Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Multi-scale analysis of the influence of red-bed lithological interface on tunnel deformation and instability","authors":"Jing-Kai Qu ,&nbsp;Yi-Guo Xue ,&nbsp;Fan-Meng Kong ,&nbsp;Cui-Ying Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Zuo-Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Jin-Rui Duan ,&nbsp;Yan Ai ,&nbsp;Zi-Ming Qu ,&nbsp;Jian-Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Lu ,&nbsp;Long-Fei Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Red-bed is a stratigraphic combination widely distributed all over the world. However, with the construction of engineering projects, red-bed-related disasters have become increasingly prominent. This study focuses on tunnel deformation in the red-bed sandstone-mudstone interface section of the Leye Tunnel on the Chongqing-Kunming High-Speed Railway. By utilizing on-site data collection, laboratory testing, and numerical simulation methods, we developed a systematic research approach for red-bed tunnel deformation encompassing macroscopic mechanical characteristics, mesoscopic contact characteristics, and microscopic damage characteristics. This method clarifies the multi-scale degradation-disaster preparation characteristics of the red-bed lithological interface and their impact on tunnel deformation and instability. The study results indicate that the lithologic interface is a fundamental factor controlling deformations in red-bed tunnels and is also crucial in determining the deformation and failure modes of the lining structures. Sandstone, with its strong mechanical properties and occlusal mineral contacts, resulting in cracks in the initial support. In contrast, mudstone has weaker mechanical properties, with mineral particles encapsulated by clay minerals, which manifests as deformation of the steel arch in the lining structure. Notably, when the mudstone-to-sandstone ratio on the palm face is 1:1, the tunnel displacement field area is significantly larger than that of homogeneous stratum sections on both sides. However, surrounding rock deformation is controlled by the stronger sandstone. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the engineering geological problems caused by the red-bed, to guarantee the efficient implementation of the major national strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108314"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The amplifying effect of wood on debris-flow induced impact forces on bridge superstructures","authors":"Caroline Friedl ,&nbsp;Dirk Proske ,&nbsp;Lukas Egkher ,&nbsp;Susanna Wernhart ,&nbsp;Christian Scheidl","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact of wood-laden debris flows on bridge superstructures, focusing on the influence of different bridge profiles (full slab and trough) and log lengths. Using a small-scale physical model, experiments were conducted to measure the horizontal and vertical forces exerted by debris flows with and without wood. The results indicate that the presence of wood significantly increases both horizontal and vertical impact forces on bridge superstructures. The shape of the bridge profile did not significantly affect horizontal and positive vertical impact forces but did influence the magnitude of negative vertical forces. For the full slab profile, however, a measurable influence of the log length on the measured forces cannot be ruled out. The findings underscore the critical role of wood in amplifying impact forces on bridge superstructures, suggesting that bridge designs in debris flow-prone areas should account for the presence of wood to enhance structural resilience and stability. Further experimental studies are recommended to fully understand the interactions between wood-laden debris flows and bridge impact dynamics, and to develop more effective mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108312"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of polypropylene fiber-soil interface properties through grafting modification: Insights from cracking behavior of fiber treated expansive soil under dry-wet cycle","authors":"Huie Chen ,&nbsp;Jinzhong Zhu ,&nbsp;Hua Du ,&nbsp;Qing Wang ,&nbsp;Wenhua Wang ,&nbsp;Boxin Wang ,&nbsp;Xiang Gao ,&nbsp;Qi Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effectiveness of fibers in improving soil engineering properties largely depends on their surface characteristics. Fiber surface modification represents a pivotal strategy for enhancing the bonding properties between fibers and soil. In this study, polypropylene fibers were modified using maleic anhydride and silane coupling agent through monomer and compound grafting. The fiber-soil interface performance was evaluated using single fiber pull-out experiments, and the fiber surface was analyzed for microscopic and chemical changes to elucidate the modification mechanisms of different modification methods. Dry-wet cycle cracking tests were conducted on fiber treated expansive soils to assess the influence of fiber modification on crack evolution. The results reveal that compound grafting modification significantly enhances the adhesion of grafted substances to the fiber surface, leading to the highest pull-out force. In compound grafting, the synergistic and polymerization effects of the two grafting monomers facilitate the formation of a dense, structurally robust network between fiber and grafted material. This not only strengthens their connection but also increases the fiber's specific surface area, enhancing its interfacial occlusion and interaction with soil. The decrease in plane crack rate, crack number, and crack width in samples treated by modified fibers highlights their effectiveness in inhibiting crack development in expansive soil. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing the strategy to control cracks in expansive soil through fiber modification, offering practical and innovative solutions to addressing engineering challenges in expansive soil areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108315"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a coupled DDA–SPH method and its application to fracture and dynamic simulation of ice-rock interaction","authors":"Qingdong Wang ,&nbsp;Yingbin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyan Peng ,&nbsp;Lina Ma ,&nbsp;Changze Li ,&nbsp;Yao Xiao ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Yu ,&nbsp;Qiangong Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock-ice avalanches in high mountainous areas often pose serious threats to people's lives and infrastructure due to their high speed and long distance of movement. In this study, we examine the fracture process and interaction processes between rock and ice using the Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) coupled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). We apply Glen's flow constitutive law to simulate the rheology of ice and enhance it by integrating the shear stress criterion to model the glacier fracture process. The effectiveness of the improved method was validated by comparing its stress–strain response and fracture morphology with experimental results from uniaxial compression ice tests. We then applied the improved method to simulate the Chamoli rock-ice avalanche, successfully reproducing the glacial fracture process and its impact on the fracture expansion of the underlying rock mass under temperature influence. This was then compared with historical remote sensing images, existing survey data, and station monitoring of ground motions. The evolution of shear stress and the transformation of the interaction mechanism during rock-ice movement were analyzed. Finally, we explored the impact of temperature on glacier creep and its potential to trigger rock-ice avalanches. Our findings highlight that temperature significantly influences glacier creep, which in turn affects glacier dynamics and the initiation of rock-ice avalanches in plateau mountainous regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108310"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of benefits and costs from the reduction of hydrogeological risks in underground construction","authors":"Johanna Merisalu ,&nbsp;Tore Söderqvist ,&nbsp;Yevheniya Volchko ,&nbsp;Jonas Sundell ,&nbsp;Lars Rosén","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Implementing measures to reduce hydrogeological risks from underground construction below the groundwater table is often expensive. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) assesses whether measures give a positive societal net benefit and thereby indicates how society’s limited resources can be used efficiently. For a CBA to be valid, all costs and benefits for all affected stakeholders should be included. This implies that a thorough and comprehensive identification of cost and benefit items is the crucial basis for the development of a CBA. In this paper, a novel and comprehensive approach for identifying benefit and cost items of implementing hydrogeological risk-mitigation measures is presented for application in underground construction. The novelty lies in the procedure of integrating hydrogeological knowledge of common underground type settings with the cascade model—a well-established framework for linking natural, social, and economic systems (<span><span>Haines-Young and Potschin-Young, 2018</span></span>)—and categorizing leakage-induced risks, and thereby the potential benefits of mitigating these risks have been systematically identified. Relevant groundwater leakage-induced cascades are presented in a general format, together with examples from the literature for providing a user-friendly tool for risk identification that considers the whole chain of events from groundwater impact to social and economic consequences. The combination of using the basis of the cascade model together with international literature results in a general method that is applicable across various hydrogeological settings. The generic arrangement of the presented cascades also enables application as new construction technologies emerge since the initiation of a cascade is not fixed to a certain technology but rather to the effects on the groundwater conditions from the construction activity. An identification of cost and benefit items in two railway tunnel projects in Sweden is also presented as a qualitative CBA to demonstrate the usability of the risk cascades as a basis for identification of items to subsequently be monetized in a quantitative CBA. Finally, the paper discusses the upcoming steps, challenges, and strategies to handle them, associated with obtaining a complete quantitative CBA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108308"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threshold shear strain for cyclic degradation and pore pressure accumulation in marine clay: Insights and models for engineering applications","authors":"Qi Wu ,&nbsp;Xing Xiao ,&nbsp;Kai Ren ,&nbsp;Yanshen Wu ,&nbsp;Guoxing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Threshold shear strains of marine clays represent essential soil characteristics within intricate marine dynamic settings. Precise estimation of these values provides a quantitative design basis for the advancement of marine engineering projects and geological disaster prevention. A series of constant-volume multistage strain-controlled cyclic direct simple shear tests were performed on marine clay. Consequently, the threshold shear strains for cyclic degradation (<em>γ</em>_td) and excess pore water pressure accumulation (<em>γ</em>_tp) during cyclic shearing were investigated by considering the effects of the initial effective consolidation pressure (<em>σ</em>_v0<em>′</em>) and loading frequency (<em>f</em>). The results demonstrate that an increase in <em>σ</em>_v0<em>′</em> and <em>f</em> exhibits significant suppression effects on both the magnitude and progression rate of stiffness degradation, as well as the accumulation of excess pore water pressure. Nevertheless, the increase of <em>σ</em>_v0<em>′</em> diminishes the effect of <em>f</em>, indicating that the existence of a critical <em>σ</em>_v0<em>′</em> makes the cyclic response of the tested marine clay relatively insensitive to <em>f</em>. A micromechanical framework incorporating the electrical double-layer theory was established to mechanistically interpret the frequency-dependent attenuation of pore pressure accumulation. Furthermore, both <em>γ</em>_td and <em>γ</em>_tp increase with <em>σ</em>_v0<em>′</em>, while remaining independent of <em>f</em>, with <em>γ</em>_tp being notably larger than <em>γ</em>_td. Consequently, evaluation models of <em>γ</em>_td and <em>γ</em>_tp for clays with various <em>I</em>_P and <em>σ</em>_v0<em>′</em> are proposed based on previously published data. This approach serves as a crucial reference for engineering construction practices by evaluating the necessity of considering the effect of soil cyclic degradation on the dynamic response of structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 108306"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability analysis of a rock slope-pile-anchor coupled reinforcement system with bedding weak zones using an improved SPH method","authors":"Ming Peng,&nbsp;Xinyi Guo,&nbsp;Chengzhi Xia,&nbsp;Zhenming Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frequent failure of rock slopes with bedding weak zones necessitates the development of control strategies for disaster prevention. Anchors, combined with piles, are widely used in slope engineering, with their reinforcement effect highly dependent on specific technical parameters. However, current studies have not sufficiently investigated the evolution of the reinforcement effect in support structures under large deformation of rock slopes. In this study, an improved Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is developed, incorporating a particle domain search algorithm to simulate the pile-anchor structures. Besides, a fracture indicator is introduced to refine the smooth kernel function, enabling accurate tracking of damaged particles, while the contact behavior between damaged particles is rigorously defined using a point-to-point contact algorithm. The improved SPH method accurately reproduces the large deformation and progressive failure processes of the rock slope pile-anchor coupled reinforcement system (SPAS) with bedding weak zones. Anchors exhibit optimal performance within a specific range of anchor length, spacing, and inclination, thereby inducing failure mode transitions of SPAS. Notably, a U-shaped relationship with anchor inclination angle is observed in SPAS stability due to the reinforcement of intermediate-angle anchors on the dominant failure path. The reinforcement effect is also highly sensitive to the angle between anchors and bedding planes. We infer that the results provide guidance for slope reinforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 108305"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilient and accumulative deformation properties of lateritic soil considering interparticle cementation damage","authors":"Weizheng Liu ,&nbsp;Xuanjia Huang ,&nbsp;Zhaofeng Chen ,&nbsp;Jun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lateritic soil is rich in free iron oxide (FIO), which enhances interparticle cementation and significantly affects deformation characteristics; however, how interparticle cementation damage influences the dynamic behaviors of lateritic soil remains unknown. The dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate treatment method was used to remove FIO from lateritic soil. Dynamic triaxial tests and microstructure tests were conducted on lateritic soils with different FIO removal rates. The influences of interparticle cementation damage on the resilient strain, resilient modulus, and accumulative plastic strain of lateritic soil were quantitatively analysed. The chemical composition and microstructure of lateritic soil under different FIO removal rates were analysed through microscopic tests. The results indicate that as the FIO removal rate and dynamic deviator stress increase, the dynamic resilient modulus decreases and the resilient strain increases compared with those of the samples without FIO removal. The removal of FIO from the lateritic soil resulted in interparticle cementation damage, and the stress–strain state changed from plastic stability to incremental failure. The prediction models of the dynamic resilient modulus, resilient strain, and accumulative plastic strain were established considering the dynamic deviatoric stress and FIO removal rate. In this research, the effect of interparticle cementation damage on accumulative deformation evolution is quantified, and these results provide insight into the mechanism underlying stiffness softening in lateritic soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 108304"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into convergent slope instability: Physical modeling and stability analysis","authors":"Kun Fang ,&nbsp;Shixun Jia ,&nbsp;Huiming Tang ,&nbsp;Ao Dong ,&nbsp;Bingdong Ding ,&nbsp;Pengju An ,&nbsp;Bocheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Minghao Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Convergent slope failures are prevalent in mountainous regions. The substantial energy concentration at the toe of convergent slopes predisposes them to catastrophic, high-velocity slides triggered by rainfall or seismic events, often resulting in significant devastation. This investigation employs a combined physical modeling and stability analysis approach to elucidate the intricate deformational behaviors and failure mechanisms inherent to convergent slope. Utilizing a tilt table apparatus, a comprehensive series of geomechanical model tests were conducted to systematically analyze slope kinematics. A novel analytical framework, predicated on hopper theory, was developed to quantitatively assess slope stability, subsequently corroborated through comparative experimental validation. Results reveal significant differential movement and heterogeneous shear strain distributions between yielding and stationary domains, substantiating the fundamental arching mechanism operative within convergent slopes. The slope stability is controlled by geomaterial properties, including bulk density, unconfined compressive strength, interfacial friction characteristics, geometric configurations, and kinematic boundary conditions. The remarkable concordance between theoretical predictions and physical model observations validates the proposed assessment approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 108295"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting InSAR-derived slope movement from climate records at Baihetan reservoir","authors":"Jiawei Dun ,&nbsp;Jun He ,&nbsp;Luigi Lombardo ,&nbsp;Ling Chang ,&nbsp;Wenkai Feng ,&nbsp;Hakan Tanyas","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has become a powerful tool for monitoring hillslope deformation. Recent advances have focused on integrating InSAR with predictive models, yet limited effort has been dedicated to developing scenario-based prediction of hillslope deformation informed by climatological records to assess potential geomorphological hazards under future extreme weather conditions. This study investigates slope instability near the Baihetan Reservoir in China, where notable deformation followed its impoundment in 2021. Using Sentinel-1 images (2021–2024), we applied SBAS and PSI techniques to detect 78 and 65 deformation anomalies from descending and ascending orbits, respectively. A two-dimensional Temporal Convolutional Network (2D-TCN) was developed to predict deformation based on slope angle, precipitation, temperature, and reservoir level. We simulated eight extreme weather scenarios based on 40 years of historical climate data. Results show the model reliably predicts spatiotemporal deformation, with the most hazardous scenarios involving &gt;740 mm precipitation, reservoir level rise, and temperatures &gt;20 °C. For example, the Xiapingzi landslide showed &gt;100 mm deformation within 60 days under one scenario. Although the model itself is not directly transferable to other regions, the framework and workflow are. This approach supports proactive hazard management by quantifying landslide responses to extreme weather, providing a valuable tool for scenario-based risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 108302"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}