Groundwater最新文献

{"title":"Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage: Groundwater for Efficient Data Center Cooling in the United States","authors":"Upasana Pandey,&nbsp;Andrew J. Stumpf,&nbsp;Yu-Feng F. Lin","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70084","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Data centers are energy end users with the fastest growing need for electricity in the United States, mainly because of the rapid expansion of cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI). A substantial portion of this electricity, between 10% and 40%, is used for cooling. As the number of data centers increases and the sector's energy demand continues to rise exponentially, there is an urgent need to explore the use of alternative energy systems that are more efficient and sustainable. This article explores aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) as a technically feasible and currently underutilized solution for data center cooling in the United States. Previous case studies from Europe and assessments based in the United States are considered, and the potential of ATES for reducing electricity usage for data centers, which would reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable energy operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"394-404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148019599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satellite Remote Sensing for Water Management","authors":"Wondwosen M. Seyoum","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.70079","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"389-390"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148532481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discharge-Targeted Hydraulic Tomography to Quantify and Locate Aquifer Discharge","authors":"Konstantin Drach,&nbsp;Carsten Leven,&nbsp;Olaf A. Cirpka","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantifying and localizing groundwater discharge is inherently difficult. It requires knowledge about hydraulic conductivity and the hydraulic gradient on the scale of interest. Conventional hydraulic testing, such as pumping tests, may fail in the presence of heterogeneity and complex structural boundaries. While advanced 2D and 3D hydraulic tomography may resolve small-scale heterogeneity, it is typically limited to small spatial scales and requires costly field installations. We propose a simplified tomographic approach using a limited number of pumping and observation wells spatially distributed over a well profile in the order of 100 m transverse to the direction of ambient flow. To infer the spatially variable hydraulic-conductivity field from drawdown data with its uncertainty, we apply an iterative ensemble smoother. Subsequently, the posterior ensemble of hydraulic-conductivity fields is used to calculate total and specific discharge based on the observed ambient hydraulic heads in the same wells. We test our approach in a synthetic scenario mimicking a channel-like aquifer such as the quaternary fill in a small river valley. The results demonstrate that multiple spatially distributed pumping tests are suitable to quantify total discharge and its associated uncertainty. The approach is more reliable than a conventional one that estimates effective transmissivity from fitting analytical solutions to pumping-test data. The tomographic analysis additionally allows locating spatial patterns of specific discharge at a resolution similar to the spacing of the wells, which may be important when assessing and remediating contaminant plumes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"466-482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.70081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147949956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaky Sewers Hydraulically Disconnect from Groundwater: A Proof-of-Concept","authors":"Aaron Peche,&nbsp;Fritz Kalwa,&nbsp;Syed Mohaiminul Islam,&nbsp;Georg Houben,&nbsp;Thomas Graf,&nbsp;Sven Altfelder","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Leakage from aging sewer and stormwater pipes into the subsurface poses significant environmental risks and threatens the integrity of urban infrastructure, primarily through the degradation of groundwater quality and the alteration of urban water balances. While the presence of defects within pipe networks is well-documented, accurately quantifying volumetric exchange fluxes remains a challenge due to the complex, nonlinear interactions between the pipe, the surrounding variably saturated soil, and the fluctuating groundwater level. Current modeling approaches often overlook the threshold behaviors of these systems, leading to potential inaccuracies in leakage estimation. In this study, we show for the first time that leaky pipes can become hydraulically disconnected from the underlying groundwater, a phenomenon analogous to well-known river–groundwater interactions that include disconnection. In a sewer–groundwater context, hydraulic disconnection is restricted to point sources and is strongly influenced by colmation/clogging. Through numerical modeling of a hypothetical case study, we show that the leakage flux from the pipe (in absolute terms) initially increases with declining groundwater levels, until a critical depth below the leaky pipe is reached. After this point, the hydraulic communication from the groundwater to the leaky pipe stops and the leakage flux can be considered constant. In a sensitivity analysis, we demonstrate the impact of the individual hydraulic parameters of the leaky-pipe-groundwater system on the hydraulic disconnection. We further modify the properties of the aquifer material, resulting in a hydraulic disconnection depth of 0.89 m, 1.77 m and 4.00 m below pipe for sand, loamy sand and sandy loam aquifers, respectively. This insight has important implications for leakage modeling: once hydraulic disconnection occurs, the leakage flux becomes independent of groundwater dynamics. The present study provides a proof-of-concept for the mechanism by which leaky sewers hydraulically disconnect from groundwater.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"483-497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148145931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Groundwater Hydrochemical Facies in Three Dimensions with Random Forest Classification, USA","authors":"Paul E. Stackelberg,&nbsp;Katherine J. Knierim,&nbsp;Kenneth Belitz,&nbsp;Charles A. Cravotta III,&nbsp;R. Blaine McCleskey,&nbsp;Courtney D. Killian","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A random forest classification (RFC) model was developed to predict hydrochemical facies (HCFs) of groundwater in three dimensions across the conterminous United States (CONUS). Major-ion data from 152,673 sites were used to categorize groundwater into one of six HCFs (CaMg-HCO₃, NaK-HCO₃, CaMg-SO₄, NaK-SO₄, Cl, or Mixed). These six HCFs were used as targets for RFC modeling. Model features that represent relevant geochemical processes and/or physical conditions were derived from previously published data. Additional model features were specifically engineered to support this analysis: elevation of the bottom of a well relative to the base of drinking water (ERDW) and six flags that relate geologic units to HCFs. The most important model feature was ERDW. The model was used to map HCFs at a 1-km² resolution across CONUS and to depths of 400 m below the base of drinking water (which varies from 22 m to 2 km). Model predictions are consistent with expectations. CaMg-HCO₃ is predicted to occur near the water table in more humid settings, and areas underlain by carbonate or crystalline rocks. At depths below the base of drinking-water supplies, the model predicts a rapid transition from HCO₃ HCFs to Cl. Model predictions are accurate based on point data, and data averaged across hydrogeologic regions and with depth. Model predictions of HCFs could be used for multiple purposes, including the mapping of salinity and other groundwater characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"422-440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.70072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147792994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Different Boundary Conditions on Dirac Pulse from a Well into Aquifer","authors":"Guangquan Li,&nbsp;Xuejing Shen,&nbsp;Zhongyuan Liu","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70077","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For a partially penetrating well, a Dirac pulse can be generated by sudden charge of water from the well end into the contiguous rock, and subsequently the pulse diffuses away in terms of slow P-wave. This process is described by the Green's function for the initial-value problem. The Green's functions subject to three boundary conditions (BC) are compared mutually, that is, no BC, zero Neumann BC and zero Dirichlet BC for infinitely far boundary, the confining unit and unconfined aquifer, respectively. The well end is set at 10 m below the boundary, and the mass of water suddenly injected is prescribed as 1 kg. Both intact Berea sandstone and fractured Berea sandstone are used for illustration. The spatial distribution and breakthrough curve of the fluid pressure disturbance (<i>p</i>_<i>f</i>) are calculated. The results indicate that zero Neumann BC increases <i>p</i>_<i>f</i> whereas zero Dirichlet BC decreases <i>p</i>_<i>f</i>. For slow and fast P-waves in the regime of low frequency, it is rigorously shown that the ratios (between the confining pressure disturbance and fluid pressure disturbance) are lower than and higher than unity, respectively. This theoretical study suggests that the technique of Dirac pulse may be used for acquisition of small-scale permeability, thus helpful for resolving the heterogeneity of in situ permeability.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"457-465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considerations for the Design of Sinusoidal Slug Testing Methods","authors":"Chris Turnadge,&nbsp;Lawrence Burk,&nbsp;Eddie W. Banks","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70078","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70078","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Modern methods of aquifer hydraulic testing estimate subsurface properties by creating frequency-dependent variations in groundwater well levels. These methods are variously known as periodic, harmonic, or oscillatory hydraulic testing, of which sinusoidal testing is a specific case. Periodic testing provides several potential advantages over traditional methods, including larger signal-to-noise ratios, larger distances over which hydraulic disturbances propagate, and the ability to undertake zero net water extraction. One of three approaches are used to induce groundwater pressure fluctuations: (1) extraction/reinjection of water using motorized pumps, (2) pressurization/depressurization using compressed air, and (3) transient displacement of the water column by slug testing. The latter was the focus of the present study; specifically, how to improve sinusoidal slug testing methods by ensuring accurate generation of sinusoidal variations in well water levels. Two previously published sinusoidal testing designs were evaluated in terms of the ratio of effective transfer link length, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ L $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, to effective flywheel radius, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {r}_e $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. The first published design featured &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ L/{r}_e $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; ratio values ranging from 13 to 9, which corresponded to maximum discrepancies between intended and actual slug movement of 7% to 10%, respectively. The second design featured &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ L/{r}_e $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; ratio values ranging from 12 to 2, which corresponded to maximum discrepancies of 8% to 29%, respectively. These analyses suggest that methods featuring a rotating drive coupled to an effective transfer link are suboptimal. Instead, designs featuring either modified flywheel apparatus or winches driven by digitally controlled stepper motors can minimize the p","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"498-506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.70078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147847767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating the Impacts of Deep Geothermal Development on Shallow Hydrothermal Resources in a Rocky Mountain Rift Valley","authors":"Michael J. Rush,&nbsp;Daniel Birdsell,&nbsp;Lauren Foster,&nbsp;Renee Reichenbacher,&nbsp;Parker Rehmus,&nbsp;Tom Armstrong","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Numerical modeling has been widely used to assess the feasibility of geothermal energy development at sites across the world, but modeling applications simulating the potential impacts on shallow hydrothermal resources and surface water are relatively scarce. In this study, we apply the MODFLOW 6 groundwater energy (GWE) code to simulate fully coupled groundwater flow and heat transport in a Rocky Mountain rift valley. The site features a moderate temperature hydrothermal system with steeply dipping normal faults, fractures, and shear zones that convey upwelling geothermal water to the shallow subsurface and facilitate interaction between deep geothermal pumping and the shallow subsurface. Following calibration against a set of publicly available well water levels, streamflow observations, well and spring water temperatures, and thermal gradients, the model is used to simulate the impacts of deep geothermal development on surface water supplies and shallow hydrothermal resources, including a hot spring system. The model simulates significant hydrologic and thermal impacts of deep geothermal pumping on the shallow hydrothermal system, including large changes in groundwater levels (−1.2 to +3.1 m), temperatures (−5.6°C to +8.7°C), and groundwater flow to springs (−10.7% to +15.4%). Depletion of tributary groundwater is simulated in three scenarios (0.8-10.7% of the geothermal extraction rate), demonstrating that deep geothermal pumping can infringe upon surface water rights. Results broadly demonstrate that in rift valley systems, geologic structures conveying upwelling geothermal water can lead to surficial thermal and hydrologic impacts in response to deep geothermal pumping, highlighting the need for regulatory frameworks that integrate geothermal energy and water resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"507-527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.70080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147966290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeology in the Age of AI and Climate Change","authors":"Sarmad Dashti Latif","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.70085","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The 78th Geological Congress of Türkiye conducted in Ankara, Türkiye on April 13–17, 2026, brought together geologists, hydrogeologists, water and environmental scientists, and policy makers from various countries to discuss combating water and drought issues in the age of climate change and with a major focus on geological aspects. The Geological Congress of Türkiye has been conducted yearly since 1947. The theme of this year's congress was water, drought, climate change and geology, which aligns with United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The aim of this editorial is to point out the significance of AI and other new technological tools in addressing groundwater and water resources issues. It aims to show that AI may be used as an early warning system for groundwater management and governance, which refers to a predictive mechanism that can provide data about potential groundwater depletion and pollution, allowing enough time to take effective preventive actions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Global water bankruptcy is a major threat to human survival. Addressing it requires interdisciplinary cooperation among geologists, hydrogeologists, water and environmental scientists, water managers, and policy makers. A recent report by Madani (&lt;span&gt;2026&lt;/span&gt;) cites some alarming statistics regarding global water bankruptcy. For instance, 2.2 billion people lack safe drinking water, and 4 billion people annually face water shortages lasting at least a month. Since the 1990s, more than half of the large lakes in the world have lost water. Wetland decline is another major environmental issue, with 410 million hectares lost, having ecosystem services valued at over $5.1 trillion. In addition, depletion of groundwater affects food security and domestic use as approximately 70% of aquifers across the globe showed long-term declining water-level trends. The loss of glaciers has reached 30%, and agriculture, which is responsible for 70% of global freshwater use, is becoming water-limited. Droughts are intensified by human activity and cost over $307 billion yearly. Moreover, as reported by Miao et al. (&lt;span&gt;2026&lt;/span&gt;), the global yearly drought in 2025 affected approximately 30% of the global land surface, with approximately 1.2% of the globe experiencing extreme drought conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Due to the impact of climate change on surface water, the demand for groundwater is rapidly increasing, and groundwater depletion is occurring in many regions around the world. As reported by Osman et al. (&lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;), conventional models such as physical-based or conceptual models do not work accurately for groundwater management because climate change has altered recharge patterns with more episodic rainfall, including intense rainstorms and prolonged droughts, impacting recharge rates. Therefore, to address local, regional, and global water related issues, especially groundwater, new technologies and AI applications should be taken into consideration in groundwater managemen","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":"386-387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148045021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Society News","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/gwat.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.70087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148533046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}