Hydrological Processes最新文献

{"title":"Use of Spatially Distributed TOPMODEL to Assess the Effectiveness of Diverse Natural Flood Management Techniques in a UK Catchment","authors":"Qiuyu Zhu,&nbsp;Megan Klaar,&nbsp;Thomas Willis,&nbsp;Joseph Holden","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While natural flood management (NFM) is becoming more widely used, there remains a lack of empirical evidence regarding its effectiveness. The primary uncertainties arise from two key aspects: first, the determination of NFM effectiveness is constrained by the relatively small catchment scales studied to date; second, the combination of multiple NFM interventions within a catchment may lead to flood peak synchronisation. In this study, both instream and terrestrial NFM interventions were modelled using a spatially distributed hydrological model, Spatially Distributed TOPMODEL (SD-TOPMODEL). To demonstrate how the scale and type of interventions interact to influence flood peaks, we integrated various NFM interventions and land cover changes, including woodland planting, soil aeration, floodplain restoration, and hedgerow planting. In comparison to previous versions of SD-TOPMODEL, we improved simulation efficiency to enable grid-based modelling of up to a 200-year return period flood event for an 81.4 km² catchment with 5 m resolution. Following extensive parameter calibration and validation, the model demonstrated stability and provided a reliable fit for flood peaks, achieving a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient of up to 0.93 between modelled and observed discharge. The results highlighted the effectiveness of NFM interventions in reducing flood peaks at the scale studied, particularly during single-peaked storm events and under dry pre-event catchment conditions. Moreover, the combined use of multiple interventions was more effective and resilient than single interventions, with flood peak reductions ranging from 4.2% to 16.0% in the study catchment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and Intense Post-Earthquake Precipitation: Their Combined Impact on Sedimentation in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China","authors":"Shangwu Liu,&nbsp;Zhili Wang,&nbsp;Dayu Wang,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Shengfa Yang,&nbsp;Jiang Hu,&nbsp;Zhicheng Xu","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Large earthquakes trigger catastrophic geological hazards, which can impact the runoff and sediment transport not only in affected basins but also in downstream channels. This is particularly true for the Wenchuan Earthquake, which struck on May 12, 2008, in the Longmen Mountain region. In this study, data were collected from representative hydrological stations, and statistical methods along with the Sediment Budget Model were used to investigate the combined impact of the Wenchuan Earthquake and the subsequent intense precipitation on runoff and sediment load changes in rivers affected by it, as well as sedimentation amounts in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). The results revealed an obvious increase in the sediment load at stations along the Fu, Tuo and Min Rivers. Compared to 1999–2007, the annual average sediment load at the stations along the Fu, Tuo and Min Rivers increased by 102.6%–421.9% from 2008 to 2020, except at Gaochang Station. The intense post-Wenchuan Earthquake precipitation events in July 2013, July 2018, and August 2020 led to substantial increases in sedimentation within the TGR, estimated to be approximately 156.9%, 103.8% and 80.1% higher than in normal years. Based on sediment yield data from 2008 to 2020, the removal of earthquake-induced fine-grained sediment is projected to take approximately 33 years. These findings facilitate the understanding of changes in runoff and sediment loads not only in the Upper Yangtze River Basin and the management of the TGR but also in other similar basins.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reservoir Dispatching and Basin Dynamics Influence Nutrient Deposition in the Water Level Fluctuation Zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir","authors":"Dil Khurram,&nbsp;Yuhai Bao,&nbsp;Ji Zhou,&nbsp;Xiubin He,&nbsp;Guo Liu,&nbsp;Qiang Tang,&nbsp;Jinlin Li,&nbsp;Ram Proshad,&nbsp;Haozhe Zhang,&nbsp;Gratien Nsabimana","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Complex nutrient depositional processes in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) are generally explained using hydrological monitoring data or shallow sediment sampling. However, an in-depth understanding of the chronological transformations in the nutrient dynamics of deposited sediment over time is lacking. This study aims to assess the processes and underlying mechanisms of sediment-associated carbon and nutrient deposition in the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the TGR. Sediment cores were extracted from the WLFZ close to the flood control water level (145.6 m) of the reservoir in 2013 and 2019 and analysed for particle-size distribution (PSD), median particle size (MPS), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Various nutrient ratios (C:N, C:P, N:P and C:N:P) were calculated. The sediment core chronology was determined using ¹³⁷Cs activity. Daily reservoir water levels, monthly suspended sediment loads, reservoir inflow and outflow and upstream reservoir construction data were used to interpret the depositional processes and nutrient distributions. Sediment depths were 345 cm and 440 cm in 2013 and 2019, respectively. Annual and seasonal variations were observed in the sediment deposition, PSD, MPS, ¹³⁷Cs, TOC, TN, TP and nutrient ratios. Mean TOC, TN and TP in 2013 were 18.6, 1.0 and 1.0 (g/kg), respectively, and 16.8, 1.1 and 0.9 (g/kg), respectively, in 2019. The average C:N:P (molar) in 2013 and 2019 were 51:2:1 and 46:3:1, respectively. The controlled flow regime, repeated inundation cycles, input sediment loads and upstream hydrological management primarily govern nutrient transportation and depositional mechanisms. Overall sedimentation decreased over time, and the deposited sediment exhibited a relative increase in fine sediment, TOC, TN and TP owing to coarse sediment retention in the upstream reservoirs. This study highlights complex geochemical alterations in reservoir ecosystems akin to large-scale reservoir operations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Rain-On-Snow Events and Their Driving Factors in China","authors":"Shiyu Li,&nbsp;Changjia Luo,&nbsp;Heng Lu","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rain-on-snow (ROS) events are energy exchange phenomena produced by the joint action of rainfall and snow, which can trigger secondary disasters such as snowmelt floods and avalanches. China has an extensive snow-covered area, but research on ROS events in the country is limited to short time scales and is largely focused on Northwest China. Using the observation data of snow depth, precipitation, and temperature from 191 ground-based meteorological stations, we analysed the temporal and spatial characteristics of ROS events from 1960 to 2013 and revealed the influencing factors of ROS events in China. In addition, we also classified the intensity of ROS events and explored the characteristics of ROS intensity in China. The results show that the ROS days and snow surface rainfall in China have increased significantly over the past 53 years. The ROS events in China are mainly concentrated in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet area, the northern part of the Xinjiang area, the northeastern part of Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, and in the transition zone between North China and South China. Of these areas, the Qinghai-Tibet region has the highest occurrence, with a frequency of up to 3.0 days/year. In North China and Qinghai-Tibet areas, the increase in the frequency of ROS events is the most dramatic, with the average annual increase rate reaching 0.024 days/year. The main factor impacting ROS days is snowfall in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, rainfall days in North China, and snow cover days in Xinjiang, the Qinghai-Tibet region, and South China. ROS events in China are predominantly low intensity, with more extreme and high-intensity ROS events in South China.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Visualisation of Solute Transport Processes in Rough-Walled Rock Fractures Using Micro-PIV Technique","authors":"Dahye Kim,&nbsp;In Wook Yeo","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The difficulty in experimentally visualising solute transport leads to theoretical and numerical studies of solute transport in rock fractures. This study presents the comprehensive experimental method for investigating microscopic solute transport processes in rough-walled fractures, including the setup of the micro-PIV system combined with time-lapse imaging, solute transport visualisation and a detailed calibration process to convert fluorescence intensity into solute concentration for solute transport analysis. The transition of the dispersion regime from macrodispersion to Taylor dispersion with increasing fluid velocity is experimentally observed for the first time. Increasing fluid velocity leads to channelised transport through high-velocity flow channels and slower transport in low-velocity regions, including eddies, near the walls, which creates higher concentration gradients across the fracture aperture, particularly for <i>Re</i> ≥ 1. These gradients account for Taylor dispersion and non-Fickian transport behaviours. The observed spatiotemporal distribution of solute concentrations demonstrates, experimentally and visually, that mass transfer between the main flow channels and eddies is primarily advective, contrary to the common assumption of diffusive exchange between the two zones. The concentration measurements obtained using the micro-PIV method combined with time-lapse imaging show good agreement with concentrations calculated from numerical simulations conducted under idealised low-velocity conditions, demonstrating the reliability of the experimental approach. The visualisation technique presented here provides the basis for experimentally elucidating solute transport processes in rough-walled fractures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Forest Harvesting Operations on Hydrology: Experiences From the Palatinate Forest Biosphere Reserve","authors":"Tibebe B. Tigabu,&nbsp;Eva Verena Müller,&nbsp;Menberu B. Meles,&nbsp;Helen E. Dahlke,&nbsp;Gebhard Schüler,&nbsp;Nicola Fohrer,&nbsp;Paul D. Wagner","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of timber harvesting and skidding machines significantly alters a catchment's hydrological processes due to soil compaction effects. Although it is obvious that the use of heavy forest machines increases surface runoff and water yield, quantifying these effects remains challenging. This research aimed at exploring how physically based hydrological models are suited for investigating the effects of soil compaction on hydrologic responses at the catchment scale. We employed a process-based SWAT+ hydrological model to assess the impact of temporary (e.g., skid trails) and more permanent timber harvest infrastructure on the hydrologic response of the Palatinate Forest Biosphere Reserve in Germany. We specifically analysed the role of soil compaction in hydrological processes by simulating water fluxes under three scenarios: uncompacted soil (baseline), compacted soil during harvest and skidding operations (Scenario-1) and due to permanently constructed infrastructures (Scenario-2). Results demonstrated substantial alterations in water fluxes under Scenarios-1 and -2 compared to the baseline, with annual average surface runoff increasing by 74% and 125%, respectively, and lateral flow decreasing by 14% and 26%. These changes varied notably between steep and low slope areas. Steep slope regions exhibited significantly larger increases in surface runoff, while low slope areas experienced greater reductions in lateral flow and percolation. This differentiation underlines the combined influence of management scenarios and slope, highlighting the critical need for forest harvesting strategies that account for spatial variability and the types of machinery employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Integration of Hydrological and Heat Exchange Processes Improves Stream Temperature Simulations in an Ecohydrological Model","authors":"Kristin Peters,&nbsp;Jens Kiesel,&nbsp;Isabel Oswald,&nbsp;Björn Guse,&nbsp;Efrain Noa-Yarasca,&nbsp;Jeffrey G. Arnold,&nbsp;Javier M. Osorio Leyton,&nbsp;Katrin Bieger,&nbsp;Nicola Fohrer","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stream temperature is among the main drivers affecting water quality by influencing chemical reaction rates and biological activity. Due to globally rising air temperatures, increased stream temperatures are equally rising and becoming more relevant for ecosystem health. Stream temperature is influenced by a complex interplay of climate, hydrological processes and catchment characteristics. However, these process interactions are often overlooked when being integrated with hydrological models. This study addresses the limitations of a simplified stream temperature model by using the ecohydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+). Our goal was to enhance the process representation in the current stream temperature model by refining the mass transfer processes. We included heat transfer processes improved by a channel shape parameter, and the influence of riparian shading with an improved equation to simplify the modified dew point temperature calculation. The enhanced SWAT+ model was tested at 23 stations in a medium-sized mountainous catchment with high-resolution observed stream temperature data. Our results show that the enhanced model significantly improved performance, achieving a mean Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE) of 0.8 across all calibration sites. We improved previous advances in stream temperature modelling within this work by focussing on the importance of accurate process representation. A key finding was the impact of runoff component contributions on the stream temperature model performance. The model performed particularly well during spring, autumn and very low to moderate flows. The improved stream temperature representation therefore not only serves as a valuable tool for management decisions and ecological applications but also benefits modelling other water quality variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Insights Into the Correlation Between Sediment Yield, Soil Electrical Conductivity and pH in Surface and Piping Erosion","authors":"Soheila Esmailian,&nbsp;Mehdi Pajouhesh,&nbsp;Khodayar Abdollahi,&nbsp;Nasrin Gharahi,&nbsp;Gholamreza Shams","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soil erosion, driven by factors such as water, wind, tillage and so forth, has significant impacts on both humanity and the environment. Soil erosion, including surface and subsurface (piping) erosion, significantly affects the environment and infrastructure. This research examines the impact of soil properties, that is, electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, on sediment yield in both surface and piping erosion. Rigorous laboratory experiments were conducted on slopes of 5%, 10% and 15%, using a soil profile that consisted of a 5 cm water-restrictive layer of clay loam and a 15 cm topsoil layer of loam. Three experimental configurations were devised: exclusive pipe flow at 27 L h⁻¹ (M1), rainfall intensity at 30 mm h⁻¹ (M2), and a composite scenario integrating both rainfall and pipe flow (M3), with each configuration executed three times. The pipe flow was simulated using a plastic tube with a 1 cm diameter, placed on top of the water-restrictive layer, which helped create conditions for subsurface flow. Results showed that sediment yield predictions varied with slope. For surface erosion, the most favourable performance was observed at 5% slope with pipe flow (<i>R</i>² = 0.76, NSE = 0.76), while combined scenarios performed adequately (<i>R</i>² = 0.71). At 10% slope, performance was good (<i>R</i>² = 0.66, NSE = 0.65), and at 15%, results ranged from acceptable to very good. In piping erosion, the combined scenario consistently performed best (<i>R</i>² = 0.78–0.91, NSE = 0.67–0.82), particularly at 5% and 15% slopes. These findings offer valuable insights into erosion dynamics and can help improve soil management strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Variability of the Reservoir Thermocline: Insights from Monitoring Data and Numerical Modelling","authors":"Wenyan Zhao,&nbsp;Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Jianhong Li,&nbsp;Junbing Pu","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A vertical density difference caused by the thermocline during thermal stratification creates contrasting hydrochemical characteristics between the surface and bottom layers, negatively impacting aquatic ecosystems. Although numerous studies have investigated thermoclines, fewer have explored their spatial and temporal variations within the same reservoir using high-resolution temporal data and a numerical model. This study analysed water temperature (WT) and thermocline variations in the Dalongdong (DLD) reservoir in Southwest China using a numerical model. The results reveal that the surface-layer water temperature (WT) of the DLD reservoir exhibited a decreasing spatial trend from upstream to downstream. Based on the simulated data, variations in the profile WT, Schmidt stability (SS) and thermocline parameters (thermocline depth [TD], lower boundary depth [TB], thickness [TT] and strength [TS]) were evaluated. It was found that the thermal structure change in the DLD reservoir follows three-phase patterns: the incubating thermal stratification (ITS) period, the obvious thermal stratification (OTS) period and the fading thermal stratification (FTS) period. During the ITS and FTS periods, the SS exhibits significant positive correlations with the TD, TS and TT, while the correlation between the TD and the TT is weak. In contrast, during the OTS period, correlations between the SS and each parameter of the thermocline weaken, and the TD and TT show a significant negative correlation. These findings suggest that thermocline dynamics are governed by distinct factors at different stages. Specifically, TB primarily controls thermocline changes during the ITS and FTS periods, whereas TD dominates during the OTS period. Additionally, spatial heterogeneity in thermocline parameters is pronounced during the OTS period in the DLD reservoir due to both depth and external recharge water flow. These results provide critical methodologies and perspectives for distinguishing thermocline variations and will contribute to the rational management of reservoir water environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controls From Above and Below: Snow, Soil, and Steepness Drive Diverging Trends of Subsurface Water and Streamflow Dynamics","authors":"Devon Kerins,&nbsp;Abigail S. Knapp,&nbsp;Fiona S. Liu,&nbsp;Valerie Diana Smykalov,&nbsp;Matthew P. Berzonsky,&nbsp;Andrew Vierbicher,&nbsp;Kayalvizhi Sadayappan,&nbsp;Bryn Stewart,&nbsp;Elizabeth M. Andrews,&nbsp;Pamela L. Sullivan,&nbsp;Holly R. Barnard,&nbsp;Jan Seibert,&nbsp;Lauren E. McPhillips,&nbsp;Kamini Singha,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The importance of subsurface water dynamics, such as water storage and flow partitioning, is well recognised. Yet, our understanding of their drivers and links to streamflow generation has remained elusive, especially in small headwater streams that are often data-limited but crucial for downstream water quantity and quality. Large-scale analyses have focused on streamflow characteristics across rivers with varying drainage areas, often overlooking the subsurface water dynamics that shape streamflow behaviour. Here we ask the question: <i>What are the climate and landscape characteristics that regulate subsurface dynamic storage, flow path partitioning, and dynamics of streamflow generation in headwater streams?</i> To answer this question, we used streamflow data and a widely-used hydrological model (HBV) for 15 headwater catchments across the contiguous United States. Results show that climate characteristics such as aridity and precipitation phase (snow or rain) and land attributes such as topography and soil texture are key drivers of streamflow generation dynamics. In particular, steeper slopes generally promoted more streamflow, regardless of aridity. Streams in flat, rainy sites (&lt; 30% precipitation as snow) with finer soils exhibited flashier regimes than those in snowy sites (&gt; 30% precipitation as snow) or sites with coarse soils and deeper flow paths. In snowy sites, less weathered, thinner soils promoted shallower flow paths such that discharge was more sensitive to changes in storage, but snow dampened streamflow flashiness overall. Results here indicate that land characteristics such as steepness and soil texture modify subsurface water storage and shallow and deep flow partitioning, ultimately regulating streamflow response to climate forcing. As climate change increases uncertainty in water availability, understanding the interacting climate and landscape features that regulate streamflow will be essential to predict hydrological shifts in headwater catchments and improve water resources management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}