Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Diagnosing Numerical Weather Prediction Forecast Errors Using Geo-Kompsat-2A Observed and Simulated Water–Vapor Imagery Within A Potential-Vorticity Dynamical Framework","authors":"Jun-Hyung Heo,&nbsp;Boram Kim,&nbsp;Minsang Kim,&nbsp;In-Chul Shin,&nbsp;Eun-Ha Sohn,&nbsp;KiRyong Kang","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00451-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00451-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an integrated framework combining water vapor (WV) imagery, simulated water vapor (SWV), and potential vorticity (PV) diagnostics to systematically identify errors in numerical weather prediction (NWP). The analysis employs a radiance-space comparison among Geo-Kompsat-2A (GK2A) WV observations, model-simulated WV fields, and dynamically coherent PV structures. Model-equivalent WV images were generated from outputs of the Korean Integrated Model (KIM) using the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) model under all-sky conditions. Phase-displacement vectors and phase-corrected brightness-temperature difference fields were derived using a variational echo-tracking technique built upon the McGill Algorithm for Precipitation Nowcasting by Lagrangian Extrapolation (MAPLE). PV fields derived from KIM were composited with WV imagery to establish a dynamically consistent reference framework linking upper-tropospheric moisture structures with tropopause-level flow features. Quantitative validation over East Asia during a 1-year period (January 2025–January 2026) showed systematic reductions in root-mean-square error (RMSE) and increases in spatial correlation after phase correction across all WV channels and forecast lead times, confirming the reliability of the displacement vectors. The framework was further evaluated through two midlatitude weather events representing different manifestations of upper-level dynamical development, demonstrating its capability to diagnose forecast-error characteristics using physically consistent WV–PV–SWV relationships.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00451-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hysteresis of Global Wind Energy Resources Under Symmetric CO₂ Forcing","authors":"Young-Min Yang,&nbsp;Jae-Heung Park,&nbsp;Soon-Il An,&nbsp;Alaa Al Khourdajie,&nbsp;Bin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00452-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00452-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wind energy is central to global decarbonization strategies, yet its reversibility under atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) removal remains poorly understood. Here, we quantify the hysteretic response of global wind energy resources to symmetric CO₂ forcing by combining a large ensemble of Earth system model simulations with an industrial wind turbine power curve. The forcing pathway consists of a 1% yr⁻¹ increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration followed by an equivalent decrease, allowing a direct comparison of wind power responses along the CO₂ increase and removal trajectories. Hysteresis is defined as the path-dependent difference in wind power at identical CO₂ concentrations, rather than simply incomplete recovery at the end of the forcing cycle. We find that, despite atmospheric CO₂ returning to its initial level, more than half of global land areas exhibit statistically significant hysteretic responses and incomplete recovery in wind energy resources. The persistence of wind-power anomalies is linked to residual surface temperature anomalies and delayed recovery of large-scale atmospheric circulation. These results indicate that many terrestrial wind-energy resources fail to fully recover following CO₂ removal, highlighting widespread hysteretic behavior. For energy planning, these climate memory effects and region-specific hysteretic risks should be considered in future infrastructure decisions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Contributions of Air and Sea Surface Temperatures to Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Concentration Changes","authors":"Zhizhuo Wang,&nbsp;Guishan Cui,&nbsp;Bing Yan,&nbsp;Duqi Liu,&nbsp;Zhen Xu","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00450-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00450-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) are two tightly coupled components of the climate system that jointly influence sea ice variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Quantifying their independent contributions remains challenging because strong air–sea coupling obscures attribution. Here, we apply a bin-based conditional sampling framework to examine the respective relationships of 2 m air temperature (T2M) and SST with sea ice concentration (SIC) using reanalysis data. Our results show that under the present methodological framework, T2M exhibits a comparatively stronger statistical association with SIC over most regions, particularly outside multi-year ice (MYI) zones, whereas SST–SIC associations become more pronounced during summer melt conditions and in marginal ice zones. In contrast to the more seasonally variable SST–SIC relationship, T2M is more consistently associated with SIC variations throughout the year, although the relative importance of SST increases during summer. These findings help clarify the relative importance of atmospheric and oceanic thermal forcing under strong air–sea coupling, but the stronger T2M–SIC association should be interpreted as a conditional and method-dependent outcome that may be influenced by dataset characteristics and methodological constraints. Overall, this study provides new insights into climate attribution and the representation of sea ice processes in climate models.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Korean Weathex WxR-301D Radiosonde Against the Vaisala RS41: Temperature Consistency and Humidity Performance in Moist Environments","authors":"Byeongtaek Kim,&nbsp;Sungeun Hwang,&nbsp;Sora In,&nbsp;Youngtae Lee,&nbsp;Reno Choi,&nbsp;Jaewon Kim,&nbsp;Seonok Hong,&nbsp;Jaewon So,&nbsp;Kihoon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00449-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00449-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Radiosondes are essential for atmospheric profiling, offering high-resolution observations of thermodynamic and kinematic parameters. This presents a comparative assessment of the Vaisala RS41 and the Weathex (Korean company) WxR-301D radiosondes based on 46 dual soundings conducted during a summer field campaign over Jeju Island, South Korea. Simultaneous temperature and relative humidity measurements were analyzed under diverse synoptic conditions, including clear, cloudy, foggy, and rainy cases. The RS41 and WxR-301D exhibited strong agreement in temperature measurements, with a mean absolute error of 1.19 °C across altitude and diurnal cycles. However, humidity observations revealed systematic differences: the WxR-301D exhibited increased variability and a tendency to overestimate humidity under rainy conditions, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. An ISSR-based case analysis further revealed pronounced discrepancies in humidity profiles between the two radiosondes. While the RS41 indicated a realistic drying trend within and above the ISSR, the WxR-301D maintained elevated humidity values exceeding 60% in the stratosphere, suggesting possible sensor wetting or icing effects, or measurement lag. These results highlight the importance of evaluating the performance of unheated humidity sensors under cold and moist atmospheric conditions. The results provide a basis for refining operational radiosonde quality control and sensor calibration protocols.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00449-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrieval of Boundary Layer Precipitable Water Over the Korean Peninsula Using GK2A AMI Split-window Radiances","authors":"Jieun Yu,&nbsp;Yoonjin Lee,&nbsp;InChul Shin,&nbsp;Seonkyeon Seong,&nbsp;Yoon-Jae Kim,&nbsp;Eun-Ha Sohn","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00445-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00445-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Low-level water vapor is a key factor in initiating and intensifying convective activity during summer over the Korean Peninsula. However, monitoring and tracking low-level water vapor remains challenging due to sparse observations over the ocean and the coarse spatial and temporal resolutions of existing observational datasets. This study aims to retrieve boundary layer precipitable water (BPW) using three infrared window channels (10.5, 11.2, and 12.3 μm) from GK2A satellite that are known to be sensitive to boundary layer precipitable water. Dry and wet absorption coefficients for each channel are first derived using simulated radiances from RTTOV using ERA5 atmospheric profiles and corresponding total precipitable water (TPW) values. These coefficients are then used to retrieve BPW values. Validation results indicate that the retrieved BPW shows good correlation with ERA5 TPW over both land and ocean, with the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.871 and 0.872, respectively. Several case studies further demonstrate the capability of the retrieval in capturing increases in BPW prior to convective initiation, highlighting its potential value for operational forecasting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00445-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-Based Attribution of Regional PM2.5 Variability Over South Korea Using CMAQ–IPR Diagnostics","authors":"Hye-Ryun Oh,&nbsp;Seong-il Lee,&nbsp;Hyo-Jong Song","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00444-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00444-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the regional variability of particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) is crucial for effective air quality management. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal variability and the physical and chemical processes controlling PM_2.5 concentrations across six subregions of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) and the Chungcheong region during December 2020–March 2021 using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with Integrated Process Rate (IPR) diagnostics to quantify the contributions of vertical (VERT) and horizontal transport (HORI), emissions (EMIS), secondary aerosol formation (AERO), dry deposition (DDEP), cloud processes (CLDS), and chemical transformations (CHEM). Regional mean PM_2.5 levels were similar (26.24–29.64 µg m^− 3) across the study area, but pronounced spatial heterogeneity was observed. IPR analysis showed that VERT related to atmospheric stability is the dominant contributor throughout the entire study period across all regions, accounting for 36% in Chungnam and up to 43% in Seoul and Chungbuk. During high-PM_2.5 days (daily mean PM_2.5 concentration &gt; 35 µg m^− 3), however, the relative contribution of EMIS decreases, whereas that of HORI increases, reaching up to 26% in Incheon and 19% in Gyeonggi-North, respectively, indicating regional differences. These results mean that the dominant processes governing PM_2.5 variability differ significantly by region. These results highlight the need for region-specific air quality management strategies that consider both topographical constraints and chemical sensitivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aircraft-based Cloud Seeding Experiments Over the Yongpyong Region During the ICE-POP 2018","authors":"A-Reum Ko,&nbsp;Ki-Ho Chang,&nbsp;Sang-hee Chae,&nbsp;Yonghun Ro,&nbsp;Seongkyu Seo,&nbsp;Seungbum Kim","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00447-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00447-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantifying artificial snowfall effects and accurately identifying microphysical changes remains a significant challenge due to background natural variability. This study analyzed two aircraft-based glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments conducted during the ICE-POP 2018 campaign on January 30 and March 21, 2018. To evaluate seeding effects, an integrated approach was utilized by linking numerical simulations, in situ airborne observations, and ground-based measurements. For the January 30 case, tracing the microphysical evolution along the Lagrangian advection path revealed a transition from ice initialization to dendritic growth, which was spatially aligned with the wind-driven transport of the seeded air mass. For the March 21 case, a distinct increase in ice particle concentrations and surface snowfall was recorded within the predicted seeding effect duration. The synchronization between the model-simulated seeding plume and the observed microphysical transitions provides a consistent physical basis for attributing these localized changes to the seeding experiment. By demonstrating a linked causal chain from plume dispersion to surface precipitation, this study underscores the capability of integrated observation–model frameworks to isolate seeding signals within complex orographic environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Microphysics and Cumulus Parameterization Schemes in WRF for Simulating the Heavy Rainfall Event on 8 August 2022 in South Korea","authors":"Minseo Yu,&nbsp;Ji Won Yoon,&nbsp;Seon Ki Park","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00448-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00448-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluated the performance of the Weather Forecasting and Research (WRF) model in simulating a heavy rainfall event (HRE) in the metropolitan Seoul area on 8 August 2022. Sensitivity experiments were conducted using 10 microphysics (MP) schemes and 9 cumulus parameterization (CP) schemes; a total of 90 combinations were assessed using the radar observation of 15-hr accumulated precipitation. The HRE was triggered by the interaction of two contrasting airflows over the central Korean Peninsula―a warm, moist southwesterly and a cold, dry northwesterly―along with the enhanced instability. Among the tested configurations, KSAS_WDM7 showed the best performance, ranking first in both the correlation coefficient and equitable threat score. The results indicate that the model generally performs better in forecasting the precipitation rate (amplitude) rather than spatial distribution of precipitation (phase). Although CP schemes show a stronger influence on model performance than MP schemes, the results also suggest that the performance differences depend on both scheme-specific characteristics and case-dependent factors. Further investigation is needed to better understand the interaction effects between MP and CP schemes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00448-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precipitation and Atmospheric Moisture Anomalies over the Asia-Pacific associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific-Indian Dipole in the Present and Future","authors":"Ian G. Watterson","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00446-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00446-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To better understand the variability of precipitation over the Asia-Pacific region, atmospheric moisture anomalies associated with two Indo-Pacific indices of variability, NINO3.4 and Pacific-Indian Dipole, are analysed for the ERA5 reanalysis and for simulations by 35 CMIP6 climate models, including ten that provide vertically integrated moisture flux data. The anomaly patterns associated with the indices are determined using linear regression of detrended seasonal means for the period 1980–2019. The simulated patterns of 12 variables are validated with those from ERA5 over the Indo-Pacific domain. This study shows that the skill for precipitation is closely related to those in the moisture flux and its convergence across the ten models. The overall skill for the 35-model means of temperature, pressure, and precipitation exceeds that of any individual model. The indices and associated patterns for the period 2040–2079 under the very high emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5) are scaled to provide a projection of change for a global warming of 2 °C. The ensemble-mean anomaly patterns are mostly similar to those for 1980–2019 over the domain but with enhanced flux and integrated water, indicating a thermodynamic change. Changes in moisture convergence largely account for those in precipitation. The inter-model spread of change in rainfall can be large for both variability and climatological means. For some regions, the changes for precipitation are well correlated across the 35 models with the changes in one or both indices. In particular, changes in all-Australia mean rainfall are linked to those in the Pacific-Indian Dipole index.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00446-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148465065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Representations of Snow Cover and Surface Energy Balance for Mountainous Meteorological Simulations over the Korean Peninsula","authors":"Wonseok Ko,&nbsp;Taehee Kim,&nbsp;Heon-Seok Do,&nbsp;Jimin Kim,&nbsp;Seung-Jae Lee,&nbsp;Inhye Kim,&nbsp;Chan-Yeong Song,&nbsp;Keunchang Jang,&nbsp;Jea-Chul Kim,&nbsp;Kyung-Hwan Kwak","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00442-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00442-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, global warming has increased the occurrence of intense precipitation and strong winds, leading to frequent mountain disasters such as wildfires and landslides. Land–atmosphere energy exchange in mountainous regions strongly influences local meteorological conditions. In winter, snow cover, through its high albedo and insulating effects, exerts a strong feedback on the surface energy balance; however, the accuracy of current atmospheric models in simulating these processes is limited owing to uncertainties in key snow-related variables, particularly snow depth, snow cover fraction, and snow water equivalent. The objective of this study was to improve the snow-related representation in land surface parameterization schemes suitable for simulating surface energy balance processes in mountainous areas and to propose an optimal method for realistic model initialization. For this, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (version 4.3) was used for experiments adopting three surface exchange heat coefficient parameterization schemes (N11, Z98, and C97). Flux tower observations from Hongcheon, Samcheok, and Pyeongchang, Gangwon province, Republic of Korea, were used for model validation. Additionally, sensitivity experiments of the melt factor for snow depletion curve (MFSNO) and the improvement of snow-related initial input data based on a snow-cover correction algorithm were performed over the target domain. Model evaluation showed that the Z98 scheme showed the best performance for simulating surface energy balance processes, while all three schemes tended to overestimate net radiation and sensible heat flux during snow-covered periods because of underestimated snow cover. In MFSNO sensitivity experiments based on Z98, MFSNO2.0 most realistically reproduced changes in albedo and snow cover. In addition, the proposed model initialization algorithm and MFSNO adjustment effectively enhanced the model’s performance in representing snow cover and albedo in mountainous areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148380735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}