Hydrological Processes最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Snowmelt on the Recharge Dynamics of a Vadose Alpine Karst","authors":"Eva Kaminsky,&nbsp;Barbara Funk,&nbsp;Adrian Flores-Orozco,&nbsp;Lukas Plan","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70212","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Alpine karst aquifers, snowmelt plays a crucial role in groundwater recharge, yet the processes governing water flow through the soil and epikarst into the vadose zone and to the phreatic zone remain poorly understood. This study aims at shedding some light on paths and mechanisms for infiltration, flow, and accumulation of snowmelt in comparison to rainwater in karstic systems. In particular, we present results for the upper vadose zone of the Hochschwab karst massif (Eastern Alps, Austria), a crucial water source for the capital of Vienna. We combined geophysical and hydrological methods to distinguish different infiltration processes. Data were collected at a cave (1896 m above sea level) over 3 weeks in March and April 2024, during which 12 infiltration events were observed—nine through diurnal cycles of snowmelt and three mixed with effective rain. Additionally, dry and wet conditions in the following summer were monitored to provide a seasonal comparison of infiltration dynamics. Monitoring included cave drip water at a V-notch weir (discharge, electrical conductivity, and temperature), soil moisture measurements at depths of 5–30 cm, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), utilising 96 electrodes between the cave ceiling and the surface. Measurements at the weir in the cave indicate higher flow rates during heavy precipitation than during snowmelt, while the ERT images show the highest saturation during snowmelt, especially in the bedrock. Hence, results show that snowmelt primarily leads to diffuse recharge, with an overall increase in the saturation of the epikarst and rock, while rain events demonstrate a quick recharge pattern. These findings emphasise the importance of snowmelt as a diffuse recharge source contributing to water storage and underline that the integration of multiple sensors is crucial for understanding the variability of recharge processes in Alpine karst systems under different meteorological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144725543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling SWAT+ and SWMM Models to Quantify Streamflow in Mixed Rural–Urban Watersheds","authors":"Hossein Ahmadi,&nbsp;Durelle Scott,&nbsp;David J. Sample","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70218","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fast-paced urbanisation has resulted in urban–rural transitional zones known as ‘sprawl’ that exhibit both urban and rural characteristics. This transformation significantly impacts water balance, leading to changes in surface runoff patterns in these mixed urban rural watersheds. The contrasting runoff generation patterns in urban and rural land uses pose significant challenges for accurately simulating runoff in these urban rural watersheds. To address these mixed watersheds, we developed an Integrated Environmental Modelling (IEM) approach to effectively represent complex hydrological behaviours in both urban and rural areas by integrating two widely used models: the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Plus (SWAT+). The integrated model provides a means for coupling models, data storage, analysis, visualisation, and decision support systems. This framework links PYSWMM and PYSWAT+, offering automatic calibration of the integrated model in Python, which improves runoff simulation by considering distinct runoff generation patterns for each land use and the unique characteristics of each subcatchment. This study aims to improve our understanding of how runoff generation and streamflow behaviour vary across urban and rural areas by evaluating the performance of a coupled SWMM-SWAT+ model. A case study conducted in the urban–rural watershed of Stroubles Creek, Virginia, USA, demonstrated that the integrated model outperformed both standalone models in predicting streamflow during dry and wet periods. This study successfully shows that the SWMM-SWAT+ integration can effectively represent hydrological processes in mixed urban–rural watersheds, achieving higher accuracy than standalone models. The integrated model achieved higher accuracy than the standalone models, improving NSE from 0.51 (SWAT+) and 0.64 (SWMM) to 0.85, reducing RSR from 0.70 (SWAT+) and 0.60 (SWMM) to 0.39, and lowering PBIAS to 16.8%, compared to 37.87% (SWAT+) and −70.37% (SWMM), demonstrating its superior performance in streamflow simulation. These findings provide a practical and adaptable modelling framework for improving stormwater management, flood risk assessment, and sustainable water resources planning in transitional watersheds experiencing both urban and rural influences.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater Flow Modelling of a Large-Scale Thick Vadose Zone Including Two Perched Aquifers, the Jerusalem Mountains","authors":"Shalom Ohad,&nbsp;Lev Ovadia,&nbsp;Livshitz Yakov,&nbsp;Gvirtzman Haim","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70216","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In mountainous karst terrains, understanding flow dynamics within thick, stratified, and faulted vadose zones remains a major hydrological challenge. This study examines a dual-perched aquifer system on a folded limestone ridge near Jerusalem, Israel, where groundwater accumulates above low-permeability layers and transfers vertically along faults. Using a fully three-dimensional FEFLOW model, we simulate the coupled processes of infiltration, perching, and leakage, and identify the spatial fragmentation of perched reservoirs into hydraulically discrete spring catchments. Despite sparse borehole data, the model, calibrated with high-resolution spring hydrographs and daily precipitation, effectively captures key flow behaviours and quantifies storage–release dynamics across unsaturated strata. The structural controls and flow mechanisms discovered in this system, especially fault-mediated vertical coupling between perched and regional groundwater and the compartmentalisation of saturated zones, are likely common in other fractured karst uplands. Accordingly, the modelling approach developed here offers a transferable method for mapping recharge areas, managing distributed spring systems, and evaluating vulnerability to contamination. These insights are particularly relevant for hydrogeological assessments and groundwater management in densely populated, data-scarce mountainous regions increasingly affected by hydroclimatic variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source Identification and Apportionment of Abnormal High Boron Concentrations in Yellow River Basin, China","authors":"Lili Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70217","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the well-documented anomalously high dissolved boron (B) concentrations in the Yellow River (YR), the precise sources and processes driving this enrichment remain unclear. To quantify and apportion B sources, we systematically analysed B concentrations across riverine, precipitation and wastewater samples within the YR basin. Complementary leaching experiments were performed on loess and suspended particulate matter (SPM) to decipher loess erosion impacts on river B dynamics. Forward mixing model results demonstrate that riverine B predominantly derives from silicate weathering (49.7%–81.3%) and evaporite dissolution (17.8%–42.3%), while contributions from carbonate weathering, rainfall and anthropogenic activities are negligible. Leaching experiments further confirmed that evaporite dissolution during loess runoff processes contributes 93.6% of the total evaporite-derived B flux in YR water. Meanwhile, we found that 89.2% of B in loess exists in silicate phases. Although the proportion of silicate weathering in loess is only 8.9%, the massive erosion of SPM (3.33 × 10⁸ t/year) elevates silicate weathering to the primary source of B in the YR. Furthermore, the YR's characteristically low discharge (28.3 km³/year) amplifies B concentrations through hydrological concentration effects. In 2012, the YR exported 2.21% of the global riverine B flux to the ocean, underscoring its disproportionate contribution to the global B cycle. This study clarifies the critical role of silicate weathering amplified by massive loess erosion in reshaping understanding of particulate-phase geochemical processes in global riverine B cycling.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Hydrological Connectivity and Response Patterns Across Timescales: An Integrated Time-Frequency Domain Analysis","authors":"Gregorio A. López Moreira Mazacotte,&nbsp;Dörthe Tetzlaff,&nbsp;Chris Soulsby","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the interconnections between rainfall, groundwater and stream flow in urban and peri-urban catchments, along with the factors affecting response times between causally related hydrological variables, is essential for predicting and managing future urban water resources. In this study, we applied autocorrelation, cross-correlation and time-frequency analyses over 20 years of daily hydrometeorological data to extract relevant indicators of hydrological connectivity in the Wuhle catchment, one of the main urban streams in Berlin, the capital of Germany. Despite the strong influence of urban storm drainage, our analysis showed a high degree of persistence of the groundwater signals, reflecting the important role of storage in regulating fluxes from the regional aquifer. For wet years, spectral analysis of the precipitation and discharge signals highlighted regions of high common power and coherence between precipitation and discharge at the seasonal scales (6–12 months). These were attenuated during periods of consecutive wet years when the influence of individual rainfall events was less dominant. For dry years, including through the persistent 2018–2020 west-central European drought, the analysis revealed a high degree of statistically significant coherence between groundwater levels and discharge at scales of 1 year and longer. Phase angles were used to estimate response times between the signals. A virtually instant response between groundwater and streamflow throughout the analysed period confirmed the importance of groundwater in sustaining streamflow, and the severe consequences of multi-year droughts that can deplete groundwater storage and, in extreme cases, lead to a cessation of stream flow. The study thus demonstrates the benefits of integrated time series analysis in understanding the important role of groundwater at time scales of ~3–6 years, green spaces and non-urban areas in the integrated management of complex urbanised catchments, even when dominated by urban storm runoff from impervious areas at sub-daily time scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saltwater Circulation Driven by Shoreline Curvature in Coastal Aquifers","authors":"Xuan Yu,&nbsp;Lanxuan He,&nbsp;Rongjiang Yao,&nbsp;Zexuan Xu,&nbsp;George Kourakos,&nbsp;Jie Yang,&nbsp;Franklin W. Schwartz","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In coastal lowland and plains, where dense populations and extensive agriculture thrive, fresh water is a necessity. Management of coastal groundwater requires quantitative models of groundwater flow and transport to reveal salinity distributions and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Historically, computational burdens in modelling coastal groundwater necessitated the use of 2-D models along cross-sections. However, a variety of different features add fully three-dimensional complexity to near-shore groundwater flow and complex patterns of saline-fresh groundwater mixing. Shoreline geometry is one such feature which has not been systematically assessed. We modelled mixing processes between freshwater and saltwater in three dimensions using the coupled surface/subsurface flow and transport code HydroGeoSphere. Various concave and convex coastlines were constructed with geomorphological features characteristic of those in China. Our simulation suggested that the lateral groundwater flow can cause significant velocity perpendicular to the plane of the cross-sections, accounting for from 2% to 12% of longitudinal velocity. The lateral velocity component of groundwater increases with shoreline curvature, causing nonlinear responses of lateral saltwater circulation. The mixing zone and SGD change as a function of coastline curvature, which depends mainly on the magnitudes of convergent/divergent flow. In addition, shoreline curvature increases the mean travel time of fresh SGD, while a limited impact on the travel time of saline SGD is found. Our results highlight the nonnegligible influence of coastline geometry on lateral groundwater flow, freshwater-saltwater mixing, and SGD characteristics in commonly concave and convex shorelines. This study has important implications for management of groundwater resources, comprehension of biogeochemical processes along the coastal lowlands and plains.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Mountain Soil Water Storage and Release in a Colombian Páramo With APSIS-InSAR Data","authors":"Andrew V. Bradley,&nbsp;David J. Large,&nbsp;Jeffrey Mauricio Prieto Naranjo,&nbsp;Wouter Buytaert,&nbsp;Emily Mitchell,&nbsp;Andrew Sowter,&nbsp;Mauricio Diazgranados,&nbsp;Boris Ochoa-Tocachi,&nbsp;Charles George,&nbsp;France F. Gerard","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Direct observation of montane and upland water resources provides valuable data in support of national scale water management and policy, but direct observation is challenging on large spatial scales. To address the need for large spatial scale hydrological data we use InSAR surface motion signals, indicative of surface swelling due to increased soil water content, at approximately 90 m resolution over a tropical Colombian mountain range covered with Páramo, a biome widespread along the Northern Andes. Considering uncertainty of vegetation and mountainous terrain on the InSAR signal, we observe a regional, spatially consistent sequence of soil surface motion, which can be related to storage and movement of water through montane catchments. Swelling on the ridges and upper slopes occurs during the wet season and is consistent with infiltration and increased saturation of ridge and upper slope soils. This is followed by a marked swelling of the valley floors towards the end of the wet season and into the dry season. The InSAR signal also captures movement of water through the basin with swelling subsiding sequentially downslope and downstream. The results indicate that a shallow hillslope flow dominates during the wet season, but this alone is insufficient to explain shallow ground water storage in superficial valley deposits lasting into the late wet season and dry season. We conclude that InSAR signals can provide a qualitative insight in the storage and release mechanisms at a basin scale, thus complementing sparse point-scale measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integral Modelling Approach for Hyporheic Exchange due to Porous Log Jams: Comparison With Experiments and Sensitivity Studies","authors":"Finn Amann,&nbsp;Jörg Lewandowski,&nbsp;Reinhard Hinkelmann","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrodynamic models of surface water (SW)–porewater (PW) interactions often rely on coupled modelling approaches that may not be suitable for coarser sediments and flow through structures such as log jams. SW–PW interactions play a critical role in maintaining the ecological health of rivers by enhancing biogeochemical activity within the hyporheic zone. In the present study, we applied an integral modelling approach to investigate for the first time the hyporheic exchange caused by a channel-wide porous log jam (PLJ). First, a previously conducted laboratory experiment was replicated. A very good agreement was obtained for flow dynamics, such as water depth differences, surface flow velocities, SW–PW interactions, and subsurface flow paths. For hyporheic exchange flow (HEF) patterns, the model performed well at low Froude numbers. However, for cases with higher Froude numbers, limitations emerged due to the model's two-dimensional discretisation, which obstructs flow uniformly across the width. An investigation of higher flow velocities revealed a logarithmic relationship between HEFs and Froude number. At higher flow rates, a linear decrease in HEFs was observed with increasing Froude numbers. Further analysis of the PLJ's effective porosity demonstrated an exponential decay in water depth difference between upstream and downstream, which was also reflected in the HEF rate. The study showed that the integral modelling approach serves as a robust basis for future studies of porous flow obstacles, although the relatively high computational demand has to be taken into account.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human-Induced Hydrological Droughts in Central Vietnam: A Study for River-Segment Analysis","authors":"Binh Quang Nguyen,&nbsp;Sameh A. Kantoush,&nbsp;Thanh-Nhan-Duc Tran,&nbsp;Tetsuya Sumi","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The number of drought studies is increasing due to rising concerns about risk-informed agriculture and water resource management. However, while most of this information is derived from meteorological variables, the literature on human-induced drought for river segments is limited, especially in the tropical monsoon region. In this study, we quantify human-caused hydrological droughts in segments of the Vu Gia Thu Bon (VGTB) River basin in Central Vietnam. Our objective is to gain a deeper understanding of how human activities have altered the frequency, severity and duration of hydrological droughts between 1980 and 2020 and their impacts on freshwater supply and ecosystem sustainability. Specifically, we use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to obtain hydrological outputs, along with the Standardised Runoff Index (SRI), Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) for dry conditions analysis. Based on the examination of drought patterns over the Vu Gia and Thu Bon rivers using the proposed river-segment analysis and reconstructed streamflow, we found a contrast in drought conditions between the Vu Gia (+28.9%) and Thu Bon (−26.4%) rivers. The Vu Gia River experienced more dry conditions and drought events from 2011 to 2020 compared to the Thu Bon River. In contrast, the Thu Bon River experienced more moderate to extremely wet conditions during the same period. In addition, drought has caused saltwater intrusion to increase in intensity and duration, resulting in an 11.8% reduction in rice paddies' area from 2010 to 2020. This study highlights our approach to measuring temporal and spatial changes over river segments, providing deeper insights into water transfers and their changes across river tributaries, linking with saltwater intrusion and land use and land cover (LULC) changes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater-Pond Interactions on a Remote Sand Island Driven by Oceanic and Meteorologic Processes","authors":"Sarah E. Hall,&nbsp;Julia A. Cantelon,&nbsp;Scott J. Ketcheson,&nbsp;Barret L. Kurylyk","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70215","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Islands are hotspots of cultural and biological diversity; however, small-island populations and ecosystems face freshwater insecurity. Fresh <i>surface water</i> bodies on small islands are particularly limited in size and number and are less well studied than underlying freshwater lenses. Small islands with permeable geology often have a hydraulic connection among the ocean, groundwater system, and fresh surface water bodies, but these subsurface hydraulic linkages are poorly understood. Utilising in situ hydrologic and thermal monitoring and remote sensing, this study investigated how meteorologic (precipitation and evapotranspiration) and oceanic (waves, storm surge, and flooding) forcing drive pond level dynamics and groundwater–surface water interactions on a remote sand island (Sable Island) in the Northwest Atlantic. Stilling wells, piezometers, and sediment temperature rods were installed in five ponds from July 2020 to September 2021 and were collectively used to create area-depth relationships, infer pond bed hydraulic conductivity, and calculate vertical groundwater fluxes. PlanetScope satellite images during this period were classified to quantify pond surface areas and provide a link to in situ monitoring to assess changes following meteorologic and oceanic events. Meteorological and coastal hydrodynamic data were used to determine drivers controlling pond levels and groundwater–surface water exchange rates. Findings reveal that pond levels and vertical exchange fluxes are influenced by tides, precipitation, waves, and beach flooding, but have the highest correlation to oceanic forcing (high significant wave heights) that drive beach flooding and groundwater level changes. Remote sensing paired with pond level–area relationships proved effective for monitoring surface water dynamics in this remote area. Results expand our understanding of small-island hydrology and hydraulics and emphasise that surface water, groundwater, and the ocean are not separate but exist along a coupled hydrologic continuum. In a period of rapid environmental change, understanding fresh surface water dynamics on small islands is crucial to protecting vulnerable ecosystems from freshwater scarcity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}