Groundwater最新文献

{"title":"Multi-Purpose Data Worth Assessment of a Surface Water-Groundwater and Nitrogen Transport Model","authors":"Patrick Durney,&nbsp;Antoine Di Ciacca,&nbsp;Scott Wilson,&nbsp;Thomas Wöhling","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13490","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13490","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding which hydrological data types provide the most valuable information for models is crucial, given the limitations of data availability. This study applies data worth analysis to evaluate the impact of various observation types on predictive uncertainty in a coupled SWAT-MODFLOW-RT3D model simulating water flows and nitrate transport in a small headwater catchment in New Zealand. We assessed the worth of continuous nitrate concentrations, in-catchment flow measurements, and SkyTEM-derived groundwater levels for predicting stream flow and in-stream nitrate concentrations. Using PEST software for model calibration and linear uncertainty analysis, we determined the relative worth of different observation types. Results indicate that SkyTEM estimates of groundwater levels and continuously measured nitrate concentrations were particularly effective in reducing predictive uncertainty. This study highlights the value of integrating high-resolution SkyTEM data into models to enhance prediction accuracy for groundwater levels, stream flow, and nitrate pollution. It also demonstrates nitrate's utility as an environmental tracer, refining our understanding of surface water–groundwater interactions and solute transport in the Piako Headwaters Catchment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 4","pages":"580-594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13490","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Society News","authors":"Mike Price","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13485","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transience of Coastal Water Table Rise in Response to Sea-Level Rise","authors":"Amandine L. Bosserelle,&nbsp;Leanne K. Morgan","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13489","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13489","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coastal shallow groundwater is susceptible to adverse sea-level rise (SLR) impacts. Existing research primarily focuses on SLR-induced salinization of coastal aquifers. There is limited understanding of the magnitudes and rates of water table rise in response to SLR, which could lead to groundwater flooding and associated infrastructure challenges. This study used a variable-density groundwater flow model to quantify the transient movement of the water table in response to various SLR scenarios and rates, considering a range of aquifer parameters for both fixed-head and fixed-flux inland boundary conditions. The SLR scenario based on realistic and progressive SLR projections resulted in a smaller water table rise than the instantaneous or gradual SLR scenarios at 100 years, despite a final identical SLR. Rates of water table rise were always less than SLR, decreased with distance from the coastline, and were proportional to SLR. The magnitude and rate of water table rise in response to SLR were largest for fixed-flux conditions. It also took longer for the rate of water table rise to equilibrate after the commencement of SLR for fixed-flux conditions than for fixed-head conditions. As such, fixed-flux conditions represent a greater hazard for water table rise, and the maximum impact may not be experienced for decades. This delayed response poses challenges to planners and managers of coastal groundwater systems. Introducing a drain reduced water table rise more on the inland side of the drain than on the coastal side. Subsurface infrastructure may limit SLR impacts, but further effects need to be carefully considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 4","pages":"551-569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13489","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Impacts of Recent Aquifer Management on the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer in Idaho, USA","authors":"David J. Hoekema,&nbsp;Jae Ryu,&nbsp;John T. Abatzoglou","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13482","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An ongoing major challenge faced in portions of the western United States is to stop the decline of aquifers that are hydraulically connected to rivers. As these aquifers decline, streamflow is depleted, resulting in impacts to agriculture, environmental flows, and hydropower production. In 2014, the Idaho Water Resource Board initiated an aquifer recharge program, and in 2015 a historic settlement agreement (hereafter referred to as the <i>Settlement Agreement</i>) was signed by surface water users with senior water rights and groundwater pumpers with junior water rights to stop the decline of the eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA) in southern Idaho (SWC-IGWA 2015). Here, we assess mitigation measures they have undertaken to reverse the downward trajectory of groundwater levels in the ESPA using drought indices correlated to the combined head change of a suite of groundwater monitoring wells. The results were then compared against the predictions of the Enhanced Snake Plain Aquifer Model (ESPAM), which is a MODFLOW-based aquifer model. The drought indices indicate that without the aquifer recharge program and reductions in groundwater pumping, the aquifer head would have been 1.1 to 1.3 m lower than observed in 2023, indicating implemented water management practices reduced the volumetric loss to the aquifer by 2500 million cubic meters (2,000,000 acre-feet). The result, therefore, implies that Idaho water users and managers have succeeded in changing the trajectory of ESPA water levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"387-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Physics-Based, Conceptual and Machine-Learning Models to Predict Groundwater Levels by BMA","authors":"Thomas Wöhling,&nbsp;Alvaro Oliver Crespo Delgadillo,&nbsp;Moritz Kraft,&nbsp;Anneli Guthke","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13487","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13487","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Groundwater level observations are used as decision variables for aquifer management, often in conjunction with models to provide predictions for operational forecasting. In this study, we compare different model classes for this task: a spatially explicit 3D groundwater flow model (MODFLOW), an eigenmodel, a transfer-function model, and three machine learning models, namely, multi-layer perceptron models, long short-term memory models, and random forest models. The models differ widely in their complexity, input requirements, calibration effort, and run-times. They are tested on four groundwater level time series from the Wairau Aquifer in New Zealand to investigate the potential of the data-driven approaches to outperform the MODFLOW model in predicting individual target wells. Further, we wish to reveal whether the MODFLOW model has advantages in predicting all four wells simultaneously because it can use the available information in a physics-based, integrated manner, or whether structural limitations spoil this effect. Our results demonstrate that data-driven models with low input requirements and short run-times are competitive candidates for local groundwater level predictions even for system states that lie outside the calibration data range. There is no “single best” model that performs best in all cases, which motivates ensemble forecasting with different model classes using Bayesian model averaging. The obtained Bayesian model weights clearly favor MODFLOW when targeting all wells simultaneously, even though the competing approaches had the chance to fine-tune for each tested well individually. This is a remarkable result that strengthens the argument for physics-based approaches even for seemingly “simple” groundwater level prediction tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 4","pages":"484-505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonicotinoids in Groundwater: Persistent Contaminants and Unresolved Risks","authors":"Carla Romano","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13481","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13481","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Many people remember the ban on DDT in the 1970s, but what happened to insecticides after that? The agriculture industry quickly shifted to alternatives, with organophosphates becoming the dominant replacement. By the early 1990s, neonicotinoids emerged as a new class of insecticides, praised for their lower toxicity to mammals, effectiveness at low doses, and systemic action, which allows plants to absorb them for long-term pest protection. In theory, these qualities made neonicotinoids a safer and more efficient alternative. However, nearly 40 years after their introduction, they have emerged as new contaminants in groundwater, raising concerns about their environmental and human health impacts, which remain poorly understood.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The rapid increase in neonicotinoid use since the early 2000s has made them the most widely used insecticides in the United States today. These chemicals are applied to major crops such as corn, soybeans, and specialty fruits, as well as in residential pest control products and flea treatments for pets. While their use extends beyond agriculture, the majority is tied to agricultural applications, where they are primarily applied as seed treatments, but also through in-furrow, soil applications, and foliar sprays. Seed treatments gained favor for their ability to provide targeted, systemic pest protection from germination and minimize pesticide drift into non-target areas. However, this widespread adoption has led to unintended consequences, particularly their persistence in soil and water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neonicotinoids are highly mobile in water and can persist in the environment, with degradation times ranging from days to years depending on the compound and environmental conditions (Pietrzak et al. &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin are among the most widely used neonicotinoids, and these compounds have been detected in groundwater across the US. Groundwater quality data from the EPA Water Quality Portal, collected from 1999 to 2024, reveals that at least one of these compounds was detected in wells across 30 of the 50 states (EPA Water Quality Portal &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). In Wisconsin, detections have been particularly prevalent in areas with sandy soils and shallow groundwater table, such as the Central Sands Region (Senger et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;; Romano et al. &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Recent monitoring efforts suggest that these chemicals are now present in groundwater throughout much of the state (Romano et al. &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The detection of neonicotinoids in groundwater and elsewhere in the environment has raised concerns about their ecological and human health impacts. Since the late 2000s, research has documented lethal and/or sublethal effects on a range of organisms, including bees and butterflies, as well as aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates (Schneider et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Morrissey et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Rundlöf et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Eng et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"298-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix Diffusion Controls Mountain Hillslope Groundwater Ages and Inferred Storage Dynamics","authors":"Nicholas E. Thiros,&nbsp;Erica R. Woodburn,&nbsp;W. Payton Gardner,&nbsp;James P. Dennedy-Frank,&nbsp;Kenneth H. Williams","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13475","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13475","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Groundwater age distributions provide fundamental insights on coupled water and biogeochemical processes in mountain watersheds. Field-based studies have found mixtures of young and old-aged groundwater in mountain catchments underlain by bedrock; yet, the processes that dictate these groundwater age distributions are poorly understood. In this work, we use the coupled ParFlow-CLM integrated hydrologic and EcoSLIM particle tracking models to simulate groundwater age distributions on a lower montane hillslope in the East River Watershed, Colorado (USA). We develop a convolution-based approach to propagate fracture-matrix diffusion processes to the EcoSLIM advection-dominated age distributions. We compare observed ³H and ⁴He concentrations from two groundwater wells against model predictions that have varying advective transport times and matrix diffusion magnitudes. Based on a Monte Carlo analysis that considers uncertain matrix and fracture parameters, we find that matrix diffusion is needed to jointly predict ³H and ⁴He observations at both wells. The advection-dominated age distributions lack adequate mixing of young and old-aged water to capture the observed co-occurrence of ³H and ⁴He. The model scenario that best matches the ³H, ⁴He, and water level observations when considering both advective flowpath and matrix diffusion mixing processes has a dynamic bedrock groundwater reservoir that is susceptible to considerable storage losses during low-snow periods. This dynamic groundwater system amplifies the need to assimilate deeper bedrock groundwater into watershed hydro-biogeochemical predictions. This work further highlights the importance of considering matrix diffusion when interpreting environmental tracers in bedrock groundwater systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"306-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13475","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Approach to Determine Critical Design Parameters for Tandem Circulation Well Remediation Systems","authors":"Shuting Yang,&nbsp;Zhang Wen,&nbsp;Qi Zhu,&nbsp;Songhu Yuan,&nbsp;Yiming Li","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13479","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13479","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aerobic bioremediation enhanced by tandem circulation well (TCW)-generated aeration in a groundwater circulation systems has emerged as a novel, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective remediation approach with growing recognition. For TCW, previous investigations have been limited to few laboratory experiments, simulation precision, acquisition of reaction kinetic parameters, and effective guidance for technology optimization. In this work, we employed regionalized sensitivity analysis with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) to identify the most sensitive parameters in laboratory TCW experiments, reducing the number of parameters to estimate. The estimated parameters were utilized to construct a reactive transport model with periodic boundary conditions, enhancing its universality for in-situ trichloroethylene (TCE) bioremediation through electrolysis considering mutual interactions among well clusters. The results revealed the influence mechanisms of the operating parameters and well spacing on remediation performance. Besides, it was found that degradation efficiency was limited by DO oversaturation in the wellbore. However, it could be promoted by optimization of operation parameters, using an optimization index, the ratio of current to pumping rate (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>α</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ alpha $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>). Finally, simulation results implied two suggestions for well spacing: (1) Designing a remediation site with a higher aspect ratio will enhance the performance of this technology. (2) With a larger area, both current intensity and pumping rate need to be proportionally increased in alignment with the enlarged area to ensure optimal efficiency. This work improves the precision of characterizing the TCW system, guiding the determination of reaction kinetics parameters and optimization of critical design parameters, including operational parameters and well spacing, in remediation sites, thereby achieving superior remediation performance in field applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"371-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consideration of Grid Cell Size to Represent Stream Networks for the Conterminous United States","authors":"Brandon J. Fleming,&nbsp;Kenneth Belitz,&nbsp;Courtney D. Killian","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13484","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13484","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Recent modeling of groundwater at the scale of the Conterminous United States (CONUS) has often relied on relatively large square grid cells (Maxwell et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Zell and Sanford &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Consequently, features such as streams can become generalized. An important issue, therefore, is the relationship between grid-cell size and representation of the stream network. This technical commentary addresses two questions related to this issue. First, what cell size is required to accurately represent all mapped streams in CONUS (McKay et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;)? Second, given a 1-km cell, what order stream network can be accurately represented? This commentary focuses only on geometry and does not address other important aspects of modeling stream –aquifer interactions such as small-scale sinuosity (Cardenas &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;) or developing sound conceptual hydrogeologic models (Anderson et al. &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The overall approach for assessing accuracy to answer these questions is presented in the methods section, including how the relationship between cell size and stream order is evaluated. The approach is applied to 18 representative surface water basins distributed across CONUS (Van Metre et al. &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). The Delaware River Basin is used to illustrate the approach and for the purposes of discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A uniform-square grid that accurately represents the geometry of a stream network is one in which contributing areas can be differentiated from streams, such that most of the cells do not contain a stream. A grid where every cell contains one or more streams would not accurately represent the geometry of the network. For the purposes of discussion, the criterion for accurate representation is that streams are in no more than 20% of all cells. A different criterion could be chosen depending on the purpose of a particular study. The graphs presented in this commentary allow for a different criterion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The question of developing an accurate grid also depends on stream order. Representation of the geometry of a first-order stream network (headwaters) requires a smaller cell size than the representation of higher-order stream networks (large rivers). In this paper, we evaluate stream networks ranging from first through fifth stream orders across the CONUS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The relationship between grid-cell size and stream network geometry is evaluated in 18 river basins distributed across CONUS (Figure 1; Table 1). These 18 river basins were identified as candidates for future intensive monitoring and assessment by the USGS (Van Metre et al. &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;) per a ranking scheme that represents the range of physiographic, climatic, and land use characteristics within CONUS. For each river basin, we used the Multi-Order Hydrologic Position (MOHP) dataset (Belitz et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;; Moore et al. &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;) derived from the NHDPlusV2 stream network (McKay et al. &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;) as the basis for i","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 3","pages":"301-305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/gwat.13484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakthrough Curve Separation Using Applied Solute Tracers","authors":"Charles J. Paradis,&nbsp;Rakiba Sultana,&nbsp;Martin A. Dangelmayr,&nbsp;Raymond H. Johnson,&nbsp;Ronald D. Kent","doi":"10.1111/gwat.13480","DOIUrl":"10.1111/gwat.13480","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The separation of advection and dispersion from the breakthrough curve of a potentially reactive solute can help determine if reactive transport mechanisms occurred. This is typically done by solving the advection–dispersion equation and fitting the breakthrough curve of an applied non-reactive solute tracer by adjusting groundwater velocity and the dispersion coefficient; the values of velocity and dispersion are then applied to the breakthrough curve of the potentially reactive solute, and any residuals can be fitted with the appropriate reactive transport mechanisms. A simpler approach is to plot the dimensionless relative concentrations of the non-reactive and reactive solutes on the same breakthrough curves; thus, any differences between the two curves can be attributed to reactive transport. The method proposed here can allow for separating advection and dispersion from the breakthrough curve of a potentially reactive solute based on data only, as opposed to model-derived fitting of groundwater velocity and dispersion, all while preserving the true concentration, as opposed to the dimensionless relative concentration, of the potentially reactive solute. A new measure of overall solute reactivity is also introduced that summates relative temporal moments to quantify and rank the reactivity of a suite of solutes. The method is described and applied to numerical model simulations and field tracer data to demonstrate its utility for combined visual–quantitative breakthrough curve separation to better characterize reactive solute transport in applied tracer studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12866,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater","volume":"63 4","pages":"611-620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}