Groundwater最新文献

{"title":"Society News","authors":"Mike Price","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13485","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Impacts of Recent Aquifer Management on the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer in Idaho, USA","authors":"David J. Hoekema,&nbsp;Jae Ryu,&nbsp;John T. Abatzoglou","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13482","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An ongoing major challenge faced in portions of the western United States is to stop the decline of aquifers that are hydraulically connected to rivers. As these aquifers decline, streamflow is depleted, resulting in impacts to agriculture, environmental flows, and hydropower production. In 2014, the Idaho Water Resource Board initiated an aquifer recharge program, and in 2015 a historic settlement agreement (hereafter referred to as the <i>Settlement Agreement</i>) was signed by surface water users with senior water rights and groundwater pumpers with junior water rights to stop the decline of the eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA) in southern Idaho (SWC-IGWA 2015). Here, we assess mitigation measures they have undertaken to reverse the downward trajectory of groundwater levels in the ESPA using drought indices correlated to the combined head change of a suite of groundwater monitoring wells. The results were then compared against the predictions of the Enhanced Snake Plain Aquifer Model (ESPAM), which is a MODFLOW-based aquifer model. The drought indices indicate that without the aquifer recharge program and reductions in groundwater pumping, the aquifer head would have been 1.1 to 1.3 m lower than observed in 2023, indicating implemented water management practices reduced the volumetric loss to the aquifer by 2500 million cubic meters (2,000,000 acre-feet). The result, therefore, implies that Idaho water users and managers have succeeded in changing the trajectory of ESPA water levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"387-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonicotinoids in Groundwater: Persistent Contaminants and Unresolved Risks","authors":"Carla Romano","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13481","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13481","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Many people remember the ban on DDT in the 1970s, but what happened to insecticides after that? The agriculture industry quickly shifted to alternatives, with organophosphates becoming the dominant replacement. By the early 1990s, neonicotinoids emerged as a new class of insecticides, praised for their lower toxicity to mammals, effectiveness at low doses, and systemic action, which allows plants to absorb them for long-term pest protection. In theory, these qualities made neonicotinoids a safer and more efficient alternative. However, nearly 40 years after their introduction, they have emerged as new contaminants in groundwater, raising concerns about their environmental and human health impacts, which remain poorly understood.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The rapid increase in neonicotinoid use since the early 2000s has made them the most widely used insecticides in the United States today. These chemicals are applied to major crops such as corn, soybeans, and specialty fruits, as well as in residential pest control products and flea treatments for pets. While their use extends beyond agriculture, the majority is tied to agricultural applications, where they are primarily applied as seed treatments, but also through in-furrow, soil applications, and foliar sprays. Seed treatments gained favor for their ability to provide targeted, systemic pest protection from germination and minimize pesticide drift into non-target areas. However, this widespread adoption has led to unintended consequences, particularly their persistence in soil and water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neonicotinoids are highly mobile in water and can persist in the environment, with degradation times ranging from days to years depending on the compound and environmental conditions (Pietrzak et al. &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin are among the most widely used neonicotinoids, and these compounds have been detected in groundwater across the US. Groundwater quality data from the EPA Water Quality Portal, collected from 1999 to 2024, reveals that at least one of these compounds was detected in wells across 30 of the 50 states (EPA Water Quality Portal &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). In Wisconsin, detections have been particularly prevalent in areas with sandy soils and shallow groundwater table, such as the Central Sands Region (Senger et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;; Romano et al. &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Recent monitoring efforts suggest that these chemicals are now present in groundwater throughout much of the state (Romano et al. &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The detection of neonicotinoids in groundwater and elsewhere in the environment has raised concerns about their ecological and human health impacts. Since the late 2000s, research has documented lethal and/or sublethal effects on a range of organisms, including bees and butterflies, as well as aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates (Schneider et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Morrissey et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Rundlöf et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Eng et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"298-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix Diffusion Controls Mountain Hillslope Groundwater Ages and Inferred Storage Dynamics","authors":"Nicholas E. Thiros,&nbsp;Erica R. Woodburn,&nbsp;W. Payton Gardner,&nbsp;James P. Dennedy-Frank,&nbsp;Kenneth H. Williams","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13475","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13475","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Groundwater age distributions provide fundamental insights on coupled water and biogeochemical processes in mountain watersheds. Field-based studies have found mixtures of young and old-aged groundwater in mountain catchments underlain by bedrock; yet, the processes that dictate these groundwater age distributions are poorly understood. In this work, we use the coupled ParFlow-CLM integrated hydrologic and EcoSLIM particle tracking models to simulate groundwater age distributions on a lower montane hillslope in the East River Watershed, Colorado (USA). We develop a convolution-based approach to propagate fracture-matrix diffusion processes to the EcoSLIM advection-dominated age distributions. We compare observed ³H and ⁴He concentrations from two groundwater wells against model predictions that have varying advective transport times and matrix diffusion magnitudes. Based on a Monte Carlo analysis that considers uncertain matrix and fracture parameters, we find that matrix diffusion is needed to jointly predict ³H and ⁴He observations at both wells. The advection-dominated age distributions lack adequate mixing of young and old-aged water to capture the observed co-occurrence of ³H and ⁴He. The model scenario that best matches the ³H, ⁴He, and water level observations when considering both advective flowpath and matrix diffusion mixing processes has a dynamic bedrock groundwater reservoir that is susceptible to considerable storage losses during low-snow periods. This dynamic groundwater system amplifies the need to assimilate deeper bedrock groundwater into watershed hydro-biogeochemical predictions. This work further highlights the importance of considering matrix diffusion when interpreting environmental tracers in bedrock groundwater systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"306-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13475","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Approach to Determine Critical Design Parameters for Tandem Circulation Well Remediation Systems","authors":"Shuting Yang,&nbsp;Zhang Wen,&nbsp;Qi Zhu,&nbsp;Songhu Yuan,&nbsp;Yiming Li","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13479","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13479","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aerobic bioremediation enhanced by tandem circulation well (TCW)-generated aeration in a groundwater circulation systems has emerged as a novel, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective remediation approach with growing recognition. For TCW, previous investigations have been limited to few laboratory experiments, simulation precision, acquisition of reaction kinetic parameters, and effective guidance for technology optimization. In this work, we employed regionalized sensitivity analysis with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) to identify the most sensitive parameters in laboratory TCW experiments, reducing the number of parameters to estimate. The estimated parameters were utilized to construct a reactive transport model with periodic boundary conditions, enhancing its universality for in-situ trichloroethylene (TCE) bioremediation through electrolysis considering mutual interactions among well clusters. The results revealed the influence mechanisms of the operating parameters and well spacing on remediation performance. Besides, it was found that degradation efficiency was limited by DO oversaturation in the wellbore. However, it could be promoted by optimization of operation parameters, using an optimization index, the ratio of current to pumping rate (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ alpha $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>). Finally, simulation results implied two suggestions for well spacing: (1) Designing a remediation site with a higher aspect ratio will enhance the performance of this technology. (2) With a larger area, both current intensity and pumping rate need to be proportionally increased in alignment with the enlarged area to ensure optimal efficiency. This work improves the precision of characterizing the TCW system, guiding the determination of reaction kinetics parameters and optimization of critical design parameters, including operational parameters and well spacing, in remediation sites, thereby achieving superior remediation performance in field applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"371-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consideration of Grid Cell Size to Represent Stream Networks for the Conterminous United States","authors":"Brandon J. Fleming,&nbsp;Kenneth Belitz,&nbsp;Courtney D. Killian","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13484","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13484","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Recent modeling of groundwater at the scale of the Conterminous United States (CONUS) has often relied on relatively large square grid cells (Maxwell et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Zell and Sanford &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Consequently, features such as streams can become generalized. An important issue, therefore, is the relationship between grid-cell size and representation of the stream network. This technical commentary addresses two questions related to this issue. First, what cell size is required to accurately represent all mapped streams in CONUS (McKay et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;)? Second, given a 1-km cell, what order stream network can be accurately represented? This commentary focuses only on geometry and does not address other important aspects of modeling stream –aquifer interactions such as small-scale sinuosity (Cardenas &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;) or developing sound conceptual hydrogeologic models (Anderson et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The overall approach for assessing accuracy to answer these questions is presented in the methods section, including how the relationship between cell size and stream order is evaluated. The approach is applied to 18 representative surface water basins distributed across CONUS (Van Metre et al. &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). The Delaware River Basin is used to illustrate the approach and for the purposes of discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A uniform-square grid that accurately represents the geometry of a stream network is one in which contributing areas can be differentiated from streams, such that most of the cells do not contain a stream. A grid where every cell contains one or more streams would not accurately represent the geometry of the network. For the purposes of discussion, the criterion for accurate representation is that streams are in no more than 20% of all cells. A different criterion could be chosen depending on the purpose of a particular study. The graphs presented in this commentary allow for a different criterion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The question of developing an accurate grid also depends on stream order. Representation of the geometry of a first-order stream network (headwaters) requires a smaller cell size than the representation of higher-order stream networks (large rivers). In this paper, we evaluate stream networks ranging from first through fifth stream orders across the CONUS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The relationship between grid-cell size and stream network geometry is evaluated in 18 river basins distributed across CONUS (Figure 1; Table 1). These 18 river basins were identified as candidates for future intensive monitoring and assessment by the USGS (Van Metre et al. &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;) per a ranking scheme that represents the range of physiographic, climatic, and land use characteristics within CONUS. For each river basin, we used the Multi-Order Hydrologic Position (MOHP) dataset (Belitz et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;; Moore et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;) derived from the NHDPlusV2 stream network (McKay et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;) as the basis for i","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"301-305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Advective Transport Phenomena to Account for Uncertainty of Conductivity in Monitoring Design","authors":"Willem J. de Lange","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13467","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13467","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Engineering practice in monitoring design aims at the optimum number of observation wells needed to assess the growth of a contaminated volume groundwater, the plume. Available methodologies rely on a combination of a numerical groundwater transport model, GIS-techniques and an optimization technique and require a relative huge amount of data and computer resources. The method of advective transport phenomena enables to calculate the longitudinal and vertical growth of a contaminant plume along the flow path by simple analytic expressions using only three stochastic parameters, the log conductivity variance and the horizontal and vertical characteristic lengths, that together describe the heterogeneity of the aquifer. In previous work, the calculated plume growth has been verified in 12 large experiments all over the world. The method is used to investigate the relationship between uncertainty in the conductivity variation and the plume growth by calculation of the spreading of water particles in a vertical section along the traveled path. In a very heterogeneous aquifer, virtually all water particles spread forward about equally generating a limited forward growth compared to the traveled distance that is not sensitive to uncertainty in the conductivity. In a nearly homogenous aquifer, only a part of the water particles is spread forward, which is repeated at different depths along the traveled path causing significant uncertainty in the position and length of the plume growth. Therefore, an observation network should be designed more densely in a homogeneous aquifer than in a heterogeneous one. A calculation tool is provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"319-325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143631113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information-Driven Sequential Inversion for Transient Hydraulic Tomography","authors":"Prem Chand Muraharirao,&nbsp;B.V.N.P. Kambhammettu,&nbsp;Ramdas Pinninti,&nbsp;Chandramouli Sangamreddi","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13476","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13476","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transient hydraulic tomography (THT) is proven to be effective in representing hydraulic and storage properties in diverse hydrogeologic settings. Sequential inversion of THT is computationally efficient, however, its accuracy is constrained by the number and sequence of pumping datasets used in the inversion. While signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is commonly used to regulate the order of pumping datasets, it often disregards the information content. We propose an alternate strategy to rank the pumping ports based on the information contained in the data for use with inversion. A non-parametric Gringorten plotting position was used to generate cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the transient datasets, with the CDF corresponding to the maximum drawdown port set as a reference. The Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) is employed to quantify variations in time-drawdown datasets by statistically measuring the divergence from the reference distribution. Pumping ports are then ranked in the decreasing order of KLD and further used in the inversion. The proposed methodology is tested under a controlled environment using a laboratory sandbox model. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was applied to denoise the raw pumping datasets, and PEST coupled with MODFLOW was used to perform the inversion. The performance of KLD-assisted inversion (RMSE_KLD = 0.278 ± 0.177 cm) is found to be superior to SNR-assisted inversion (RMSE_SNR = 1.075 ± 0.990 cm). Further, a reduction in THT data (by 68%) by specifying a threshold on KLD (&gt;10) has drastically reduced the computational time (by 64%) with commensurable accuracy (RMSE_KLDF = 0.265 ± 0.121 cm). Our findings lead to the conclusion that sequential inversion of THT with information-driven datasets outperforms quality-driven datasets, even with reduced pump-test data.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"335-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generating a Statistically Constrained Quaternary Model of a Buried Bedrock Valley Using FDEM","authors":"C. Gorrie,&nbsp;C.M. Steelman,&nbsp;O. Conway-White,&nbsp;A. Smiarowski,&nbsp;E. Arnaud,&nbsp;B.L. Parker","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13478","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13478","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey was conducted using the Resolve™ frequency-domain system over a buried bedrock valley near Elora, Ontario, Canada. A statistical bootstrapping approach was used to establish a relationship between the electrical resistivity from spatially interpolated one-dimensional AEM resistivity models and the lithostratigraphy of Quaternary sediments logged in continuously cored holes located within and adjacent to the buried bedrock valley. Three lithology types were classified using a bootstrapping approach: (i) clay, (ii) sandy to muddy diamicton with the presence of clasts, and (iii) sand/gravel. The statistically derived ranges in electrical resistivity from the model were used to generate a lithostratigraphic model of the Quaternary deposits along the valley axis. The resulting lithology model differentiated more electrically resistive coarse-grained sand and gravel from electrically conductive finer-grained clay-rich tills; but was not able to resolve interbedded layers associated with complex fluvial deposits. Modeled Quaternary deposit architecture and bedrock morphology along two transects orthogonal to the valley axis were consistent with co-located surface electrical resistivity tomography models and borehole natural gamma logs, indicating that the AEM method, when calibrated using high-quality continuous-core logs, can support quantitative conceptualizations of complex Quaternary architecture within and around a buried bedrock valley. Key limitations in this approach were the reduced vertical resolution of the AEM method and the inability to resolve thinly bedded layers (meter scale) identified in the core logs that may have a hydrogeologic influence. This study demonstrates the utility of combining airborne electrical methods with high-resolution geological logs through statistical analysis to constrain hydrostratigraphic architecture at scales relevant to municipal groundwater flow systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"351-370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13478","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Society News","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13473","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 2","pages":"142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}