Hydrological Processes最新文献

{"title":"Hydrological Dynamics in Giant Tropical Rivers: A Case Study of the Ganga River","authors":"Amzad Hussain Laskar,&nbsp;P. Saranya,&nbsp;Mao-Chang Liang,&nbsp;Lakhi Narayan Sahu,&nbsp;Nityanand Singh Maurya,&nbsp;Abhayanand Singh Maurya","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Monitoring river flow and its controlling factors in major rivers like the Ganga is essential for freshwater sustainability, ecosystem health, and hydropower efficiency. As one of the world's largest river systems, the Ganga supports over 400 million people in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, playing a crucial role in agriculture, water quality, and ecological balance. This paper discusses the summer water dynamics of the Ganga throughout its course. The study includes estimation of evaporative loss from river channels, groundwater interaction, and the role of aquifer water levels in sustaining river flow. In the middle plain segment of the river (~1200 km), a crucial region for agriculture and industry, evaporative loss is estimated to be approximately 58% of the river's initial water volume at the segment's start. Additionally, this segment exhibits the most significant river–groundwater interaction, with groundwater discharge increasing the river's volume by roughly 120% compared to its initial volume at the segment's beginning. Two decades of in situ data show stable groundwater levels across most of the central Ganga Plain, suggesting that reduced summer flow is driven by other factors such as increased human activities rather than groundwater depletion.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Riparian Interactions Mediate Groundwater Storage and Runoff During Snow Drought","authors":"Sarah K. Newcomb,&nbsp;Sarah E. Godsey,&nbsp;James P. McNamara","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In seasonally snow-covered watersheds, snow and snowmelt play an outsized role in producing the streamflow and groundwater recharge that downstream communities rely on. As many mountainous headwater systems experience warmer winters and declining snowpacks, unravelling how low snow, or snow drought, years translate to changes in water availability is crucial for predicting the future of water resources across the region. Decades of research show that the propagation of precipitation deficits to streamflow and groundwater deficits depends on the interactions between soil moisture, evapotranspiration and plant response to water stress. However, very few empirical studies have compared how snow drought propagation differs from meteorological drought. This study presents new insights into how riparian-stream interactions dictate runoff generation and groundwater recharge in a semi-arid, non-perennial headwater stream during a dry snow drought (low annual precipitation, low snow), a warm snow drought (average annual precipitation, low snow), and a wet year (above-average precipitation and snow). Time series of shallow soil moisture, stream channel water level, riparian groundwater and stable water isotopes show that water in and below the stream channel is more responsive to summer and fall precipitation events during both low snow years compared to the wet year, which reflects less sustained groundwater inputs during both dry and warm snow droughts. We see the lowest contribution of snowmelt reflected in late-season groundwater during the dry snow drought, with a slightly higher contribution during the warm snow drought. Using convergent cross-mapping to detect causal interactions between riparian and stream processes reveals strong interactions during each year; however, the interactions driving stream corridor groundwater dynamics are the strongest and most complex during the warm snow drought year. With many regions expected to experience warmer summer temperatures and more winter precipitation falling as rain, this study highlights the increasing role that warm season climate and vegetation dynamics will play in mediating how snowmelt becomes runoff and recharge in mountain systems as riparian zones become more water-limited.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and Processes of Diel Streamflow Cycles Along the Longitudinal Profile of an Alpine Headwater Stream","authors":"Klaus Vormoor,&nbsp;Anna Herzog,&nbsp;Till Francke,&nbsp;Axel Bronstert","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In high-alpine catchments, diel streamflow cycles are typically controlled by snow and ice melt during days without precipitation. Potentially co-occurring evapotranspiration (ET) controlled streamflow cycles are of opposite phase and can often not be identified in such environments. This study investigates the spatial and temporal differences in diel streamflow cycles along the longitudinal river profile of the Fundusbach catchment (13 km²; 1620–3095 m a.s.l.) in the Ötztal Alps, Austria. We investigated variations in the shape characteristics of diel hydrographs from June to October 2022 using hourly streamflow from four stations along the river. We identified the main processes controlling the diel streamflow cycles, and tried to quantify the volumes of water added or removed from streamflow due to melt processes or ET. Results show that the amplitude of diel streamflow cycles decreases with increasing catchment area and over the second half of the year, indicating a damping effect of the catchment and decreasing importance of meltwater processes along the river. Despite the dominance of meltwater-driven diel cycles, we show that ET occurs simultaneously and its influence becomes more pronounced in the lower reaches of the river. By synchronising the diel cycles and deducting the meltwater influence from upstream stations, we visualised the ET-controlled streamflow cycles at downstream stations. However, the quantification of ET volumes from daily hydrographs is subject to large uncertainty. Our study highlights the importance of considering both meltwater and ET processes to understand diel streamflow cycles in high alpine catchments, especially given the likely increasing relevance of ET in these areas in a warmer climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitability of Strip-Tillage and Undersowing in Maize Crops to Control Runoff, Soil Erosion and Herbicide Loss: Field Trials and Modelling","authors":"Timothée Clement,&nbsp;Charles L. Bielders,&nbsp;Aurore Degré,&nbsp;Gilles Manssens,&nbsp;Guy Foucart,&nbsp;Olivier Pigeon,&nbsp;Alodie Blondel,&nbsp;Bruno Huyghebaert","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Western Europe, the silt loam belt is highly vulnerable to erosion, especially in spring on fields cultivated with spring crops such as maize. Identifying conservation farming practices that reconcile agricultural production with soil and water protection is therefore critical. To this end, we evaluated the suitability of red fescue or white clover undersowing as well as strip-tillage to control runoff, soil loss, and herbicide surface loss in maize under natural rainfall conditions. Results were compared to a sole-maize control. The treatments were implemented in triplicate across six trial sites, distributed over three cropping seasons from 2021 to 2023. Weed control in the undersowing treatment proved particularly challenging due to herbicide constraints. Furthermore, no mitigation effect was observed on water, sediment, and herbicide surface flows, while maize yields were reduced by 11% on average compared to the control treatment. Although strip-tillage also resulted in an 11% loss in maize yields on average, it significantly decreased runoff (−31%) and soil loss (−60%) compared to the control. Based on the measured runoff and soil losses for the control and strip-tillage treatments, the process-based CREHDYS model was calibrated using a parsimonious approach. It was then used to conduct scenario analyses across a range of soil, rainfall and slope conditions found across the Belgian loess belt. On average across all scenarios, pluvial flood hazard was reduced by about half. Modelling of soil losses in strip-tillage proved insufficiently reliable, highlighting the need for improved characterisation of sediment fluxes in such systems. In spite of the disappointing results of undersowing in terms of yields and reduction in surface flows, future research could focus on other environmental benefits of this technique. For strip-tillage, strategies should be investigated to promote its adoption by farmers as a stepping stone towards no-till systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology for Developing Severity-Duration-Frequency Curves for Drought Assessment in South Africa","authors":"J. A. du Plessis,&nbsp;E. Smith","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Droughts significantly affect food security, economy and livelihoods, necessitating effective water resource planning and management in South Africa. This research aimed to enhance the understanding of droughts by developing Severity–Duration–Frequency (SDF) curves using daily precipitation data. The research also addressed methodological limitations, such as data record length and gap-filling methods. Daily rainfall records from the South African Weather Service (SAWS) and Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) with at least 30 years data were used in the development of the methodology. The methodology developed in this research used the calculation of drought indices, including the Decile Drought Index (DDI), Percentage of Normal Precipitation (PNP) and Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), which were evaluated for various timescales (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months). Drought periods were identified using the drought indices and thresholds. The best-fit probability distributions between the Gamma, Weibull and Log-normal distributions were used for the calculation of the SPI and to develop SDF curves using frequency analysis. DDI and PNP do not quantify drought severity, making them unsuitable for developing SDF relationships. The developed SDF curves, based on the SPI, provide valuable tools for understanding drought dynamics and supporting decision-making in water resource management. This research highlights the importance of accessible data for prompt drought response to mitigate water shortages and economic losses in South Africa and suggests future research directions, including exploring alternative data sources and the impacts of climate change on droughts.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamflow Generation Processes and Stream Intermittency in a Mediterranean Basin: Insights From End-Member Mixing Analysis","authors":"Gabriela Córdoba-Ariza,&nbsp;Ramon J. Batalla,&nbsp;Carmen Gutiérrez,&nbsp;Sergi Sabater,&nbsp;Josep Mas-Pla","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70164","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change, land use, and resource exploitation increasingly threaten river hydrology and water quality, leading to scarcity. Non-perennial or intermittent rivers are vulnerable systems characterised by highly variable flows. While recent research has advanced understanding of their natural variability, integrating the complex effects of multiple human impacts at the basin scale remains challenging. Aiming to improve this understanding and supporting effective management, this study uses end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) to identify streamflow sources in an intermittent Mediterranean river network, based on hydrochemical data from 23 sites over 14 monthly surveys and potentiometric data from six shallow wells. The analysis identifies three main contributors to streamflow: headwater runoff, groundwater baseflow from aquifers and hillslopes and treated wastewater. Their relative contributions varied spatially and seasonally. Upstream of urban areas, headwater runoff dominated (71%), while in the central catchment, groundwater contributed 15%–75%. Downstream of industrial areas, contributions were more balanced: 35% runoff, 27% groundwater and 38% wastewater. Alluvial groundwater was more important in small upstream subbasins in terms of maintaining the connectivity of the streamflow, whereas groundwater contribution from deeper aquifers dominated in lower reaches. EMMA results also highlighted discrepancies with point potentiometric data, emphasising the limitations of local measurements for understanding basin-scale hydrology. Under future climate scenarios, reduced headwater runoff and groundwater storage are expected to lower baseflow, increasing reliance on treated—but lower-quality—wastewater to sustain streamflow. This highlights the need for long-term monitoring and management, with a focus on protecting baseflow sources and improving wastewater quality to ensure water sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Stable Isotopes in Precipitation, Rivers, and Groundwater Across an Elevation Gradient in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (USA) Reflect Source Elevation","authors":"Melissa Thaw,&nbsp;Ate Visser,&nbsp;Joseph Rungee,&nbsp;Erik J. H. Oerter,&nbsp;Martha Conklin","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70177","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding watershed processes is critical to predict the impacts of climate change and forest management on water resources. However, collecting hydrological data in mountainous terrain is challenging. Precipitation, river water, and groundwater H and O stable isotope data can provide insights into processes occurring at the mountain range scale. Water δ²H and δ¹⁸O values in precipitation vary with terrain elevation; thus, the resulting isotopic lapse rates of precipitation, groundwater, and river water have the potential to elucidate watershed processes and source elevations of major rivers. We analysed H and O stable isotope data of precipitation, groundwater, and river water over the course of one Water Year (Oct 2016—Oct 2017) in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, USA. We calculated elevation-dependent isotopic lapse rates of these waters to estimate the source elevation of major rivers draining the west flank of the Sierra Nevada mountains. We also investigated the Cosumnes River's watershed in more detail to determine how river flow may be more fully partitioned. We found that H and O stable isotopes in precipitation are temporally variable, but isotopic lapse rates are generally consistent with prior studies. However, groundwater samples across an elevation gradient provide a more consistent and accessible isotopic lapse rate to predict river water source elevations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Forcings Across Multiple Timescales Control Stream Drying and Wetting in a Headwater Catchment","authors":"Anna Bergstrom,&nbsp;Adam N. Price,&nbsp;Mac Beers,&nbsp;Kevin R. Roche","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70167","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hydrologists commonly use climate metrics to understand watershed function and streamflow response due to their widespread availability and effectiveness in hydrologic models used to predict streamflow. This is particularly true in research aimed at characterising how streamflow response varies under changing climate conditions. In semi-arid to arid environments, researchers typically hypothesise that in drier, warmer years, vegetation and streamflow are in direct competition for stored water. Conceptual models suggest that seasonal plant water use and evapotranspiration (ET) can ultimately cause stream drying (or non-perennial flow) in summer months. While past research has directly investigated links between riparian ET and stream drying, we have yet to explore the link between the climate conditions that drive ET and stream non-perenniality, particularly over longer and varying timescales. Here, we used commonly observed climate variables in combination with machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence techniques to identify drivers and their impacts on the wetting and drying characteristics in the semi-arid Dry Creek Experimental Watershed. Our results highlight that actual ET (AET) and precipitation are highly correlated to non-perennial behaviour. We found an inverse relationship between ET and drying: higher AET corresponds to less drying. This may suggest that watershed scale AET and streamflow might not be in direct competition; rather, AET is an indicator of overall water availability in this semi-arid climate. Finally, we found that wetting and drying behaviour is driven by climate processes on shorter (weekly) and longer (seasonal) timescales, respectively. Non-perennial streamflow processes rely on antecedent climate conditions active over a range of timescales. Therefore, it is not sufficient to use a singular temporal discretisation of climate metrics to determine hydrologic response. These results can be used to inform the design of interdisciplinary studies that link climate, hydrology and ecological function to climate change impacts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive Learning in Hydrological Modelling With a Web-Based Tool","authors":"John P. Gannon,&nbsp;Jan Seibert","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Web apps offer an effective approach for teaching complex concepts through active learning by removing technical barriers. We present a web-based application of a well-known hydrological bucket-type model (HBV-light) that enables students to explore modelling concepts based on data provided for a sample of 700 global catchments from the CARAVAN dataset. The app, built using R and Shiny, allows users to change model parameters, parameterise the model using Monte Carlo simulation or a genetic algorithm, compare multiple model runs and analyse objective functions, including both the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency and the Non-parametric Kling–Gupta Efficiency. Users can select sites through an interactive map interface, download model outputs and visualise results without specialised software or computing resources. The app supports various learning objectives across different course levels, from basic parameter sensitivity analysis to advanced exploration of model structure and catchment behaviour. The app is hosted on Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrological Sciences Inc.'s shiny server and the code is available on GitHub. Initial classroom trials indicate the app effectively supports understanding of hydrological modelling concepts by the students.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainfall Erosivity Estimators for Application in Burundi","authors":"Fides Gakunde,&nbsp;Vincenzo Bagarello,&nbsp;Vito Ferro","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, following the results of previous studies and using the monthly rainfall data of 13 sites in Burundi, a comparison between two different estimators (modified Fournier index <i>MFI</i> and <i>F</i>_<i>F</i> index) of the rainfall erosivity factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was firstly developed. The theoretical relationships between <i>MFI</i> and the mean annual rainfall <i>P</i> and between <i>F</i>_<i>F</i> and <i>P</i> were tested by the available rainfall data. The constants <i>K</i>_<i>m</i> and <i>K</i>, linking <i>MFI</i> and <i>F</i>_<i>F</i> with <i>P</i>, were used to assess hydrological similitude with other geographical regions. Then, in order to predict the erosion risk corresponding to a climatic condition of given return period, the applicability of the Extreme Value Type 1 (EV1) probability distribution to the annual values of the <i>F</i>_<i>a,j</i> index was tested by an at-site analysis. Finally, the descriptive ability of the EV1 distribution was investigated by a regional procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}