Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Long-term Variation of Quasi-Stationary Front and Precipitation over East Asia During Boreal Summer","authors":"Hyeon-Seok Do,&nbsp;Joowan Kim,&nbsp;Yumi Cha","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00456-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00456-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines long-term changes in quasi-stationary fronts (QSFs) over East Asia during boreal summer (1979–2023) using objectively identified fronts based on ERA5 reanalysis. Variations in QSF frequency, associated precipitation, and synoptic-scale atmospheric structure are analyzed, with emphasis on the contrast between early summer (ES; June-July) and late summer (LS; August-September). QSF frequency decreased during ES over the Korean Peninsula, eastern China, and southern Japan. During LS, QSF frequency increased significantly over the Korean Peninsula, increased non-significantly over southern Japan, and changed little over eastern China. QSFs account for approximately 25–60% of total summer precipitation across East Asia. The QSF-related precipitation ratio decreased significantly during ES over all three regions, whereas it increased during LS, with the clearest increase over the Korean Peninsula. Three-region composites show that ES QSFs are associated with a deeper baroclinic structure, whereas LS QSFs are characterized more clearly by lower-tropospheric cyclonic development and moisture transport. Additional diagnostics show that this seasonal redistribution occurs together with changes in the Eady growth rate and the precipitable water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropical sensitivity to Vertical Grid Spacing in the Korea Integrated Model","authors":"Ja-Rin Park,&nbsp;Soo Ya Bae,&nbsp;Eunjeong Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00459-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00459-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the sensitivity of simulated temperature to vertical grid spacing in the troposphere using medium-range forecasts with the Korea Integrated Model (KIM). To examine the impacts of finer vertical resolution, model performance was compared between configurations employing 91 and 137 vertical layers. Increasing the vertical resolution produces persistent cooling throughout the troposphere, with particularly strong signals in the lower and upper troposphere. This cooling cannot be explained solely by the ability to resolve an initial condition or the dynamical adjustments. Instead, physically generated cooling becomes apparent in the early stage of the simulation, indicating that physical parameterizations play the dominant role in generating the tropical cooling signal. A key physical structural change associated with enhanced vertical resolution is an increase in boundary layer height over oceanic regions, together with enhanced cloud-water and cloud-ice mixing ratios. Finer vertical grid spacing more effectively resolves the nonlinear potential temperature gradient near the boundary layer top, producing a colder and moister environment above the boundary layer and strengthening the low-level cloud-water and longwave radiative cooling. In the upper troposphere, increased ice mixing ratio is found to originate primarily from processes represented within the cumulus parameterization framework. However, the increase occurs regardless of whether convective activity strengthens or weakens, suggesting that the response is not controlled solely by enhanced convection intensity. Instead, the results indicate an important contribution from numerical discretization effects within the mass-flux-type cumulus parameterization under refined vertical resolution. These discretization effects promote the retention of more subgrid-scale condensates within convective plumes, leading to enhanced hydrometeors and radiative cooling throughout the troposphere. The findings indicate that higher vertical resolution does not necessarily guarantee improved forecast performance, emphasizing the need for careful evaluation and retuning of physical parameterizations when model resolution is modified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modeling Effort for Medium-Range Weather Prediction over India with a Modified Pangu-Weather Architecture","authors":"Animesh Choudhury,&nbsp;Jagabandhu Panda,&nbsp;Saugat Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00458-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00458-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Weather forecasting has become essential in today’s world due to its importance in various fields. The global Deep Learning (DL) weather prediction models are trained on long-term historical datasets provided by the numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems. A regional model can be advantageous for weather predictions over a specific region. The current study proposed a DL-based model for weather forecasting over India, with inference time less than a minute for a seven-day prediction. The model’s architecture is inspired by the Pangu-Weather (PW), a data-driven global weather forecasting model. The model was trained (for the period 1990–2017) with the Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA), with a spatial resolution of 0.12 degrees, higher than any other reanalysis datasets available over this region. A sensitivity study on the latent space dimension (C) and global batch size (B) was conducted to further improve the model’s computational efficiency. The effect of the training data period on model performance was examined, suggesting the importance of both recent and long-term information for optimal performance. Two different prediction methodologies, viz., autoregressive and hierarchical, were adopted and compared against traditional baseline models with various statistical matrices. The hierarchical approach exhibited superior performance, but with periodic fluctuations in error, particularly for predictions over three days. The model also displayed encouraging performance in predicting extreme weather, viz., cyclones, heat waves, and cold waves.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"K-ACE2: Model Overview and Evaluation of Pre-industrial Climate","authors":"Hyomee Lee,&nbsp;Jisun Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Hee Lee,&nbsp;Hyun Min Sung,&nbsp;Pil-Hun Chang,&nbsp;Kyung-On Boo,&nbsp;Byung-Kwon Moon,&nbsp;Semin Yun,&nbsp;Myong-In Lee,&nbsp;Wooseok Kang,&nbsp;Sungbo Shim,&nbsp;Young-Hwa Byun","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00455-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00455-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The KMA Advanced Community Earth System Model version 2 (K-ACE2) is introduced and evaluated as a fully coupled Earth system model for climate simulations. K-ACE2 integrates atmospheric, oceanic, sea-ice, land, and biogeochemical processes, and its fundamental characteristics are assessed using a pre-industrial control (piControl) simulation following the CMIP6 protocol. The piControl simulation exhibits stable conditions, with a near-zero net top-of-atmosphere radiative imbalance (approximately 0.01 W m⁻²) and negligible long-term trends in key variables such as surface air temperature, sea surface temperature, and sea ice extent. These results indicate a quasi-equilibrium state. The simulated mean climate state falls within the range of the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble and reproduces the large-scale patterns of surface temperature, precipitation, and air-sea CO₂ flux. Internal variability, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is also represented with characteristics comparable to CMIP6 models. Overall, K-ACE2 demonstrates stable and physically consistent behavior within the spread of CMIP6 models and provides information for future CMIP-related simulations and model evaluations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00455-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Mechanism of Atmospheric Water Conversion During a Snowfall Process in Winter in North China","authors":"Shen Shujing,&nbsp;Shi Yueqin,&nbsp;Dong Xiaobo,&nbsp;Sun Jing,&nbsp;Wang Xiaoqing,&nbsp;Liu Weiguo,&nbsp;Zhao Shuwen,&nbsp;Shao Tianbin","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00453-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00453-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The atmospheric-water budget and microphysical processes of light-to-moderate snowfall process remain insufficiently quantified, restricting the understanding and artificial modification of snowfall. Based on the WRF model coupled with the CAMS microphysics scheme and a detailed cold-cloud seeding module, a light-to-moderate snowfall event in North China was studies. The atmospheric-water conversion, microphysics associated with supercooled water and snow, as well as the effects of cold-cloud seeding were explored. The results reveal various stage-wise dominant physical mechanisms: during the development stage, water vapor flux convergence and local consumption serve as the primary moisture sources. Abundant supercooled water forms in early stage, while quickly consumed through Bergeron process and riming. Snow particles form jointly through deposition, ice auto-conversion, supercooled water riming, and ice aggregation. During the mature stage, hydrometeor flux convergence and local consumption make substantial contributions to the maintenance of snowfall. Supercooled water content remains negligible, and snow formation is governed solely by deposition and ice auto-conversion. During the dissipation stage, local water vapor consumption emerges as the primary moisture source. Additional artificial seeding simulations further verify that supercooled water in light-to-moderate snowfall can be effectively exploited to enhance precipitation, while the seeding effect is more sensitive to the seeding location. This study provides valuable references for investigating snowfall formation mechanisms and advancing the rational utilization of cloud water resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of WRF Rainfall Simulations to Physical Parameterization Schemes over Tropical Peatlands in the Maritime Continent","authors":"Mudrik Haikal,&nbsp;Muh Taufik,&nbsp;Yudi Setiawan,&nbsp;Findy Renggono","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00454-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00454-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mitigating hydrometeorological hazards, particularly peatland fires, requires reliable rainfall simulations over the Maritime Continent (MC). However, accurately simulating rainfall remains challenging because of complex interactions among convection and land–atmosphere processes in tropical peatland regions. This study evaluates the sensitivity of rainfall simulations to different physical parameterization schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, focusing on two microphysics schemes (WRF Single-Moment 3-class (WSM3) and WRF Single-Moment 6-class (WSM6)), three cumulus schemes (Betts–Miller–Janjic (BMJ), New Tiedtke (NT), and Kain–Fritsch (KF), and two planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes (Yonsei University (YSU) and Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ)). These configurations were evaluated over southeastern Borneo during the 2019 El Niño dry season. Model performance was assessed using the probability of detection (POD), proportion correct (PC), mean absolute error (MAE), and Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). Rainfall simulations were highly sensitive to the choice of cumulus and PBL parameterizations, with convective precipitation (RAINC) accounting for an average of 82.5% of total simulated rainfall. BMJ performed best in detecting rainfall events, whereas NT showed superior performance under no-rain conditions. Both schemes generally performed better with the YSU scheme, and the BMJ–YSU combination exhibited relatively balanced performance across four evaluation metrics, with no pronounced degradation in any individual metric. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences between WSM3 and WSM6, whereas cumulus and PBL parameterizations significantly affected rainfall simulation performance. These findings provide guidance for selecting WRF physical parameterization schemes for tropical peatland rainfall simulations under dry-season conditions within the tested model configuration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosing Numerical Weather Prediction Forecast Errors Using Geo-Kompsat-2A Observed and Simulated Water–Vapor Imagery Within A Potential-Vorticity Dynamical Framework","authors":"Jun-Hyung Heo,&nbsp;Boram Kim,&nbsp;Minsang Kim,&nbsp;In-Chul Shin,&nbsp;Eun-Ha Sohn,&nbsp;KiRyong Kang","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00451-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00451-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an integrated framework combining water vapor (WV) imagery, simulated water vapor (SWV), and potential vorticity (PV) diagnostics to systematically identify errors in numerical weather prediction (NWP). The analysis employs a radiance-space comparison among Geo-Kompsat-2A (GK2A) WV observations, model-simulated WV fields, and dynamically coherent PV structures. Model-equivalent WV images were generated from outputs of the Korean Integrated Model (KIM) using the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) model under all-sky conditions. Phase-displacement vectors and phase-corrected brightness-temperature difference fields were derived using a variational echo-tracking technique built upon the McGill Algorithm for Precipitation Nowcasting by Lagrangian Extrapolation (MAPLE). PV fields derived from KIM were composited with WV imagery to establish a dynamically consistent reference framework linking upper-tropospheric moisture structures with tropopause-level flow features. Quantitative validation over East Asia during a 1-year period (January 2025–January 2026) showed systematic reductions in root-mean-square error (RMSE) and increases in spatial correlation after phase correction across all WV channels and forecast lead times, confirming the reliability of the displacement vectors. The framework was further evaluated through two midlatitude weather events representing different manifestations of upper-level dynamical development, demonstrating its capability to diagnose forecast-error characteristics using physically consistent WV–PV–SWV relationships.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00451-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hysteresis of Global Wind Energy Resources Under Symmetric CO₂ Forcing","authors":"Young-Min Yang,&nbsp;Jae-Heung Park,&nbsp;Soon-Il An,&nbsp;Alaa Al Khourdajie,&nbsp;Bin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00452-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00452-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wind energy is central to global decarbonization strategies, yet its reversibility under atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) removal remains poorly understood. Here, we quantify the hysteretic response of global wind energy resources to symmetric CO₂ forcing by combining a large ensemble of Earth system model simulations with an industrial wind turbine power curve. The forcing pathway consists of a 1% yr⁻¹ increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration followed by an equivalent decrease, allowing a direct comparison of wind power responses along the CO₂ increase and removal trajectories. Hysteresis is defined as the path-dependent difference in wind power at identical CO₂ concentrations, rather than simply incomplete recovery at the end of the forcing cycle. We find that, despite atmospheric CO₂ returning to its initial level, more than half of global land areas exhibit statistically significant hysteretic responses and incomplete recovery in wind energy resources. The persistence of wind-power anomalies is linked to residual surface temperature anomalies and delayed recovery of large-scale atmospheric circulation. These results indicate that many terrestrial wind-energy resources fail to fully recover following CO₂ removal, highlighting widespread hysteretic behavior. For energy planning, these climate memory effects and region-specific hysteretic risks should be considered in future infrastructure decisions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Contributions of Air and Sea Surface Temperatures to Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Concentration Changes","authors":"Zhizhuo Wang,&nbsp;Guishan Cui,&nbsp;Bing Yan,&nbsp;Duqi Liu,&nbsp;Zhen Xu","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00450-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00450-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) are two tightly coupled components of the climate system that jointly influence sea ice variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Quantifying their independent contributions remains challenging because strong air–sea coupling obscures attribution. Here, we apply a bin-based conditional sampling framework to examine the respective relationships of 2 m air temperature (T2M) and SST with sea ice concentration (SIC) using reanalysis data. Our results show that under the present methodological framework, T2M exhibits a comparatively stronger statistical association with SIC over most regions, particularly outside multi-year ice (MYI) zones, whereas SST–SIC associations become more pronounced during summer melt conditions and in marginal ice zones. In contrast to the more seasonally variable SST–SIC relationship, T2M is more consistently associated with SIC variations throughout the year, although the relative importance of SST increases during summer. These findings help clarify the relative importance of atmospheric and oceanic thermal forcing under strong air–sea coupling, but the stronger T2M–SIC association should be interpreted as a conditional and method-dependent outcome that may be influenced by dataset characteristics and methodological constraints. Overall, this study provides new insights into climate attribution and the representation of sea ice processes in climate models.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Korean Weathex WxR-301D Radiosonde Against the Vaisala RS41: Temperature Consistency and Humidity Performance in Moist Environments","authors":"Byeongtaek Kim,&nbsp;Sungeun Hwang,&nbsp;Sora In,&nbsp;Youngtae Lee,&nbsp;Reno Choi,&nbsp;Jaewon Kim,&nbsp;Seonok Hong,&nbsp;Jaewon So,&nbsp;Kihoon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s13143-026-00449-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13143-026-00449-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Radiosondes are essential for atmospheric profiling, offering high-resolution observations of thermodynamic and kinematic parameters. This presents a comparative assessment of the Vaisala RS41 and the Weathex (Korean company) WxR-301D radiosondes based on 46 dual soundings conducted during a summer field campaign over Jeju Island, South Korea. Simultaneous temperature and relative humidity measurements were analyzed under diverse synoptic conditions, including clear, cloudy, foggy, and rainy cases. The RS41 and WxR-301D exhibited strong agreement in temperature measurements, with a mean absolute error of 1.19 °C across altitude and diurnal cycles. However, humidity observations revealed systematic differences: the WxR-301D exhibited increased variability and a tendency to overestimate humidity under rainy conditions, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. An ISSR-based case analysis further revealed pronounced discrepancies in humidity profiles between the two radiosondes. While the RS41 indicated a realistic drying trend within and above the ISSR, the WxR-301D maintained elevated humidity values exceeding 60% in the stratosphere, suggesting possible sensor wetting or icing effects, or measurement lag. These results highlight the importance of evaluating the performance of unheated humidity sensors under cold and moist atmospheric conditions. The results provide a basis for refining operational radiosonde quality control and sensor calibration protocols.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8556,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13143-026-00449-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}