Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Integrating DInSAR and detailed mapping for characterizing ground displacement in the Cardona salt extrusion related to diapiric uplift, disolutional lowering, landsliding and sinkholes","authors":"Guillermo Pérez-Villar ,&nbsp;Francisco Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Bausilio ,&nbsp;Diego Di Martire","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt diapirs, despite their inherent instability related to salt flow and dissolution (<em>terra infirma</em>), are often the focus of significant economic activities and sensitive facilities (e.g., salt mining, hydrocarbon production, geostorage). Nonetheless, Differential Interferometry SAR (DInSAR) studies on active diapirs are relatively scarce and frequently lack field-based characterization and independent validation of displacement rates. This work analyses the complex spatial and temporal patterns of ground displacement at the Cardona salt extrusion (NE Spain) combining detailed mapping and DInSAR LoS (Line of Sight) and vertical displacement data obtained by both coherence-based (i.e. Small BAseline Subset – SBAS) and Persistent Scatterers-like (PS) approaches. Overall, the salt extrusion is affected by steady diapiric uplift driven by differential loading and increasing towards the axis of the salt wall to vertical rates of 2–3.5 cm/yr. The obtained rates are in agreement with long-term rates previously calculated using radiocarbon dated uplifted terraces and are comparable with those obtained at vigorously rising salt extrusions in the Zagros Mountains. DInSAR data reveal other local ground displacement processes substantiated by field mapping and damage on human structures, including: (1) rapid dissolutional lowering at salt exposures, showing a tight temporal correlation with rainfall data (&gt;5 cm/yr); (2) widespread dissolution-induced subsidence in valley-floor alluvium underlain by salt bedrock; (3) landsliding favored by diapiric rise and slope oversteepening; and (4) some large active sinkholes. This case study illustrates the practicality of integrating complementary DInSAR and field-based approaches for the comprehensive characterization of ground instability in salt diapirs, providing an objective basis for assessing the associated hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108068"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confinement pressure effect and influence mechanism of water injection-induced slip of shale fracture","authors":"Jianfeng Liu ,&nbsp;Yisong Ding ,&nbsp;Fujun Xue ,&nbsp;Jinbing Wei ,&nbsp;Hao Lin ,&nbsp;Hangyu Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water injection-induced fault slip is a prevalent phenomenon in shale gas extraction activities. To investigate the effects of confinement pressure on the slip behavior and its underlying mechanism, this study conducted water injection slip tests on shale samples with prefabricated fractures under varying confining pressures. The test results demonstrated significant confinement pressure effects on the slip characteristics of shale fractures. As confining pressure increased, the fracture openness decreased, and the initial slip water pressure rose, resulting in increased accumulated energy and the occurrence of significant “stick-slip” phenomena, which generated active acoustic emission (AE) signals. Additionally, an increase in confining pressure was accompanied by an elevation in the overpressure ratio, indicating a reduction in fracture permeability and an enhancement in fluid non-homogeneity. Furthermore, as confining pressure rose, the micro-projections interlocking the fracture surfaces underwent continuous breakage during slip, generating abundant rock debris. This debris accumulation subsequently caused a decrease in both the fractal dimension and roughness of the fracture surface. The research findings provide valuable insights for predicting and controlling fault slips and potential seismic activities induced by water injection during shale gas extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108061"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismically-induced failure mechanisms in massive rock slopes","authors":"Lorne Arnold ,&nbsp;Joseph Wartman ,&nbsp;Mary MacLaughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents a study of seismically-induced failure of massive steep rock slopes. A dynamic implementation of the bonded particle model (BPM) for rock is used to simulate the dynamic response and initiation of fracture in the slopes. Observation of forces that develop within the model in response to wave transmission and dynamic excitation provides insight into the fundamental mechanisms at work in seismically induced rock slope failure. Five distinct mechanisms of failure initiation are identified using non-destructive simulations and confirmed with destructive simulations. Three distinct modes of rock mass movement enabled by the failure mechanisms are identified. The predominant co-seismic failure mode was a shallow, highly-disrupted cliff collapse. Cliff collapse is initiated by relatively low levels of shaking. Shallow failures are also triggered at higher levels of shaking prior to the initiation of deeper, more coherent failures in the same seismic event. The results of the numerical study agree with qualitative historical surveys of seismically-induced rock slope failure trends and provide insight into the mechanisms behind observed co-seismic rock slope behavior. The frequently observed shallow failures are triggered by high compression stresses near the cliff toe combined with shallow subhorizontal ruptures behind the cliff face. These mechanisms are not well-captured by simplified analysis methods which may lead to underprediction of shallow co-seismic events. Deeper failure surfaces from stronger shaking create a base-isolation effect, slowing further disruption in the failure mass. Slope dynamic response and damage accumulation were shown to be interdependent and complex, emphasizing the importance of further research into the interaction between rock mass strength, slope geometry, structure, and ground motion characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108046"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of saturation and displacement rate in the transition from slow movement to catastrophic failure in landslides","authors":"Miguel Cueva ,&nbsp;Xuan Kang ,&nbsp;Shun Wang ,&nbsp;Enrico Soranzo ,&nbsp;Wei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslides commonly evolve from slow, progressive movements to sudden catastrophic failures, with saturation and displacement rates playing significant roles in this transition. In this paper, we investigate the influence of saturation, displacement rate, and normal stress on the residual shear strength and creep behaviour of shear-zone soils from a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Results reveal a critical transition from rate-strengthening to rate-weakening behaviour with increasing displacement rates, significantly influenced by the degree of saturation. This transition governs the observed patterns of slow movement punctuated by periods of accelerated creep, highlighting the potential for exceeding critical displacement rates to trigger catastrophic failure. Furthermore, partially saturated soils exhibited higher residual strength and greater resistance to creep failure compared to nearly and fully saturated soils, underscoring the contribution of matric suction to shear strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108042"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing uncertainty propagation in CPTu-based hydro-mechanical subsoil characterization using a multivariate stochastic simulation approach","authors":"Diego Di Curzio ,&nbsp;Annamaria Castrignanò ,&nbsp;Giovanna Vessia","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estimating the spatial distribution of hydromechanical properties in the investigated subsoil by defining an Engineering Geological Model (EGM) is crucial in urban planning, geotechnical designing and mining activities. The EGM is always affected by (i) the spatial variability of the measured properties of soils and rocks, (ii) the uncertainties related to measurement and spatial estimation, as well as (iii) the propagated uncertainty related to the analytical formulation of the transformation equation. The latter is highly impactful on the overall uncertainty when design/target variables cannot be measured directly (e.g., in the case of piezocone Cone Penetration Test–CPTu measurements). This paper focuses on assessing the Propagated Uncertainty (PU) when defining 3D EGMs of three CPTu-derived design/target variables: the undrained shear resistance (<span><math><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi></msub></math></span>), the friction angle (<span><math><msup><mi>φ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span>), and the hydraulic conductivity (<span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>). We applied the Sequential Gaussian Co-Simulation method (SGCS) to the measured profiles of tip (<span><math><msub><mi>q</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math></span>) and shaft resistance (<span><math><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></math></span>), and the pore pressure (<span><math><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span>), measured through CPTus in a portion of Bologna district (Italy). First, we calculated 1000 realizations of the measured variables using SGCS; then, we used the available transformation equations to obtain the same number of realizations of <span><math><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msup><mi>φ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span>, and <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>. The results showed that PU is larger when the transformation equation used to obtain the design/target variable is very complex and dependent on more than one input variable, such as in the case of <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>. Instead, linear (i.e., for <span><math><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi></msub></math></span>) or logarithmic (i.e., for <span><math><msup><mi>φ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span>) transformation functions do not contribute to the overall uncertainty of results considerably.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108064"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of shear strength parameters of in-situ soil rock mixtures using large scale shear apparatus and comparison with laboratory tested samples","authors":"Janardhana Prasanth Gunupuram,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar,&nbsp;D. Deb","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-rock mixtures (SRM) from mine overburden form heterogeneous dump slopes, whose stability relies on their shear strength properties. This study investigates the shear strength properties and deformation characteristics of SRM in both in-situ and laboratory conditions. Total twelve in-situ tests were conducted on SRM samples with a newly developed large scale direct shear apparatus (60 cm × 60 cm × 30 cm). The in-situ moist density and moisture content of SRM are determined. Particle size distribution is performed to characterize the SRM in laboratory. The bottom bench has the highest cohesion (64 kPa) due to high compaction over time while the other benches have consistent cohesion values (25 kPa to33 kPa). The laboratory estimated cohesion values are high compared to in-situ condition. It is further observed that for in-situ samples, the moist density notably affects the cohesion of SRM, with cohesion decreasing by 3 to 5 % for every 1 % increase in moist density. At in-situ condition, internal friction angles are found to be 1.5 to 1.7 times compared to laboratory values which is due to the presence of the bigger sized particles in the SRM. The outcomes of the research are very informative and useful for geotechnical engineers for slope designing and numerical modeling purpose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108060"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic back-analysis of earthquake-induced 3D landslide model parameters and risk assessment for secondary slide","authors":"Lihang Hu ,&nbsp;Gang Wang ,&nbsp;Kiyonobu Kasama","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Back-analysis is an effective method for rapidly estimating soil strength parameters. However, soil spatial variability and the influence of autocorrelation function (ACF) are often inadequately considered. This study presents an efficient probabilistic Bayesian back-analysis for spatially varying soil parameters in earthquake-induced 3D landslide models. A surrogate model based on the Variance Reduction Stochastic Response Surface Method (VRSRSM) is proposed, incorporating five different variance reduction functions associated with ACFs to address the spatial variability of 3D slope under seismic conditions. An improved Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling method facilitates Bayesian inference with minimal computational effort. The approach is validated using a 3D simple slope under seismic conditions, accounting for numerical model uncertainty. A case study of a deep-seated landslide from the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake is then used to back-analyze soil strength parameters and unit weight, which are subsequently utilized for risk assessment of secondary slide under aftershocks. Results indicate that VRSRM accurately approximates both 3D simple slope and real landslide models, while the commonly used single exponential ACF yields an unconservative factor of safety, affecting the accuracy of the back-analyzed soil parameters. This proposed approach offers an effective tool for rapidly determining spatially varying soil parameters from landslide events, enhancing risk assessment for future aftershocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108062"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified analysis of coseismic slope displacement and hillslope weakening","authors":"Bryce Berrett ,&nbsp;Erik Fulmer ,&nbsp;Ben Leshchinsky ,&nbsp;Michael Olsen ,&nbsp;Chris Massey ,&nbsp;Joseph Wartman","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a simplified physics-based numerical slope stability model that accurately models progressive failure, the impact of changing landslide geometry, and the legacy of weakening caused by coseismic shaking. The model incorporates the wave equation and employs finite difference to preserve mass and momentum during landslide movements. The model agrees well with physical modeling of a shake table test and a reactivation of a coseismic landslide in the Port Hills of New Zealand. The model is explored through a sensitivity analysis to compare the influence of softening and several strength parameters on the overall progressive or catastrophic failure mechanism of a given slope. The study found that earthquakes can result in no weakening, partial weakening, and full rupture of the slope, leading to negligible, modest, or significant coseismic displacement, respectively. Further, seismic events might leave a legacy of weakened hillslopes with lowered disturbance thresholds for catastrophic failure during subsequent seismic or hydrological events. However, if some strength regain is considered, an equilibrated state of non-catastrophic movements from continued disturbances can be sustained. The results suggest that past seismic events can potentially influence the timing and nature of slope failure in certain instances. The proposed method's ability to capture evolving, large-deformation changes in landslide geometry over time make it a valuable tool for simple site-specific studies and hazard analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108058"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal clustering of microseismic signals in mining areas: A case study of the Baoji lead‑zinc mine in Shaanxi, China","authors":"Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Yujun Zuo ,&nbsp;Longjun Dong ,&nbsp;Xianhang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microseismic activity is a critical indicator of stress redistribution, geological anomalies, and potential hazards in underground mining environments. Traditional clustering methods, however, often fail to capture the complexity of spatiotemporal distributions and the diverse triggering mechanisms of mining-induced microseismic events. To address this gap, we propose a novel clustering framework that combines K-means and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) to improve the classification and understanding of microseismic signals. Using a dataset of over 5000 high-quality events from the Shaanxi Baoji Dongtangzi lead–zinc mine, we establish a dynamic completeness magnitude threshold (m ≥ −1.0), ensuring the reliability of the seismic dataset. Our analysis reveals distinct spatiotemporal patterns, magnitude distributions, and spatial clusters, driven primarily by geostress redistribution, mining operations (e.g., blasting, drilling, ore transportation), and noise. The time-interval analysis further demonstrates non-Poisson clustering behavior, reflecting the impact of stress redistribution and operational schedules on microseismic activity. The results not only deepen the theoretical understanding of mining-induced seismicity but also offer practical insights for optimizing risk management and enhancing safety protocols in underground operations. Additionally, this approach provides a scalable framework for broader applications in geologically similar mining regions, contributing to safer and more efficient resource extraction practices worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108057"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of subaerial landslide–tsunamis generated by different mass movement types using smoothed particle hydrodynamics","authors":"Jizhixian Liu ,&nbsp;Valentin Heller ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Kunlong Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subaerial landslide-tsunamis (SLTs) are generated by mass movements such as landslides, rockfalls, debris flows and iceberg calving impacting water bodies, posing significant hazards to humans and infrastructure. Events like the 2014 Lake Askja rockslide and the 2022 Capitólio toppling cases highlight their potential dangers. SLT characteristics depend on the mass movement type (MMT) such as sliding, falling or overturning (toppling). While most SLT studies have focused on sliding masses, the wave characteristics generated by other MMTs remain poorly understood. This study addresses this shortcoming, based on a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), by examining how falling and overturning MMTs affect SLT properties through 26 tests in a numerical basin involving square and round blocks. The overturning MMT generates up to 5.58 larger maximum wave amplitudes <em>a</em>_M and 3.85 larger heights <em>H</em>_M than the falling MMT, aligned with theoretical predictions. Wave decay ratios for the overturning versus falling MMTs exceed 2 near the mass impact area, however, they generally decrease with the propagation distance <em>r</em>, as the steeper waves generated by the overturning MMT decay more rapidly. Empirical equations for the wave generation and propagation characteristics were derived in function of the Froude number, block geometry, <em>r</em> and the wave propagation angle. The same numerical framework was applied to the deadly 2022 Capitólio toppling case involving the case-specific slide geometry, bathymetry and topography. The numerical <em>a</em>_M and <em>H</em>_M deviated by 35.38% and 12.45%, respectively, from 2.52 and 8.93 m predicted by the new equations in this study. Furthermore, wave properties generated by the falling and overturning MMTs were compared with existing empirical predictions for sliding MMTs. This shows that sliding MMTs typically produce larger waves, except for smaller relative masses, for which they may generate smaller waves than both falling and overturning MMTs. These findings are aimed at improving the reliability of preliminary landslide-tsunami hazard assessment based on empirical equations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108055"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}