Living Reviews in Relativity最新文献

{"title":"Solvable models of quantum black holes: a review on Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity","authors":"Thomas G. Mertens,&nbsp;Gustavo J. Turiaci","doi":"10.1007/s41114-023-00046-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-023-00046-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review recent developments in Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity. This is a simple solvable model of quantum gravity in two dimensions (that arises e.g. from the s-wave sector of higher dimensional gravity systems with spherical symmetry). Due to its solvability, it has proven to be a fruitful toy model to analyze important questions such as the relation between black holes and chaos, the role of wormholes in black hole physics and holography, and the way in which information that falls into a black hole can be recovered.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10390458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9987114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searches for continuous-wave gravitational radiation","authors":"Keith Riles","doi":"10.1007/s41114-023-00044-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-023-00044-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Now that detection of gravitational-wave signals from the coalescence of extra-galactic compact binary star mergers has become nearly routine, it is intriguing to consider other potential gravitational-wave signatures. Here we examine the prospects for discovery of continuous gravitational waves from fast-spinning neutron stars in our own galaxy and from more exotic sources. Potential continuous-wave sources are reviewed, search methodologies and results presented and prospects for imminent discovery discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-023-00044-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4670063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna","authors":"Pau Amaro-Seoane,&nbsp;Jeff Andrews,&nbsp;Manuel Arca Sedda,&nbsp;Abbas Askar,&nbsp;Quentin Baghi,&nbsp;Razvan Balasov,&nbsp;Imre Bartos,&nbsp;Simone S. Bavera,&nbsp;Jillian Bellovary,&nbsp;Christopher P. L. Berry,&nbsp;Emanuele Berti,&nbsp;Stefano Bianchi,&nbsp;Laura Blecha,&nbsp;Stéphane Blondin,&nbsp;Tamara Bogdanović,&nbsp;Samuel Boissier,&nbsp;Matteo Bonetti,&nbsp;Silvia Bonoli,&nbsp;Elisa Bortolas,&nbsp;Katelyn Breivik,&nbsp;Pedro R. Capelo,&nbsp;Laurentiu Caramete,&nbsp;Federico Cattorini,&nbsp;Maria Charisi,&nbsp;Sylvain Chaty,&nbsp;Xian Chen,&nbsp;Martyna Chruślińska,&nbsp;Alvin J. K. Chua,&nbsp;Ross Church,&nbsp;Monica Colpi,&nbsp;Daniel D’Orazio,&nbsp;Camilla Danielski,&nbsp;Melvyn B. Davies,&nbsp;Pratika Dayal,&nbsp;Alessandra De Rosa,&nbsp;Andrea Derdzinski,&nbsp;Kyriakos Destounis,&nbsp;Massimo Dotti,&nbsp;Ioana Duţan,&nbsp;Irina Dvorkin,&nbsp;Gaia Fabj,&nbsp;Thierry Foglizzo,&nbsp;Saavik Ford,&nbsp;Jean-Baptiste Fouvry,&nbsp;Alessia Franchini,&nbsp;Tassos Fragos,&nbsp;Chris Fryer,&nbsp;Massimo Gaspari,&nbsp;Davide Gerosa,&nbsp;Luca Graziani,&nbsp;Paul Groot,&nbsp;Melanie Habouzit,&nbsp;Daryl Haggard,&nbsp;Zoltan Haiman,&nbsp;Wen-Biao Han,&nbsp;Alina Istrate,&nbsp;Peter H. Johansson,&nbsp;Fazeel Mahmood Khan,&nbsp;Tomas Kimpson,&nbsp;Kostas Kokkotas,&nbsp;Albert Kong,&nbsp;Valeriya Korol,&nbsp;Kyle Kremer,&nbsp;Thomas Kupfer,&nbsp;Astrid Lamberts,&nbsp;Shane Larson,&nbsp;Mike Lau,&nbsp;Dongliang Liu,&nbsp;Nicole Lloyd-Ronning,&nbsp;Giuseppe Lodato,&nbsp;Alessandro Lupi,&nbsp;Chung-Pei Ma,&nbsp;Tomas Maccarone,&nbsp;Ilya Mandel,&nbsp;Alberto Mangiagli,&nbsp;Michela Mapelli,&nbsp;Stéphane Mathis,&nbsp;Lucio Mayer,&nbsp;Sean McGee,&nbsp;Berry McKernan,&nbsp;M. Coleman Miller,&nbsp;David F. Mota,&nbsp;Matthew Mumpower,&nbsp;Syeda S. Nasim,&nbsp;Gijs Nelemans,&nbsp;Scott Noble,&nbsp;Fabio Pacucci,&nbsp;Francesca Panessa,&nbsp;Vasileios Paschalidis,&nbsp;Hugo Pfister,&nbsp;Delphine Porquet,&nbsp;John Quenby,&nbsp;Angelo Ricarte,&nbsp;Friedrich K. Röpke,&nbsp;John Regan,&nbsp;Stephan Rosswog,&nbsp;Ashley Ruiter,&nbsp;Milton Ruiz,&nbsp;Jessie Runnoe,&nbsp;Raffaella Schneider,&nbsp;Jeremy Schnittman,&nbsp;Amy Secunda,&nbsp;Alberto Sesana,&nbsp;Naoki Seto,&nbsp;Lijing Shao,&nbsp;Stuart Shapiro,&nbsp;Carlos Sopuerta,&nbsp;Nicholas C. Stone,&nbsp;Arthur Suvorov,&nbsp;Nicola Tamanini,&nbsp;Tomas Tamfal,&nbsp;Thomas Tauris,&nbsp;Karel Temmink,&nbsp;John Tomsick,&nbsp;Silvia Toonen,&nbsp;Alejandro Torres-Orjuela,&nbsp;Martina Toscani,&nbsp;Antonios Tsokaros,&nbsp;Caner Unal,&nbsp;Verónica Vázquez-Aceves,&nbsp;Rosa Valiante,&nbsp;Maurice van Putten,&nbsp;Jan van Roestel,&nbsp;Christian Vignali,&nbsp;Marta Volonteri,&nbsp;Kinwah Wu,&nbsp;Ziri Younsi,&nbsp;Shenghua Yu,&nbsp;Silvia Zane,&nbsp;Lorenz Zwick,&nbsp;Fabio Antonini,&nbsp;Vishal Baibhav,&nbsp;Enrico Barausse,&nbsp;Alexander Bonilla Rivera,&nbsp;Marica Branchesi,&nbsp;Graziella Branduardi-Raymont,&nbsp;Kevin Burdge,&nbsp;Srija Chakraborty,&nbsp;Jorge Cuadra,&nbsp;Kristen Dage,&nbsp;Benjamin Davis,&nbsp;Selma E. de Mink,&nbsp;Roberto Decarli,&nbsp;Daniela Doneva,&nbsp;Stephanie Escoffier,&nbsp;Poshak Gandhi,&nbsp;Francesco Haardt,&nbsp;Carlos O. Lousto,&nbsp;Samaya Nissanke,&nbsp;Jason Nordhaus,&nbsp;Richard O’Shaughnessy,&nbsp;Simon Portegies Zwart,&nbsp;Adam Pound,&nbsp;Fabian Schussler,&nbsp;Olga Sergijenko,&nbsp;Alessandro Spallicci,&nbsp;Daniele Vernieri,&nbsp;Alejandro Vigna-Gómez","doi":"10.1007/s41114-022-00041-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-022-00041-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be a transformative experiment for gravitational wave astronomy, and, as such, it will offer unique opportunities to address many key astrophysical questions in a completely novel way. The synergy with ground-based and space-born instruments in the electromagnetic domain, by enabling multi-messenger observations, will add further to the discovery potential of LISA. The next decade is crucial to prepare the astrophysical community for LISA’s first observations. This review outlines the extensive landscape of astrophysical theory, numerical simulations, and astronomical observations that are instrumental for modeling and interpreting the upcoming LISA datastream. To this aim, the current knowledge in three main source classes for LISA is reviewed; ultra-compact stellar-mass binaries, massive black hole binaries, and extreme or interme-diate mass ratio inspirals. The relevant astrophysical processes and the established modeling techniques are summarized. Likewise, open issues and gaps in our understanding of these sources are highlighted, along with an indication of how LISA could help making progress in the different areas. New research avenues that LISA itself, or its joint exploitation with upcoming studies in the electromagnetic domain, will enable, are also illustrated. Improvements in modeling and analysis approaches, such as the combination of numerical simulations and modern data science techniques, are discussed. This review is intended to be a starting point for using LISA as a new discovery tool for understanding our Universe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-022-00041-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4582461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamical boson stars","authors":"Steven L. Liebling,&nbsp;Carlos Palenzuela","doi":"10.1007/s41114-023-00043-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-023-00043-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The idea of stable, localized bundles of energy has strong appeal as a model for particles. In the 1950s, John Wheeler envisioned such bundles as smooth configurations of electromagnetic energy that he called <i>geons</i>, but none were found. Instead, particle-like solutions were found in the late 1960s with the addition of a scalar field, and these were given the name <i>boson stars</i>. Since then, boson stars find use in a wide variety of models as sources of dark matter, as black hole mimickers, in simple models of binary systems, and as a tool in finding black holes in higher dimensions with only a single Killing vector. We discuss important varieties of boson stars, their dynamic properties, and some of their uses, concentrating on recent efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-023-00043-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4929595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic counterparts to massive black-hole mergers","authors":"Tamara Bogdanović,&nbsp;M. Coleman Miller,&nbsp;Laura Blecha","doi":"10.1007/s41114-022-00037-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-022-00037-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The next two decades are expected to open the door to the first coincident detections of electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational-wave (GW) signatures associated with massive black-hole (MBH) binaries heading for coalescence. These detections will launch a new era of multimessenger astrophysics by expanding this growing field to the low-frequency GW regime and will provide an unprecedented understanding of the evolution of MBHs and galaxies. They will also constitute fundamentally new probes of cosmology and would enable unique tests of gravity. The aim of this Living Review is to provide an introduction to this research topic by presenting a summary of key findings, physical processes and ideas pertaining to EM counterparts to MBH mergers as they are known at the time of this writing. We review current observational evidence for close MBH binaries, discuss relevant physical processes and timescales, and summarize the possible EM counterparts to GWs in the precursor, coalescence, and afterglow stages of a MBH merger. We also describe open questions and discuss future prospects in this dynamic and quick-paced research area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9232481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10433206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rates of compact object coalescences","authors":"Ilya Mandel,&nbsp;Floor S. Broekgaarden","doi":"10.1007/s41114-021-00034-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41114-021-00034-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gravitational-wave detections are enabling measurements of the rate of coalescences of binaries composed of two compact objects—neutron stars and/or black holes. The coalescence rate of binaries containing neutron stars is further constrained by electromagnetic observations, including Galactic radio binary pulsars and short gamma-ray bursts. Meanwhile, increasingly sophisticated models of compact objects merging through a variety of evolutionary channels produce a range of theoretically predicted rates. Rapid improvements in instrument sensitivity, along with plans for new and improved surveys, make this an opportune time to summarise the existing observational and theoretical knowledge of compact-binary coalescence rates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41114-021-00034-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4678184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relativistic fluid dynamics: physics for many different scales","authors":"Nils Andersson,&nbsp;Gregory L. Comer","doi":"10.1007/s41114-021-00031-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-021-00031-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The relativistic fluid is a highly successful model used to describe the dynamics of many-particle systems moving at high velocities and/or in strong gravity. It takes as input physics from microscopic scales and yields as output predictions of bulk, macroscopic motion. By inverting the process—e.g., drawing on astrophysical observations—an understanding of relativistic features can lead to insight into physics on the microscopic scale. Relativistic fluids have been used to model systems as “small” as colliding heavy ions in laboratory experiments, and as large as the Universe itself, with “intermediate” sized objects like neutron stars being considered along the way. The purpose of this review is to discuss the mathematical and theoretical physics underpinnings of the relativistic (multi-) fluid model. We focus on the variational principle approach championed by Brandon Carter and collaborators, in which a crucial element is to distinguish the momenta that are conjugate to the particle number density currents. This approach differs from the “standard” text-book derivation of the equations of motion from the divergence of the stress-energy tensor in that one explicitly obtains the relativistic Euler equation as an “integrability” condition on the relativistic vorticity. We discuss the conservation laws and the equations of motion in detail, and provide a number of (in our opinion) interesting and relevant applications of the general theory. The formalism provides a foundation for complex models, e.g., including electromagnetism, superfluidity and elasticity—all of which are relevant for state of the art neutron-star modelling.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-021-00031-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4935348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The general relativistic constraint equations","authors":"Alessandro Carlotto","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00030-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00030-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present the state-of-the-art concerning the relativistic constraints, which describe the geometry of hypersurfaces in a spacetime subject to the Einstein field equations. We review a variety of solvability results, the construction of several classes of solutions of special relevance and place results in the broader context of mathematical general relativity. Apart from providing an overview of the subject, this paper includes a selection of open questions, as well as a few complements to some significant contributions in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00030-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4925597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-delay interferometry","authors":"Massimo Tinto,&nbsp;Sanjeev V. Dhurandhar","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00029-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00029-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Equal-arm detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set the overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the photo detector. To solve this problem, a technique involving heterodyne interferometry with unequal arm lengths and independent phase-difference readouts has been proposed. It relies on properly time-shifting and linearly combining independent Doppler measurements, and for this reason it has been called time-delay interferometry (TDI). This article provides an overview of the theory, mathematical foundations, and experimental aspects associated with the implementation of TDI. Although emphasis on the application of TDI to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission appears throughout this article, TDI can be incorporated into the design of any future space-based mission aiming to search for gravitational waves via interferometric measurements. We have purposely left out all theoretical aspects that data analysts will need to account for when analyzing the TDI data combinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00029-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4602941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutron star mergers and how to study them","authors":"Eric Burns","doi":"10.1007/s41114-020-00028-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-020-00028-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neutron star mergers are the canonical multimessenger events: they have been observed through photons for half a century, gravitational waves since 2017, and are likely to be sources of neutrinos and cosmic rays. \u0000Studies of these events enable unique insights into astrophysics, particles in the ultrarelativistic regime, the heavy element enrichment history through cosmic time, cosmology, dense matter, and fundamental physics. Uncovering this science requires vast observational resources, unparalleled coordination, and advancements in theory and simulation, which are constrained by our current understanding of nuclear, atomic, and astroparticle physics. This review begins with a summary of our current knowledge of these events, the expected observational signatures, and estimated detection rates for the next decade. I then present the key observations necessary to advance our understanding of these sources, followed by the broad science this enables. I close with a discussion on the necessary future capabilities to fully utilize these enigmatic sources to understand our universe.</p>","PeriodicalId":686,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Relativity","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":40.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41114-020-00028-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5022049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}