Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Competitive mechanism of enhanced adsorption and thermal inhibition in thermo-mechanically fractured granite: Experimental and modeling study on cesium adsorption","authors":"Meng Tao ,&nbsp;Feng Gan ,&nbsp;Liang Xufeng ,&nbsp;Yang Yizhang ,&nbsp;Hao Yanting ,&nbsp;Liu Bo ,&nbsp;Yang Yongliang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the sorption behavior of cesium ions (Cs⁺) in granite within the near-field environment of deep geological repositories and systematically elucidates the competition between structure-evolution–enhanced sorption and temperature-induced sorption inhibition under thermo–mechanical (TM) coupling. Using a self-developed triaxial TM apparatus, Beishan granite specimens were subjected to a coupled TM treatment at a confining pressure of 40 MPa and temperatures of 25–200 °C. High-resolution μCT imaging combined with fractal analysis was employed to quantify the evolution of the pore–fracture architecture. Isothermal sorption experiments of Cs⁺ were then conducted on the TM-treated granite blocks at the corresponding temperatures, on the basis of which a predictive model for the distribution coefficient (<em>K</em>_d) integrating structural evolution and temperature effects was established. The results show that TM coupling markedly promotes microcrack initiation, propagation, and coalescence: total porosity increased from 1.08 % to 18.51 %, connected porosity from 0.36 % to 16.24 %, and fractal dimension from 1.19 to 1.47, indicating an evolution from an initially discrete network to a highly connected and structurally complex fracture system. Although structural evolution substantially increases the number of potential sorption sites, rising temperature exerts a strong inhibitory effect on Cs⁺ sorption, driving the bulk-rock <em>K</em>_d from 4.53 cm³·g⁻¹ at 25 °C down to 0.31 cm³·g⁻¹ at 200 °C (a reduction of ∼93 %). Building on these observations, a phenomenological “structure-enhancement–thermal-inhibition” competition model is proposed. In this formulation, a power-law term describing TM-induced structural evolution is coupled with a quadratic polynomial term representing temperature effects, thereby achieving accurate predictions of <em>K</em>_d over 25–200 °C (mean relative error &lt; 6 %) and successfully reproducing its nonlinear decrease with temperature. The observed temperature dependence is consistent with international studies on granite in high-level radioactive waste repositories, providing complementary measurements for damaged granite blocks in the 150–200 °C range. By providing pivotal parameter constraints and a robust phenomenological framework, the experimental data and model developed in this study enhance numerical simulations of radionuclide migration and support the long-term safety assessment of deep geological repositories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108478"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient landslide on the Tibet Plateau(China): Reactivation mechanism and post-failure behavior prediction","authors":"Ruian Wu ,&nbsp;Yongshuang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chang Qi ,&nbsp;Wenbo Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Deguang Song ,&nbsp;Haishan Ma ,&nbsp;Qijun Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale ancient landslides in the Himalayan region are increasingly susceptible to reactivation due to climate change and intensifying engineering activities, posing catastrophic geohazard risks. This study deciphers the complete failure chain of the Pangcun ancient landslide (∼18.9 × 10⁶ m³) in Tibet, employing a multi-methodological approach that integrates remote sensing, field investigation, geotechnical testing, and numerical modeling. Our findings reveal a composite failure mechanism characterized by initial retrogressive deformation followed by thrust-style propagation. The reactivation manifests as a creep-slip process within the accumulation mass at depths of 6–25 m, where toe excavation induced early-stage retrogressive cracking, while subsequent rainfall infiltration triggered a thrust-style failure pushing from the rear. Stability analysis quantitatively confirms this vulnerability, showing the Factor of Safety (FoS) decreasing from a marginally stable 1.043 under natural conditions to an unstable 0.951 during heavy rainfall. Furthermore, post-failure simulations predict that a shallow failure could evolve into a high-speed event, reaching peak velocities of up to 17.8 m/s and a runout distance of 840 m, thereby directly endangering the G219 National Highway and downstream communities. Ultimately, this study provides a robust mechanistic framework for assessing similar ancient landslides, facilitating a critical shift in hazard management from reactive response to proactive, mechanism-based prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108515"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven calibration method for the friction coefficients between rock particles","authors":"Zhengbin Liu ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Shuwei Wu ,&nbsp;Jianbo Guo ,&nbsp;Yiwei Mao ,&nbsp;Zeren Chen ,&nbsp;Qingxue Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately setting the friction coefficient between rock particles is a critical prerequisite for ensuring the validity of dynamic mechanical behavior simulations of rocks. The geometric and physical parameters of rock particles have complex effects on the friction coefficient. However, existing calibration methods often have limitations in terms of precision, efficiency, and applicability. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel calibration method for the friction coefficient of rock particles, which integrates sphero-polyhedron modeling techniques with a data-driven strategy. The method uses the angle of repose (AOR) as a reference for quantitative analysis, considering the influence of the particle geometric parameters and material physical properties on the friction coefficient. By constructing a discrete element simulation database and generating a sample dataset, a mapping relationship is established with AOR and vertical aspect ratios as inputs, and the static friction coefficient, dynamic friction coefficient, and rolling resistance coefficient as outputs. This enables rapid calibration of the friction coefficient through a data-driven approach. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only achieves excellent accuracy but also demonstrates strong generalizability, providing a new approach for determining the friction coefficient in rock particle simulation analysis and offering valuable support for geotechnical engineering analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108516"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating fractured rock failure with an elastoplastic phase-field model: Integrating mode-dependent damage and confinement-dependent plasticity","authors":"Susheng Wang ,&nbsp;Changdong Ding ,&nbsp;Yu Ning ,&nbsp;Wanqing Shen ,&nbsp;Jiuchang Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The failure of engineering rock masses involves complex coupled damage-plasticity mechanisms governed by the initiation, propagation, and coalescence of mixed-mode fractures. This study presents an elastoplastic phase-field model for simulating the nonlinear mechanical response and fracture behavior of fractured rocks. The proposed framework incorporates mode-dependent fracture characterization through distinct energy criteria addressing tensile, tensile-shear, and compressive-shear failure. Anisotropic stiffness degradation is captured through asymmetric elastic energy decomposition to account for directional damage evolution. A modified Drucker-Prager criterion with equivalent confining stress correction is introduced to simulate pressure-dependent plasticity and ductile deformation under high confinement. The model is numerically implemented in Abaqus using user subroutines integrated with an efficient return mapping algorithm for nonlinear constitutive integration. Model validation includes three representative cases: compressive failure of single-flawed specimens, compression-shear failure of double-notched samples, and landslide simulation. The results demonstrate the model's effectiveness in simulating multiple crack propagation patterns and capturing confinement-dependent failure mechanisms, showing substantial potential for rock engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108487"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145598722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength and non-coaxiality behavior of warm frozen silt under inclined principal stress axes","authors":"Furong Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Ma ,&nbsp;Yanhu Mu ,&nbsp;Zhi Wen ,&nbsp;Mingde Shen ,&nbsp;Pengfei He","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the background of global climate changing, the warming of permafrost has led to numerous engineering infrastructures being operated on warm permafrost foundations with diminishing bearing capacity. Meanwhile, infrastructure construction not only increases the overburden load on permafrost foundations but also induces directional deviation of the principal stress axis relative to the vertical direction. Therefore, conducting study on the stress-strain behavior and strength characteristics along different principal stress directions in warm frozen soils is imperative for accurately assessing deformation evolution patterns and bearing capacity of warm permafrost foundations. Thus, the stress-strain relationships respond, non-coaxiality evolution and strength distribution characteristics during directional loading along different principal stress directions were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the influence of principal stress direction on the strength intensifies with decreasing initial mean principal stress (when <em>p</em>_<em>₀</em> = 500 kPa, the strength at <em>α</em> = 45° exhibits a 27.3 % reduction compared to the <em>α</em> = 0°). Concurrently, increasing initial mean principal stress diminishes both the stress-strain non-coaxiality angle and the directional dependence of strength. Furthermore, a novel strength model incorporating principal stress direction is proposed for warm frozen silt. These findings elucidate the correlation mechanisms between non-coaxiality evolution and strength anisotropy in warm frozen silt under fixed principal stress direction, providing theoretical foundations for optimizing engineering designs in permafrost regions under warming scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108509"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-effects of roughness and shear cycle on frictional behavior and damage characteristics of faults in granite","authors":"Feili Wang ,&nbsp;Fanzhen Meng ,&nbsp;Junnan Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuhong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhanguo Xiu ,&nbsp;Zhengyang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Faults experience different shear histories from the complicated and volatile deformation along tectonic plates, producing different structure complexities which are linked to the mechanical properties of faults; however, it is still unclear how the shear history-induced complex interior textures of the fault influence the shear behavior, particularly for fault with different roughness. Here, we study the effects of shear-induced structure complexities of rough and planar faults on frictional behaviors and associated off-fault damage using laboratory experiments. Tension-induced rough fractures (TF) and sawcut fractures (SF) were repeatedly sheared with gouges being cleaned or retained. TF exhibit greater shear strengths and more intense stick-slip events, yet show strength reduction and decreasing stress drops with shear cycle, whereas SF display strength enhancement and increasing stress drops. These frictional behaviors are governed by the evolution of roughness and the cumulation of shear-induced gouges. TF surfaces smooth progressively while SF surfaces roughen with successive shear cycles. Moreover, thicker gouge layers and larger damage zones were produced in TF than in SF. The mass and grain size of shear-induced gouges decrease with shear cycles in TF. Our results indicate that the shear cycle can produce complex fault structures that directly control the fault shear behaviors and damage characteristics, providing critical insights for assessing fault slip behavior and seismic potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108493"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of stability and cooling engineering effectiveness of the Qinghai-Tibet transportation routes: A first comprehensive assessment using space geodetic observations","authors":"Lingxiao Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Zhao ,&nbsp;Shibo Liu ,&nbsp;Huayun Zhou ,&nbsp;Guojie Hu ,&nbsp;Defu Zou ,&nbsp;Erji Du ,&nbsp;Guangyue Liu ,&nbsp;Yao Xiao ,&nbsp;Yueli Chen ,&nbsp;Jianting Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Xueying Wang ,&nbsp;Chong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The warming and thawing of ice-rich permafrost present major challenges for the stability of linear infrastructure across cold regions. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) and Highway (QTH), two critical transportation corridors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, traverse extensive warm and ice-rich permafrost where maintaining long-term embankment stability has become a complex engineering challenge. A systematic evaluation of roadway stability and the effectiveness of engineered cooling measures is essential for ensuring safe operation and for guiding maintenance strategies. However, comprehensive route-scale assessments remain scarce due to the lack of suitable evaluation methods. In this study, we provide the first systematic assessment of the stability of ∼890 km of the QTR and QTH and the effectiveness of cooling engineering measures based on ground deformation through Sentinel-1 SBAS-InSAR monitoring. The performance of cooling measures is quantified by comparing deformation between road surface and adjacent natural terrain, and the dominant environmental and engineering controls on deformation variability are identified. Results reveal that geomorphological and ground thermal conditions strongly govern permafrost terrain deformation, with unstable segments concentrated where ground temperatures approach 0 °C, particularly across lacustrine plains and fluvial terraces. Overall, 92.8 % of the QTR and 86.7 % of the QTH do not exhibit worsening deformation compared to the surrounding natural terrain in both seasonal deformation and long-term velocities and QTR exhibits better stability and maintenance status than QTH. Approximately 15 km of QTH segments and 11 km of QTR segments exhibit long-term settlement rates more than 5 mm/a greater than those of nearby natural terrain. Cooling measures markedly suppress seasonal deformation, with only 9 km of QTH segments showing seasonal deformation exceeding adjacent natural terrain by more than 5 mm. This study provides a systematic framework for assessing route-scale transportation stability and the performance of cooling engineering measures in permafrost terrains, providing guidance for long-term maintenance and future engineering works.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108502"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving hydro-mechanical response of heavy metal contaminated soil to rainfall events through combination of biochar and microbial induced carbonate precipitation (BM) treatment","authors":"Huicong Hu ,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang ,&nbsp;Zhengtao Shen ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Pan ,&nbsp;Kai Gu ,&nbsp;Mengtao Wang ,&nbsp;Wen Mu ,&nbsp;Bao-Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhihan Ji ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydro-mechanical properties of heavy metal contaminated soil can be significantly altered during rainfall events, which may affect the leaching, migration, and dispersion of heavy metals. Enhancing the structural strength and water stability of soils may be a viable strategy to cope with the effects of rainfall. This study proposes a novel treatment, referred to as the BM treatment, which combines biochar and microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology, aiming at effectively improving hydro-mechanical response of soil and remediating heavy metal contamination. Targeting lead (Pb) as the contaminant, we experimentally introduced biochar into Pb contaminated Xiashu soil, a silt clay, followed by MICP treatment cycles ranging from 3 to 10. The structural strength and water stability of the contaminated soil were assessed through penetration and slaking tests, respectively. The mobility of Pb was evaluated based on the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The surface morphology of the soils was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results showed that BM treatment significantly improved the hydro-mechanical response and reduced Pb mobility, with these effects being notably correlated with the number of MICP treatment cycles. The improved remediation was attributed to synergistic effect of biochar and MICP. Biochar facilitated microbial activity, penetration of MICP solution, and Pb adsorption. MICP generated calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to fill pores, protect biochar, and immobilize Pb. They formed effective cementing areas and surface barriers to buffer against rainfall-induced mechanical stress and heavy metal desorption. This study provides valuable insights for improving climate adaptation and environmental remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108503"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast trace mapping on 3D rock point clouds using anomaly detection without normal estimation","authors":"Jiawei Xie ,&nbsp;Anna Giacomini ,&nbsp;Shui-Hua Jiang ,&nbsp;Yuting Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinsong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes an innovative method for fast mapping rock traces on 3D outcrops directly from point cloud data. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on computationally intensive calculations of normal vectors and curvatures, the proposed method leverages a key geometric insight: points along rock traces typically exhibit geometric deviations from planar surfaces compared to points on a flat plane. This characteristic manifests in larger tetrahedral volumes when these trace points are combined with three random neighboring points. Conversely, points on a plane tend to form tetrahedra with nearly zero volume when combined with random neighbors. By repeatedly sampling tetrahedron volumes around each point and employing the Extended Isolation Forest algorithm for anomaly detection, the proposed method efficiently identifies potential trace points. These points are then refined using a proposed local regression method and connected via a line-growing algorithm to map the complete traces. The proposed approach offers significant computational advantages over traditional methods. While traditional methods have complexity dependent on data dimensionality and neighborhood size, the proposed method calculates tetrahedron volumes with a constant time complexity of O(1) per point, independent of the number of neighboring points. The efficiency and accuracy of this method is validated with multiple synthetic and real-world datasets. Results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces 99 % of the time required by traditional approaches while maintaining the accuracy of trace intensity measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108492"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable regional-scale geological mapping using a contrastive graph attention network for multimodal data fusion and recognition of controlling factors","authors":"Fanfan Yang ,&nbsp;Renguang Zuo ,&nbsp;Oliver P. Kreuzer","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data-driven deep learning approaches have exhibited promising performance in engineering geological mapping. However, existing methods face challenges in geological mapping based on multimodal data fusion due to their limited ability to exploit the complementary features among geoscience data. Moreover, the poor interpretability of deep learning methods limits their applicability for downstream engineering decision-making. To address these issues, this study designed a novel interpretable framework combining a contrastive multimodal graph attention network (CMGAT) with GNNExplainer (generating explanations for graph neural networks) for geological mapping. CMGAT was developed to extract discriminative features from multimodal graphs and align cross-modal representations via contrastive learning, while GNNExplainer was applied to quantify the influence of graph structure and geological features on the identification of geological units. The proposed CMGAT outperformed other unimodal models, achieving overall accuracies of 91 % and 82.9 % in lithological and fault mapping, respectively, in southwestern Fujian Province of China. Moreover, the GNNExplainer analysis identified key graph structure and geological indicators for geological unit delineation, strengthening the credibility of the predictive results. The framework can be further extended to diverse engineering geological mapping tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 108508"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}