Hydrological Processes最新文献

{"title":"Snow Depth Distribution in Canopy Gaps in Central Pyrenees","authors":"Francisco Rojas-Heredia,&nbsp;Jesús Revuelto,&nbsp;César Deschamps-Berger,&nbsp;Esteban Alonso-González,&nbsp;Pablo Domínguez-Aguilar,&nbsp;Jorge García,&nbsp;Fernando Pérez-Cabello,&nbsp;Juan Ignacio López-Moreno","doi":"10.1002/hyp.15322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15322","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research analyses the snow depth distribution in canopy gaps across two plots in Central Pyrenees, to improve understanding of snow–forest and topography interactions. Snow depth maps, forest structure–canopy gap (FSCG) characteristics and topographic variables were generated by applying <i>Structure from Motion</i> algorithms (SfM) to images acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Six flights were conducted under different snowpack conditions in 2021, 2022 and 2023. Firstly, the snow depth database was analysed in terms of the ratio between the radius of the canopy gap and the maximum height of the surrounding trees (<i>r</i>/<i>h</i>), in order to classify the gaps as <i>small-size</i>, <i>medium-size</i>, <i>large-size</i>, or <i>open areas</i> at both sites independently. Then Kendall's correlation coefficients between the snow depth, FSCG and topographic variables were computed and a Random Forest (RF) model for each survey was implemented, to determine the influence of these variables in explaining snow depth patterns. The results demonstrate the consistency of the UAV SfM photogrammetry approach for measuring snowpack dynamics at fine scale in canopy gaps and open areas. At the northeast exposed Site 1, the larger the <i>r</i>/<i>h</i> observed, the greater was the snow depth obtained. This pattern was not evident at the southwest exposed Site 2, which presented high variability related to the survey dates and categories, highlighting the relevance of topography for determining optimum snow accumulation in forested areas. <i>Slope</i> systematically exhibited a negative and significant correlation with snow depth and was consistently the highest-ranked variable for explaining snow distribution at both sites according to the RF models. <i>Distance to the Canopy Edge</i> also presented high influence, especially at Site 1. The findings suggest differences in the main drivers throughout each site and surveys of the topographic and FSCG variables are needed to understand snow depth distribution over heterogeneous mountain forest domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.15322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Hydrological Responses Following Process-Based Restoration in a Degraded Sierra Nevada Meadow","authors":"Emma C. Sevier,&nbsp;Karen L. Pope,&nbsp;David N. Dralle,&nbsp;Joseph W. Wagenbrenner,&nbsp;Adam K. Cummings,&nbsp;Paul Richardson,&nbsp;Margaret Lang","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mountain meadows are ecologically important groundwater dependent ecosystems that retain and store water in upland forested landscapes. They tend to occur in low gradient, broad valleys where water slows and sediment accumulates, making them efficient locations for restoration. Over a century and a half of land use has degraded many meadows in the Sierra Nevada, reducing their hydrological and ecological functionality. Process-based restoration (PBR) is an ecosystem rehabilitation approach that utilises biogeomorphic processes to facilitate functional ecosystem recovery. Low-tech applications of PBR leverage fluvial processes, plant growth and the manipulation of onsite materials to increase structural and hydrological complexity. In meadows, typical goals associated with restoration are to increase groundwater elevations, expand wetted area, encourage sediment capture and create diffuse flow paths leading to improved ecological function over time. This study compares surface and groundwater conditions in a degraded riparian meadow in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA for 1 year before and after process-based restoration to understand initial changes in meadow hydrogeomorphic function. Restoration included the installation of 39 postless beaver dam analog structures in ~1 km of incised meadow channel. Stage-discharge data at the inlet and outlet of the project area were paired with groundwater data collected from 13 wells distributed across the meadow to estimate increased water storage of 3700 m³ due to restoration. After the wet winter of 2023, we estimated that pools upstream of structures filled to over half their volume with fine sediment. We also applied hydrodynamic modelling to evaluate fluvial changes at high flows and found that restoration increased flow complexity and wetted surface area. These short-term responses highlight the potential speed and ability of low-tech, process-based restoration in achieving restoration outcomes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Hydrologic Modelling Through Bias Correcting Weather Radar Data: The Valgrosina Case Study in the Italian Alps","authors":"Andrea Citrini,&nbsp;Georgia Lazoglou,&nbsp;Adriana Bruggeman,&nbsp;George Zittis,&nbsp;Giovanni P. Beretta,&nbsp;Corrado A. S. Camera","doi":"10.1002/hyp.15339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15339","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The urgency of understanding the intricate input–output relationships of the hydrologic cycle is amplified by the accelerating climate change impacts in mountain environments. This study focuses on optimising water resource management of a dammed valley in the Central Alps (Northern Italy). The research aims to integrate radar data and precipitation interpolation techniques (TIN, Copula, cumulative distribution function; CDF techniques, inverse distance weighting; IDW, thin plate spline; TPS, ordinary kriging; OK and detrended kriging; DK) into a semi-distributed hydrologic model, by utilising hourly precipitation data from 22 rain gauges and a composite weather radar product spanning 2010–2020. Two main objectives were pursued: (i) to develop and evaluate various radar precipitation correction methods against a benchmark dataset and (ii) to calibrate and assess the performance of the GEOFrame hydrologic model forced with corrected precipitation input. Point-based and spatial correction approaches were evaluated against ground measurements through leave-one-out tests. The former derives dependence functions between the biased radar series and those of the closest three rain gauges to the target point applying a triangular irregular network. The latter combines deterministic and geospatial interpolations to the rain gauge/radar residuals to derive a corrected surface by incorporating radar values as trends. Precipitation series exceeding the composite scaled score of the benchmark dataset were used as input for hydrologic modelling. The spatial method combining radar values with ordinary kriging provided the best results for both correction and modelling (hourly KGE &gt; 0.75). The spatial approaches proved easier to apply than the point-based methods. In addition, correcting precipitation significantly improved low-flow simulation from negative hourly lnNSE to values greater than 0.25. As a further step, given the overall good performance of the spatial methods, they could be used operationally as an ensemble to analyse management scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.15339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Bedrock Topography and Soil Permeability on Saturated Zone Distribution in a Mountainous Steep-Slope Area","authors":"Kotaro Yanai,&nbsp;Naoya Masaoka,&nbsp;Ken'ichirou Kosugi,&nbsp;Masamitsu Fujimoto,&nbsp;Yosuke Yamakawa","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Saturation development and distribution at the soil–bedrock interface are important for predicting shallow landslide occurrence. Previous studies have indicated that saturation is generated in bedrock depressions and valleys and that bedrock groundwater seepage generates locally saturated areas. However, the effects of soil permeability, which is known to be heterogeneously distributed, on saturation development and distribution are poorly understood. In this study, we performed unprecedented high-resolution (approximately 50 cm grid) soil pore water pressure and soil temperature monitoring using 141 tensiometer–thermocouple sets in a plot measuring approximately 5 × 4 m to investigate the effects of topography and bedrock groundwater seepage on saturation development and distribution. We then measured permeability distribution of two soil profiles, including at the soil–bedrock interface, using the Guelph Permeameter method (GP method) for comparison with saturated zone distribution and saturation duration. The results indicated that a perennial saturated area was formed by bedrock groundwater seepage and was distributed downstream from a certain bedrock surface altitude in the lower region of the study plot. After a peak of rainfall, the perennial saturated area expanded upslope owing to the increased seepage. In areas without the influence of bedrock groundwater, saturation was observed to retreat rapidly at high permeability points and persist over long periods at low permeability points; however, the saturation duration was inconsistent with the bedrock surface topography. Therefore, it is suggested that the bedrock altitude controls the saturation distribution generated by bedrock groundwater, whereas the distribution of saturation that is associated with direct rainwater infiltration may be controlled by the permeability distribution during recession periods. Although the plot size was small, the unprecedented high-resolution observations suggest that the permeability distribution, rather than the bedrock topography, may control the saturated zone distribution following rainfall.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Experimental Study on the Effects of Sediment Particle Characteristics on the Flow Velocity Correction Factor for Runoff in Steep Nonerodible Rills","authors":"Zhenggang Zhang,&nbsp;Changwu Tao,&nbsp;Fang Ha,&nbsp;Hua Wang,&nbsp;Haoming Shen,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Jinshi Lin,&nbsp;Yanhe Huang,&nbsp;Fangshi Jiang","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Flow velocity is a key hydraulic variable in the exploration of rill erosion and is usually estimated by multiplying the surface flow velocity of runoff (measured with the dye tracer method) by the flow correction factor (<i>a</i>). However, there are differences among different experimental conditions, and the selection of the right value of <i>a</i> has become critical for accurately estimating the mean flow velocity. There has been little research on velocity correction factors for hyperconcentrated flows on steep slopes. In this study, gravel-laden sediment (mass fraction of gravel in the sample ranging from 0% to 70%, corresponding to a median diameter of 0.08–2.95 mm) was used as the test material, and different slopes (18%–84%) and unit flow discharges (1.11–4.44 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹) were considered to investigate the effects of gravel-laden sediment particle characteristics on runoff <i>a</i> and to elucidate the mechanism of the effects of different hydrodynamic parameters on runoff <i>a</i>. Under the experimental conditions, the value of <i>a</i> ranged from 0.285 to 0.690. <i>a</i> increases with increasing flow discharge and slope, with flow discharge having a greater effect than slope. With increasing gravel content and median diameter (<i>d</i>_<i>50</i>), <i>a</i> decreased initially but then stabilised. Additionally, <i>a</i> decreased with increasing sediment content but increased with increasing Reynolds number (Re). Based on the results of this experiment, 0.37, 0.49 and 0.60 are recommended as the correction factors of surface flow velocity for laminar flow (Re ≤ 500), transitional flow (500 &lt; Re ≤ 2000) and turbulent flow (Re &gt; 2000), respectively. Equation (16), which is based on the hydraulic parameters and sediment particle characteristics, has the best accuracy (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient [NSE] &gt; 0.9). The research results quantified the impact of sediment particle characteristics on <i>a</i>, contributing to the advancement of hydrodynamic studies on rill flow.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142692030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological Dynamics in Response to Vegetation Restoration in a Typical Wind–Water Erosion Crisscross Catchment","authors":"Tongge Jing,&nbsp;Nufang Fang,&nbsp;Lingshan Ni,&nbsp;Fengbao Zhang,&nbsp;Yi Zeng,&nbsp;Wei Dai,&nbsp;Zhihua Shi","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The intricate climate and surface composition of the wind-water erosion crisscross region create a distinctive environment for erosion and sediment production. However, research on the hydrological characteristics and responses to vegetation restoration in this area is limited. This study focuses on a representative catchment (3253 km²) in the northern Loess Plateau of China, examining the streamflow and sediment transport dynamics before (P1: 1977–1988) and after (P2: 2006–2017) vegetation restoration. Our results show that streamflow is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year, while sediment transport is highly concentrated over a few days during the wet season. Flood events account for the majority of sediment yield, contributing over 70% in both periods, with hyperconcentrated flows (SSC_p ≥ 300 kg m⁻³) being particularly significant. Vegetation restoration has resulted in an 85% reduction in annual sediment yield and an 89% decrease in the frequency of hyperconcentrated flood events. Despite these reductions, hyperconcentrated floods remain the dominant sediment transport mechanism, with just 9.7% of events in P2 responsible for nearly half of the sediment transported. Analyses of effective sediment transport discharge and sediment rating curves indicate a higher discharge threshold for hyperconcentrated floods post-vegetation restoration, leading to a greater sediment transport magnitude in P2. Hysteresis analysis shows a predominant counter-clockwise pattern in both periods, driven by abundant sediment sources and the high transport capacity of hyperconcentrated floods. Vegetation restoration has reduced the availability of sediment for transport, resulting in more linear relationships and decreased complexity in hysteresis patterns. Under future scenarios of intensified climate extremes, this region remains at high risk of erosion and sediment yield.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142685344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Groundwater Hydrological Drought and Its Recovery Given Natural and Anthropogenic Scenarios in South America","authors":"Jorge Vega-Briones,&nbsp;Edwin H. Sutanudjaja,&nbsp;Steven de Jong,&nbsp;Niko Wanders","doi":"10.1002/hyp.15340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15340","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes in groundwater recharge are a major concern in areas where increasing irrigated agriculture evidences unsustainable groundwater withdrawals despite low precipitation. This is worsening due to the increasing groundwater demand, which has intensified the magnitude of the hydrological drought by 10%–500%. Globally, 69% of groundwater abstraction is used for agriculture. Hence, South America is expected to face an unprecedented hydrological drought over the next 30 years due to rising agricultural withdrawals. Furthermore, attributing groundwater decline to groundwater pumping is an ongoing challenge (including scientific and technical/modelling challenges) that needs to be robustly addressed. To better understand the influence of anthropogenic water consumption on hydrological drought, with a particular emphasis on how irrigated agriculture impacts groundwater, we compared coupled and non-coupled versions of PCR-GLOBWB2.0 with MODFLOW regarding model selection and scenario comparison. We presented a natural and human scenario to understand the effects of hydrological drought on groundwater depletion and recovery. Using scenario comparison, the spatial patterns of human impact on the water cycle are identified by comparing groundwater flows, drought characteristics, and drought recovery. These impacted areas may help to understand their effects on human consumption, food security, and ecosystem demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hyp.15340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142685343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Evaluation of Agricultural Drought Vulnerability Using Fuzzy-AHP-Based Composite Index Integrating Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity","authors":"Debarati Bera,&nbsp;Dipanwita Dutta","doi":"10.1002/hyp.15331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15331","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With increasing extreme weather events, ground water crisis and population expansion, crop stress and production failure have emerged as critical challenges. Agricultural drought vulnerability (ADV) at local and regional scales has become a global concern as it is directly related to food security, hunger issues and poverty. The Kangsabati river basin is one of the major drought-prone river basin in the eastern India and frequently affected by the reduction of crop production or crop failure because of fluctuation of monsoonal rainfalls, poor irrigation system and harsh edaphic factors. In this context, this study focuses on assessing agricultural vulnerability in the Kangsabati basin using multi-sensor datasets and geospatial techniques. The ADV has been assessed through multi-source data sets covering meteorological, agricultural, soil and socio-economic aspects using a powerful, systematic, and flexible decision-making fuzzy-based analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy-AHP) technique. The ADV index is a functional product of two composite indices: the sensitivity index (SI) and the adaptivity index. The SI is derived from components like the intensity of agricultural drought index, groundwater stress, soil erosion, percentage of cultivators, marginal workers and agricultural land. Adaptive capacity depends upon human, financial, physical, infrastructural and natural capital. Each index was derived considering various factors using fuzzy-AHP methods for weightage calculation. The composite indices revealed the variation of resource distribution precisely in each geographically distinct zone. The study shows that almost 60% of the highly sensitive zone is situated in the upper basin region characterised by undulating lands. A large part of the entire basin (48%) is moderately drought-sensitive. The result also shows that a significant part (35%) of the upper and middle basin is highly vulnerable to agricultural drought. In contrast, the lower basin exhibits low to very low levels of vulnerability to drought. The results indicate that even though some areas are moderate to less sensitive, the vulnerability of agricultural drought has become high due to their limited adaptive capacity. The comprehensive framework developed for assessing ADV has the potential for region-specific policy implementation and sustainable growth.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142666064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geostatistical Interpolation Approach for Improving Flood Simulation Within a Data-Scarce Region in the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Kanon Guédet Guédé,&nbsp;Zhongbo Yu,&nbsp;Florentin Hofmeister,&nbsp;Huanghe Gu,&nbsp;Babak Mohammadi,&nbsp;Xuegao Chen,&nbsp;Hui Lin,&nbsp;Tongqing Shen,&nbsp;Willy Franz Gouertoumbo","doi":"10.1002/hyp.15336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15336","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The complex orography of the Tibetan plateau (TP) and the scarcity and uneven spatial distribution of meteorological stations present significant challenges in accurately estimating meteorological variables for hydrological simulations. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of daily precipitation and temperature interpolation for hydrological simulations in the Lhasa River Basin (LRB), particularly during flood events. We evaluate and compare the performance of deterministic Inverse Distance Weighting—IDW and geostatistical (Ordinary Kriging—OK and Kriging with External Drift—KED) interpolation methods for estimating precipitation and temperature patterns. Subsequently, we investigate the influence of different interpolation methods on hydrological simulations by using the interpolated meteorological data as input for the Water Balance Simulation Model (WaSiM) to simulate daily discharge in the LRB. Our results revealed that geostatistical methods, specifically OK and KED, are more effective in capturing the spatial variability and anisotropy inherent in precipitation patterns influenced by the Indian summer monsoons. In addition, the KED method effectively captured the daily variation of the temperature lapse rate, indicating the inadequacy of using a constant lapse rate for hydrological modelling in high-elevation regions like the TP. The geostatistical technique outperformed the Deterministic method, with KED realising the best temperature and precipitation interpolation performance based on cross-validation results. However, although KED provides superior results based on cross-validation performance, applying its precipitation interpolation as input into WaSiM led to the poorest discharge simulation. The combination of OK for precipitation and KED for temperature produced the most accurate discharge simulations in the LRB, highlighting the importance of not solely relying on cross-validation results but also considering the practical implications of interpolation methods on hydrological model outputs. Our study offers a robust framework for improving flood simulations and water resource management in a data-scarce, high-elevation region like the TP.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tale of Two Storms: Inter-Storm Variability of Stable Water Isotopes in a Solute Transport Model","authors":"Emilio Grande,&nbsp;Brenda K. Delgadillo Moreno,&nbsp;Jean E. Moran","doi":"10.1002/hyp.15338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15338","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Stable isotopic methods in hydroclimate monitoring are powerful for improving water resources management, but applications are limited, especially in semi-arid regions where such management is needed most. Here, we show that we can address shortcomings related to the lack of a seasonal signal using stable water isotopic signatures measured in precipitation over the East San Francisco Bay area, California, during two contrasting events sampled at more than 20 locations in the winter of 2023. The observed range in δ¹⁸O in the rain samples is similar for both storms. However, the distributions do not overlap—the mean air temperature and δ¹⁸O during Winter Storm Olive (February 2023) were 2°C and − 12‰, respectively, while a warm atmospheric river event (March 2023) had a mean temperature of 9°C and δ¹⁸O of −6‰, close to the long-term average δ¹⁸O measured in local precipitation. The Winter Storm showed expected trends in δ¹⁸O related to geography (i.e., lower with greater distance inland and elevation), while the atmospheric river δ¹⁸O pattern was more spatially uniform. We use hydrometric data from a gaged watershed in the study area and isotopic signatures of rain sampled during the two storm events and apply a solute transport model (StorAge selection) with a travel-time approach to examine predicted watershed responses and potential water tracing applications. In this virtual experiment, we find that event size exerts a strong control on the relative amounts of runoff versus pre-event water in the stream, while uncertainty in stream hydrograph separation is related to the degree of contrast between precipitation/runoff and pre-event water. Key to flood prediction, adaptation, and mitigation, especially in coastal urban areas, is knowledge of the contributing water sources and timing of stream flow. The strong contrast in stable isotopes between these two events, close in time and over the same area, illustrates the potential to use stable isotope signatures to track the transport and mixing of events through natural and engineered watersheds that are threatened by climate whiplash events.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"38 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}