Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic characteristics of a clayey soil under different moisture-temperature cycling conditions","authors":"Zhong Han ,&nbsp;Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Erxun Wu ,&nbsp;Luqiang Ding ,&nbsp;Huaiping Feng ,&nbsp;Zhiren Dai ,&nbsp;Weilie Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the pore structure, water-retention capacity, and dynamic characteristics (including the resilient modulus <em>M</em>_R, accumulated plastic strain <em>ε</em>_p, and damping ratio <em>λ</em>) of a clayey pavement subgrade soil that has been subjected to different moisture-temperature cycling conditions. Three distinct moisture-temperature cycling conditions are designed by combining freeze-thaw and wetting-drying processes in different sequences to simulate complex environmental actions. Experimental results reveal that (i) when the impacts of the moisture and temperature have reached equilibrium, the soil exhibits comparable pore-structural, water-retention, and dynamic characteristics across different moisture-temperature cycling conditions; (ii) moisture-temperature cycling induces significant pore structure evolutions, which are characterized by micropore contraction and macropore development. These morphological changes directly affect the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC), manifesting as reductions in the air-entry value and decreases in the slope of the SWCC in the transition zone slope; (iii) freeze-thaw cycles increase the moisture sensitivity of the <em>ε</em>_p but impose minor impacts on that of the <em>M</em>_R and <em>λ</em>. Under unsaturated conditions, the <em>ε</em>_p and <em>M</em>_R constitute consistent relationships with suction regardless of freeze-thaw histories; (iv) there are linear relationships between the <em>ε</em>_p, <em>M</em>_R, and <em>λ</em> during cyclic loading, which show strong dependence on the humidity and freeze-thaw conditions. For specimens under different external stress, humidity, and freeze-thaw conditions, the relationships between their <em>ε</em>_p and <em>M</em>_R at the end of long-term cyclic loadings show consistent nonlinear relationships, which can be well described by a simple model. Ten machine-learning approaches were employed to predict the <em>ε</em>_p from the soil's stress state and moisture-temperature conditions. The Bayesian Neural Networks were found to be most capable in terms of computational precision and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108389"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical quantification of rockfall propagation probability: Robust determination of an appropriate topographic descriptor","authors":"Marc Peruzzetto ,&nbsp;Bastien Colas ,&nbsp;Clara Levy ,&nbsp;Jeremy Rohmer ,&nbsp;Franck Bourrier","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108370","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The propagation of rockfalls can be assessed through numerical simulations. However, preliminary hazard assessments on representative topographic profiles or hazard mapping at large scales often rely on empirical approaches. They are indeed easily implemented as they use simple geometrical descriptors such as the reach and travel angles. Although they are widely used, to our knowledge no study has ever formally assessed the efficiency of these angles to quantify rockfall propagation in comparison to other topographic descriptors. In this work we use a database of almost 3&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;400 topographic profiles connecting rockfall initiation and stopping points and show that the normalized curvilinear length of the profile over 40 m (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;40&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), and the normalized area under the profile over 20 m (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;20&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) allow to discriminate efficiently between rockfall stopping points, and other points. This is illustrated by comparing propagation probabilities estimated with &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;40&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;20&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and other topographic descriptors, to observed distributions of rockfall stopping point. On the four considered case studies, the mean relative error on travel distances corresponding to propagation probabilities of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is less than 4%. It can be less then than 1% when expected minimum or maximum values of drop heights are used to improve predictions. Although it is difficult to assess the representativeness of results for low propagation probabilities (below &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), we show with synthetic representative profiles that the estimation of maximum travel distances with &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;40&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;20&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is overall more robust than with topographic descriptors derived from the whole profile, such as the reach angle. As such, this work paves the way to imp","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108370"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying seepage dynamics in a real-scale levee using time-lapse 3D ERT and novel spatiotemporal metrics","authors":"Ahmed M. Ali ,&nbsp;Attila Timar ,&nbsp;James P. Boyd ,&nbsp;Károly Barta ,&nbsp;Enas Abdelsamei ,&nbsp;Diaa Sheishah ,&nbsp;Alexandru Hegyi ,&nbsp;Viktória Blanka-Végi ,&nbsp;György Sipos","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aging levees face high failure risks due to undetected subsurface defects and undocumented construction, which complicates condition assessments. In this study, time-lapse 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was integrated with geotechnical and piezometric data to quantitatively assess the seepage dynamics in a real-scale levee under controlled flood conditions over 15 days. Four novel metrics were introduced: the detection rate (DR), saturation advance rate (SAR), total saturation period (<em>T</em>_<em>SP</em>), and leakage persistence index (LPI). Results revealed two distinct seepage patterns across the levee sections. The levee crest showed rapid preferential wetting (DR = ∼1.34 m/day) and persistent saturation (LPI = 5.00–8.00). In contrast, the protected side exhibited delayed ingress (∼12 days), slower advance (DR ∼0.79 m/day), and prolonged saturation (<em>T</em>_<em>SP</em> up to 15 days, LPI = 1.88). The ERT-derived water levels were highly precise, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of ≤1.88 % compared to piezometer data. This study presents a reproducible metric-based framework that transforms ERT from qualitative imaging into an actionable tool for early warning and proactive flood-risk management in levees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108386"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of dynamic desiccation cracks on hydrological processes and stability in expansive clay slopes: A coupled dual-permeability modeling approach","authors":"Yi Luo ,&nbsp;Jiaming Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang ,&nbsp;Guosheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Thom Bogaard","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preferential flow and soil strength degradation induced by desiccation cracks are important causes for expansive clay slope instability. The cyclic opening and closing of desiccation cracks during drying-wetting processes incessantly alters preferential flow paths and soil strength. Quantify the impact of desiccation crack dynamics on slope hydrology and stability remains a major unresolved challenge. To bridge this gap, we developed the first slope-scale hydro-mechanical model that couples weather-driven crack evolution with preferential flow while incorporating the deterioration effect on soil strength. This unified approach is a major contribution to our capacity to model the integration of hydrological processes and mechanical degradation of soil strength induced by dynamic cracks. The hydrological part adopted a dynamic dual-permeability model (dynamic DPM) and was validated by a physical slope model test. The dynamic DPM was then integrated into a set of numerical slope stability analyses under one-year atmospheric conditions. The groundwater level, water balance, pore water distribution, crack evolution and slope stability were investigated in the case of dynamic cracks and fixed cracks. The hydrological results showed that the slope model with dynamic cracks retained more water and higher groundwater level than that with fixed cracks. The narrowing of desiccation cracks slows down slope drainage process, resulting in a rapid build-up of pore water pressure due to preferential flow, which emerges as an often overlooked and significant factor contributing to slope instability. Conversely, fixed and well-connected cracks in soils enhance water drainage and thus benefit slope stability. The mechanical results revealed that the irreversible deterioration effect induced by crack dynamics on soil strength persistently degrades long-term slope stability. These findings provide new insights into failure mechanisms in cracked soil slopes, and show the importance of the integration of dynamic crack properties into climate-resilient slope design. Also, our results underscore the importance of understanding and quantifying the physical behavior of soil structures for soil hydrological response and slope stability assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108377"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D combined stratigraphy and geo-properties modeling using probabilistic machine learning","authors":"Nouhayla Bouayach,&nbsp;Fouzia Kassou,&nbsp;Mustapha Rguig","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsurface soil variability is inherently three-dimensional (3D), making 3D modeling of stratigraphy and geo-properties crucial in geotechnical engineering. Because stratigraphy and geo-properties are interdependent and subsurface data is often sparse, their uncertainties must be characterized together. This paper presents a new 3D probabilistic approach that jointly models stratigraphy and geo-properties using a Conditional Random Field (CRF) at any point in the domain, while quantifying their uncertainties. To efficiently capture complex spatial patterns, Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) are used to augment spatial coordinates, serving as the CRF’s inputs. The model’s simple structure allows fast inference via the junction tree algorithm, and parameter learning from borehole data using Maximum Likelihood Estimation. The method is demonstrated on a real-world project site, validated against an artificial benchmark geological model and on independent boreholes, and compared to an existing coupled uncertainty method. Its application to settlement risk assessment illustrates its practical relevance. The results confirm that the model captures spatial variability realistically, reflects uncertainty, and supports more informed decision-making in geotechnical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108387"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rising speed not just value of water level in observation hole: Indicator highly synchronized with rain-induced clayey landslide movement","authors":"Taosheng Huang ,&nbsp;Wei Yan ,&nbsp;Ping Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Largely unknown mechanisms control the movement of clay-rich, rain-induced landslides, which are widespread worldwide and cause significant losses every year. By field monitoring, laboratory testing, numerical and theoretical analysis, we studied a rain-induced clayey landslide with sliding surface beneath groundwater level (GWL) typical of thousands in the Greater Bay Area, China, to decipher the key features that regulate landslide movements. In 2023, an 11-day typhoon rainfall event from September 7 to 17 delivered a cumulative precipitation of 627 mm to the landslide area, triggering approximately 260 mm of displacement within the slip zone at depths of 11–12 m. Like previous studies, there is a correlation between monitored borehole water level (BWL) and landslide displacement. But interestingly, closer examinations demonstrate that BWL peak lags the fattest displacement period by nearly one week. Time derivative analysis suggests that BWL rising rate, rather than its absolute values, shows a high synchronous trend with displacement speed. Slope stability modeling and theoretical analysis confirm that due to slow infiltration processes, BWL rise rate serve as a proxy for GWL and saturation state in the landslide body, which strongly synchronized with landslide displacement, whereas modeling considering solely transient BWLs may not successfully forecast landslide movement. Our study demonstrates that the overall saturation state is a critical factor in rainfall-induced landslides, observable via non-invasive and more extensive spatial method like electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). However, challenges remain in in-situ monitoring, real-time data transmission, and correlating ERT data with slope stability metrics, presenting both challenges and opportunities for early warning systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108366"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loess slope toe degradation as a result of capillary water dynamics","authors":"Ping Mo,&nbsp;Yanrong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fragmented topography of the Chinese Loess Plateau hosts tens of thousands of loess slopes, whose failures critically threaten linear infrastructure safety, including pipelines, highways, railways, etc. Through integrated field surveys of 102 loess slopes, in-situ geotechnical investigations, and long-term in-situ moisture monitoring, this study identifies capillary water dynamics as the predominant cause for loess slope toe degradation, which is one of the main precursors of loess slope failures. Key findings reveal that water accumulation at slope–foot junctions triggers upward and inward capillary migration, forming a zone of elevated moisture (18 %–35 %) that expands both during and for hours post-rainfall. This zone exhibits a scalene triangular cross-section (vertical height: horizontal depth ≈ 1.6), with maximum capillary migration height and depth correlating linearly with rainfall amount. Subsequent evaporation gradually restores baseline soil moisture of this zone. The capillary-driven wetting-drying cycles within loess slope toe area induce dissolution and transport of soluble salts (mainly Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄), and formation of stratified salt crust via evaporative reprecipitation (mainly CaSO₄·2H₂O and Mg(OH)₂). This mechanism degrades soil fabric and reduces soil strength. The spatial extent of the softening zone with low strength identified by cone penetration tests overlaps with the integrated zones of high moisture concentration and high salt concentration. Superimposed weathering processes (e.g., thermal fluctuations) induce cyclic shrink–swell deformation, and initiate surface spalling, promoting concave undercutting along loess slope toe area. Partial toe suspension creates cantilevered slope segments. Such slope geometry triggers viscoplastic deformation within the degraded zones, causing stress redistribution in the slope, which in turn promotes slope deformation. Under cyclic deformation–stress interplay, a failure surface is ultimately formed. This mechanistic understanding highlights the necessity to implement hydraulic isolation techniques at loess slope toe as targeted stabilization measure, particularly under climate change-induced precipitation intensification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 108394"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updated hazard and risk assessment for middle-southern Turkiye by PSHA methods after two damaged earthquakes in 2023","authors":"Wenyan Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reassesses the seismic hazard and economic risks in southeastern Turkiye, particularly around the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), following the 2023 M_w7.8 and M_w7.6 earthquakes. Using probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) with Monte Carlo simulations, we compiled data from 5775 earthquake events occurring between 1990 and 2023. The results reveal significantly higher seismic hazard levels than previous models estimated. The average Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) along major fault zones reaches 0.564 g, with values up to 0.802 g at the intersection of the EAFZ and the Narlidag Fault Zone (NFZ). Spectral accelerations (SA) for short periods (0.2 s) reached 1.865 g, and SA for longer periods (1.0 s) ranged from 0.388 g to 0.641 g. Site effects were incorporated, with PGA amplification factors exceeding 1.6 in soft soil areas, reflecting the variability of ground motion. Comparisons with previous seismic models, such as the Middle East Earthquake Model (EMME14) and the European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20), revealed that seismic hazard in the region had been underestimated. To validate the model, we compared the predicted values with recorded ground motions from the 2023 earthquakes. The results showed a good match, confirming the reliability of the hazard model. Economic risk analysis highlighted high potential losses in provinces such as Hatay, Kahramanmaras, Gaziantep, and Adiyaman. Unreinforced masonry buildings and industrial buildings are at significant risk of damage. The findings emphasize the urgent need for improved building safety, enhanced disaster preparedness, and targeted risk reduction strategies in high-risk areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 108391"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D ambient seismic noise tomography and monitoring of unstable rock slope","authors":"Ruizhe Sun ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Tieyu Liu ,&nbsp;Yingwei Yan ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unstable rock slopes pose significant risks to infrastructure and human safety. Understanding their internal structure and monitoring dynamic changes are crucial for assessing slope stability and developing early warning systems. Conventional methods primarily focus on geological and geomorphological features, limiting their ability to capture subsurface structural changes. The passive seismic method offers a cost-effective and non-invasive approach for investigating subsurface structures and detecting underground changes. In this study, we utilize both short-term array data and long-term single-station ambient noise data from the Brienz/Brinzauls rock slope, Switzerland. For short-term data, we evaluate wavefield diffuseness to select segments with diffuse wavefields for seismic interferometry processing. We then apply the Generalized Phase Shift S-Transform (GPST) to extract surface wave dispersion curves and reconstruct a 3D S-wave velocity model. This model delineates the slip surface and reveals the intrinsic relationship between the June 2023 Insel collapse and the internal S-wave velocity structure. For long-term monitoring, we track slope changes using velocity ratio variation (dv/v) derived from the Autocorrelation Function (ACF), along with rockfall events, daily average peak ground acceleration (PGA), and daily average peak ground displacement (PGD). Anomalies in these parameters indicate that internal slope failure occurred on October 28, 2018, preceding the significant acceleration of the rock slope. Case studies have shown that ambient noise seismic data can effectively image the internal structure of slopes, and special attention should be paid to low-velocity interlayers with large inclination angles. These applications provide valuable supplementary tools for monitoring and evaluating unstable rock slopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 108400"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the swelling of a bentonite pellet using a triple porosity model","authors":"Vicente Navarro ,&nbsp;Erik Tengblad ,&nbsp;Joel Torres-Serra ,&nbsp;Laura Asensio","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the scope of a macroscopic triple porosity (mega-, macro- and micro-porosity) model is assessed by analysing its application in simulating the hydration and free swelling of single bentonite pellets. Flow is assumed to be concentrated in the megapores existing between the bentonite grains. Therefore, its application to the analysis of single pellets is very demanding, as the volume of these megapores is initially very small. However, the good results show the consistency of the formulation used to describe the flow, as this formulation accurately reproduces the hydration of the pellets. Swelling is also satisfactorily reproduced with a new mechanical formulation that addresses the rearrangement in megaporosity that the microstructure can cause under conditions of reduced confinement. Furthermore, this new formulation enables the model to provide a macroscopic description of the evolution of megapores that is consistent with results obtained through microscopic experimental techniques when analysing the cracking process experienced by the pellets. This result is especially notable because not only has it not been obtained previously by other macroscopic models, but it also provides significant confidence in the new proposed mechanical formulation, which retains simplicity by introducing a single additional parameter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 108395"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}