&nbsp;Yifan Chen,&nbsp;Pedro V. P. Cunha,&nbsp;Hooman Davoudiasl,&nbsp;Peter B. Denton,&nbsp;Sheperd S. Doeleman,&nbsp;Astrid Eichhorn,&nbsp;Marshall Eubanks,&nbsp;Yun Fang,&nbsp;Arianna Foschi,&nbsp;Christian M. Fromm,&nbsp;Peter Galison,&nbsp;Sushant G. Ghosh,&nbsp;Roman Gold,&nbsp;Leonid I. Gurvits,&nbsp;Shahar Hadar,&nbsp;Aaron Held,&nbsp;Janice Houston,&nbsp;Yichao Hu,&nbsp;Michael D. Johnson,&nbsp;Prashant Kocherlakota,&nbsp;Priyamvada Natarajan,&nbsp;Héctor Olivares,&nbsp;Daniel Palumbo,&nbsp;Dominic W. Pesce,&nbsp;Surjeet Rajendran,&nbsp;Rittick Roy,&nbsp; Saurabh,&nbsp;Lijing Shao,&nbsp;Shammi Tahura,&nbsp;Aditya Tamar,&nbsp;Paul Tiede,&nbsp;Frédéric H. Vincent,&nbsp;Luca Visinelli,&nbsp;Zhiren Wang,&nbsp;Maciek Wielgus,&nbsp;Xiao Xue,&nbsp;Kadri Yakut,&nbsp;Huan Yang,&nbsp;Ziri Younsi","doi":"10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration recently published the first images of the supermassive black holes in the cores of the Messier 87 and Milky Way galaxies. These observations have provided a new means to study supermassive black holes and probe physical processes occurring in the strong-field regime. We review the prospects of future observations and theoretical studies of supermassive black hole systems. Current ground-based very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) arrays like the EHT and proposed future extensions like the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope will greatly enhance the capabilities of black-hole imaging interferometry. These enhancements will open up several previously inaccessible avenues of investigation, thereby providing important new insights into the properties of supermassive black holes and their environments. This review describes the current state of knowledge for five key science cases, summarising the unique challenges and opportunities for fundamental physics investigations that future mm/sub-mm VLBI developments will enable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":62.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-025-00057-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144924338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gravitational-wave tests of general relativity with ground-based detectors and pulsar-timing arrays","authors":"Nicolás Yunes,&nbsp;Xavier Siemens,&nbsp;Kent Yagi","doi":"10.1007/s41114-024-00054-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-024-00054-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review is focused on tests of Einstein’s theory of general relativity with gravitational waves that are detectable by ground-based interferometers and pulsar-timing experiments. Einstein’s theory has been greatly constrained in the quasi-linear, quasi-stationary regime, where gravity is weak and velocities are small. Gravitational waves are allowing us to probe a complimentary, yet previously unexplored regime: the non-linear and dynamical <i>extreme gravity regime</i>. Such a regime is, for example, applicable to compact binaries coalescing, where characteristic velocities can reach fifty percent the speed of light and gravitational fields are large and dynamical. This review begins with the theoretical basis and the predicted gravitational-wave observables of modified gravity theories. The review continues with a brief description of the detectors, including both gravitational-wave interferometers and pulsar-timing arrays, leading to a discussion of the data analysis formalism that is applicable for such tests. The review then discusses gravitational-wave tests using compact binary systems, and ends with a description of the first gravitational wave observations by advanced LIGO, the stochastic gravitational wave background observations by pulsar timing arrays, and the tests that can be performed with them.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-024-00054-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}