Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Towards automatic delineation of landslide source and runout","authors":"Kushanav Bhuyan ,&nbsp;Kamal Rana ,&nbsp;Ugur Ozturk ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Nava ,&nbsp;Ascanio Rosi ,&nbsp;Sansar Raj Meena ,&nbsp;Xuanmei Fan ,&nbsp;Mario Floris ,&nbsp;Cees van Westen ,&nbsp;Filippo Catani","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mapping landslide-depleted source areas is pivotal for refining predictive models and volume estimations, yet these critical regions are often conflated with landslide runouts, leading to sub-optimal assessments. The source (or scarp) areas are typically the regions where the actual failure occurs, providing crucial information on the initiation mechanisms and the nature of landslide propagation. Catering to this objective, we built a method based on a landslide’s topology and morphological information to delineate the source and runout margins. We develop and test this method in geomorphologically distinct regions such as Dominica, Turkey, Italy, Nepal, and Japan (Niigata) to showcase the model’s robust adaptive capacity. The model can demarcate the source and runout zones from landslide planforms found in inventories with accuracy deviations under 15%–20%. While distinguishing landslide source and runout areas, the model also considers triggering information and movement types. We also deploy the model in Chile, Japan (Hokkaido), Colombia, Papua New Guinea, and China. In these new regions, we found the mean area of the scarp to be consistently under 30% of the total landslide area. We additionally showcased the application of our model to the area–volume scaling of the coseismic landslides triggered by the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>W</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> 6.6) in Japan. Our analysis revealed that area–volume fitting using the landslide source areas instead of the total landslide planforms or polygons improves the linear fit from R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>=0.49 to R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>=0.81. Our work could improve diverse landslide analysis, such as hazard and runout models, and facilitate a deeper understanding of landslide behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107866"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142889046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unified characterization of small-strain shear modulus of sands under triaxial compression stress states","authors":"Yutang Chen ,&nbsp;Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In slopes and embankments, soil elements are often anisotropically loaded and the sustained stress ratio <em>SR</em> may vary a lot. The understanding of the influence of <em>SR</em> on the small-strain shear modulus <em>G</em>_<em>0</em> of sands prior to failure is a practical concern that remains inadequately understood in the existing literature. This study aims to address this knowledge gap through a meticulously designed experimental program. The testing program encompasses three quartz sands with differing particle shapes and a diverse set of principal stress ratios produced via drained triaxial compression. By employing bender elements embedded within the apparatus, elastic shear waves are generated, enabling the measurement of <em>G</em>_<em>0</em> from isotropic stress states to anisotropic stress states. A careful evaluation and comparison of existing anisotropic <em>G</em>_<em>0</em> models in the literature is also conducted, and the potential limitations when subjected to elevated <em>SR</em> levels are noted. A new, unified model is proposed to effectively characterize <em>G</em>_<em>0</em> of different sands subjected to a wide range of triaxial compression states and it is validated using literature data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 107863"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water reactive polyurethane grouting for deep vadose zone contaminant immobilization","authors":"Jinhu Song ,&nbsp;Drew W. Johnson ,&nbsp;Jie Huang ,&nbsp;Sarah Saslow","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contaminants in the deep vadose zone (DVZ) pose a long-term threat to groundwater, human health, and the environment. Polyurethane grouting is a type of chemical grouting that is potentially advantageous in immobilizing contaminants in DVZs. Polyurethane resin has low viscosity that makes it feasible to penetrate and fill the pore space between fine particles. In this study a series of laboratory pressure grouting and leaching tests were conducted to simulate and assess the effectiveness of polyurethane grouting for immobilizing contaminants in DVZs. Soil with fine particles was prepared with ¹²⁷I (as iodide) that served as a non-radioactive surrogate for radioactive ¹²⁹I. After grouting and curing, leaching tests were used to measure and compare contaminant diffusivity and leachability index values. Additionally, changes in porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity of grouted soil were measured. X-Ray Computer Tomography (XCT) results showed that the cured polyurethane was distributed nearly homogeneously and approximately half of the voids were filled with cured polyurethane. Grouting reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil by 37 %. The effective diffusivity decreased by more than 80 % as compared with the ungrouted soil. The leachability index of the grouted soil was 6.5; meeting the criteria established by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) standard. The results obtained in this study provide a valuable assessment of polyurethane grouting for iodide immobilization in the DVZ and indicate this approach may be a viable method for contaminant remediation in DVZ soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107945"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pull-out capacity and failure mechanism of suction anchors in clay considering trench configuration and local scour effects","authors":"Min-Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Yin ,&nbsp;Yong Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seabed trenching is a common geological and geotechnical hazard encountered in offshore engineering, potentially compromising the pull-out capacity of suction anchors and posing risks to mooring systems over time. Currently, to ensure conservative design and facilitate modelling convenience, many relevant studies simplify the trench configurations compared to their in-situ conditions which may lead to inaccurate estimation of trench influence. Moreover, the combined effect of trench and local scour is rarely addressed. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the impact of various trench transversal and longitudinal geometric configurations on undrained pull-out capacity and failure mechanisms of suction anchors in clay considering local scour phenomena. Two distinct downward trends in the pull-out capacity for trench width expansion and trench depth extension are revealed. Comparisons between simplified and realistic trench configurations are conducted and it is recommended to model the realistic trench configurations for accurate estimation of capacity loss. Scenarios involving simultaneous trenches and local scours result in a more significant reduction in pull-out capacity compared to individual trenches. Based on the analyses results, a systematic calculation framework is proposed to estimate the pull-out capacity during trench development. Furthermore, two design considerations are examined with the conclusions that relocating padeye depth towards shallower positions to reduce trench depth cannot achieve higher capacity and selecting suction anchors with larger aspect ratios should be preferred choices considering material cost. These findings can assist in estimating capacity loss and optimizing anchor design when encountering trench-related issues in engineering practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107942"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining acoustic emission and unsupervised machine learning to investigate microscopic fracturing in tight reservoir rock","authors":"Shan Wu ,&nbsp;Qi Zhao ,&nbsp;Hui Yang ,&nbsp;Hongkui Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We use the acoustic emission (AE) and unsupervised machine learning to investigate the influence of bedding structures on the tight rock fracturing at the microscale, aiming to uncover the macro failure mechanisms relevant to oil and gas production engineering. We compared the AE characteristics of typical tight rocks, specifically tight sandstone and shale, under uniaxial loading both perpendicular and parallel to the bedding structure. Additionally, we applied unsupervised machine learning to cluster AE waveforms to analyze microscopic fracturing. The clustering results, constrained using the elbow method and silhouette score, revealed that a consistent number of three clusters was suitable for categorizing all samples. We then used the classification results, together with other AE parameters, to interpret the fractures influenced by bedding structures. Our results revealed that AE waveforms could be classified into three clusters, corresponding to microscopic fracturing, including tensile, shear, and mixed cracking types. Cracks formed under low-stress conditions tend to exhibit tensile failure modes, transitioning into shear fracturing before reaching peak compressive stress. Tight sandstones exhibited higher strength in their bedding structures compared to shale, possibly due to differences in pre-existing microcrack structure characteristics. This study advances our knowledge of tight reservoir rock failure mechanisms and provides valuable guidance for tight reservoir development engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107939"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated geophysical data and Bayesian evidential learning approach for rockhead estimation and uncertainty quantification","authors":"Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Chu ,&nbsp;Hao-Qing Yang ,&nbsp;Shifan Wu ,&nbsp;Yunhuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Kiefer Chiam","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rockhead estimation and uncertainty quantification are essential for underground constructions such as tunneling. However, deep boreholes that are required for rockhead determination are not always available at every site due to their high cost and logistical challenges. Furthermore, geological profiling using solely borehole data can introduce biases, especially when boreholes are sparsely distributed or limited in coverage. This study proposes a method that integrates geophysical data with borehole data for rockhead estimation and uncertainty quantification. Seismic surface wave data, specifically the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), are utilized for rockhead investigation. The Bayesian Evidential Learning (BEL) method employs the rockhead positions determined using HVSR to update the initial rockhead estimates derived from boreholes. The proposed HVSR-BEL approach was initially validated using a hypothetical case and applied subsequently to two real sites in Singapore for rockhead estimation, with results verified against nearby boreholes. The analysis of geophone spacing indicates that the ratio of geophone spacing to site size of 0.3 is cost-effective for achieving accurate rockhead estimation. When the ratio increases from 0.3 to 0.4, the relative difference of uncertainty reduction is most significant, reaching approximately 28 %. For Site 1, the uncertainty in rockhead estimation along the geophone lines using the proposed method is significantly reduced by 40 % to 60 % as compared with prior variance estimates. For Site 2, uncertainty reductions in the range of 5 % to 40 % are primarily observed near the geophone locations. The accuracy of the estimated rockhead at both sites is acceptable, with an average absolute error of 2.7 m. The proposed HVSR-BEL approach can provide reliable estimation of rockhead profile.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107944"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143134500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of trench drain systems on pore water pressures in slow, deep, clayey landslides: Influence of hydraulic properties of the slip zone","authors":"Roberto Vassallo,&nbsp;Caterina Di Maio","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trench drain systems are widely used as remedial measures for slow landslides in saturated fine-grained soils. Among the factors that influence their effectiveness, the hydraulic peculiarities of the slip zone have not been sufficiently investigated. This paper presents the results of numerical analyses of the effects of trench drain systems on clay slope models characterised by very low hydraulic conductivities of the landslide body (k_l) and stable formation (k_f), with the conductivity of the slip zone (k_sz) being several orders of magnitude higher. The hydraulic models reproduced the conditions of a real landslide. Analyses were performed using the code SEEP3D. SEEP/W 2D and PLAXIS 2D were used for comparison. The 3D model shows that, as the k_sz/k_l ratio increases, the effectiveness of a drain system shallower than the slip surface significantly decreases. As an example, in the case of 12-m-deep trenches, a 25-m-deep slip surface, k_sz = k_l = 10⁻⁹ m/s, and k_f = 10⁻¹⁰ m/s, the drains reduce the pore water pressure in the deepest points of the slip zone by approximately 100 kPa. Conversely, if k_sz = 10⁻⁶ m/s, the pore pressure reduction is only about 10 kPa. Therefore, a drain system designed without considering the hydraulic peculiarities of the slip zone may not be effective. As the trench depth increases, drainage reduces the pore water pressure with a highly non-linear trend, exerting significant effects when the trenches reach the slip surface. Furthermore, 2D models may significantly overestimate the pore water pressure. The differences between the results of 2D and 3D models depend on the trench depth, hydraulic conductivity, and hydraulic boundary conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107943"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental research on geological fissure monitoring based on distributed piezoelectric sensing technology","authors":"Yuanqiang Cai ,&nbsp;Junjie Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhiming Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Ziyang Gao ,&nbsp;Hongtao Fu ,&nbsp;Junfeng Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The causes of geological fissures are complex, and the disaster situation is very serious, and it is very difficult to carry out early warning and monitoring. To this end, a new type of Sensor-enabled piezoelectric geocables (SPGC) is used for geological fissure monitoring, which has piezoelectric effect and impedance-strain effect. Model tests were carried out to study the accuracy of fixed-point SPGC to determine the location of geological cracks, and the characteristics of soil internal deformation were analyzed based on SPGC monitoring data, so as to achieve early warning effect. The test results show that SPGC can accurately locate the crack location compared with the traditional point sensor, and the shorter the segmentation, the more accurate the identification of the crack location. The faster the soil collapse rate, the smaller the crack volume, the smaller the normalized impedance of SPGC, and the smaller the soil strain change. The voltage generated by the vibration of SPGC can react significantly to the internal collapse of the soil. The results show that SPGC can realize the catastrophic location and precursor identification of ground fissures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107941"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization study on separate-layer fracturing of a coal–rock composite based on inter-fracture interference effect","authors":"Aitao Zhou ,&nbsp;Yizheng He ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Yuexin Yang ,&nbsp;Yida Wang ,&nbsp;Yifu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimization measures that can improve the effectiveness of fracturing coal–rock composites through separate-layer fracturing under the effect of inter-fracture interference are required. In this context, a reservoir–fracture interference extension model was established for coal–rock composites based on the extended finite element method by embedding cohesive units. Hydraulic fracturing simulations were conducted under different geo-stresses and fracturing sequences, and a comprehensive assessment of the fracturing effect was provided. The results showed that the high pore stress on both sides of the first fracture can induce the expansion of secondary fractures toward the interface with a greater degree of deflection. The difficulty of fracture initiation in the rock formation increased in secondary fracturing, the fracture initiation pressure decreased in the coal seam during secondary fracturing. An appropriate reduction in the fracture spacing can enhance the inter-fracture interference effect and thus enrich the morphology of the hydraulic fracture network. In the separate-layer fracturing of coal composite reservoirs, the synergistic effect of interlayer physical differences and inter-fracture interference effect can be utilized to fracture the rock formation after fracturing the coal seam; this induces the rock fractures to be captured by structurally weak surfaces. Repeated fracturing of the coal seam and utilization of the rupture expansion effect of the rock roof to form long-term stable fractures can be useful for further strengthening the transformation effect of the coal seam. This study can provide some theoretical support for the stratified co-mining of coalbed methane in deep coal reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107930"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of initial particle deposition in collapse dynamics and deposition morphology of submarine granular flows using CFD-DEM coupling method","authors":"Yu Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Tan ,&nbsp;Yandong Bi ,&nbsp;Shu Zhou ,&nbsp;Jian Pu ,&nbsp;Zhen Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Submarine landslides represent a significant marine geohazard, making it essential to understand their underlying dynamics. Initial deposition plays a crucial role in determining the flow behavior and ultimate runout distance of submarine granular materials. Despite the importance of particle interactions, especially considering the wide range of particle sizes involved, their impact on submarine landslide dynamics has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we employ a three-dimensional coupled CFD-DEM method to simulate the collapse of granular columns under varying initial deposition conditions, aiming to uncover the dynamic characteristics of submarine landslides at the particle scale. Our findings reveal that initial depositions with a higher concentration of larger particles at the top lead to their upward migration toward the upper and frontal regions of the flow, while smaller particles tend to settle at the base. This enhances the overall mobility of the landslide. Notably, initial depositions with larger aspect ratios result in greater particle segregation and more efficient conversion of initial potential energy into vertical kinetic energy. This segregation extends the range of kinetic energy variation, reduces energy dissipation through horizontal velocity, and ultimately increases the runout distance. Moreover, the presence of an ambient fluid significantly prolongs the duration of movement compared to dry cases, although it results in a shorter final runout distance. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the mechanics governing submarine landslides and highlight the critical role of initial deposition conditions in shaping their behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 107940"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}