Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Monotonic fluid injection induces fault instability and slip: A laboratory study","authors":"Jianfeng Liu ,&nbsp;Chengxing Zhao ,&nbsp;Hangyu Dai ,&nbsp;Jinbing Wei ,&nbsp;Jianxiong Yang ,&nbsp;Huining Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the instability and slip behavior of Longmaxi shale faults with specific surface morphologies under monotonic fluid injection. The results indicate that the slip process can be categorized into dynamic and quasi-dynamic slip stages, with both the injection rate and surface morphology significantly influencing fault slip characteristics and stability. An increase in the injection rate and a decrease in surface roughness lead to a notable rise in dynamic slip displacement and released energy <em>E</em>_s, causing the overall slip mode to transition from slow slip to seismic slip. Furthermore, the seismic injection efficiency observed in this study (5.4 × 10^−3% ∼ 7.9 × 10^−1%) aligns well with results from other experiments, numerical simulations, and field observations. The relationships among seismic injection efficiency, seismic moment magnitude <em>M</em>_w, seismic moment <em>M</em>₀, and released energy <em>E</em>_s are also strongly affected by fault surface morphology. When fluid pressure exhibits heterogeneity along the fault, the rapid increase in driving shear stress τ_d in the unpressurized zone may not only mitigate fluid overpressure but also enhance the fault's sensitivity to fluid injection, leading to higher <em>M</em>_w and <em>M</em>₀. This work provides critical theoretical insights and technical guidance for assessing and mitigating seismic risks associated with shale gas extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108047"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VoxFall: Non-parametric volumetric change detection for rockfalls","authors":"Ioannis Farmakis,&nbsp;Davide Ettore Guccione,&nbsp;Klaus Thoeni,&nbsp;Anna Giacomini","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surveying methods such as digital photogrammetry and laser scanning have been used to detect surficial changes by comparing two 3D models. This study deals with the manipulation of 3D digital models of rock slopes within the scope of rockfall monitoring which includes the objective of detecting and quantifying rockfall events as discrete blocks. Current change detection methods for rockfalls are based on distance computation between two rock slope models complemented successively by spatial clustering and cluster shape reconstruction routines, and include severe challenges associated with the profound interdependence of parameter tuning between the different steps. To solve these issues, we introduce a new algorithm – VoxFall – that does not rely on distance computation and its objective is to eliminate user subjectivity by launching a new tool for rockfall monitoring that would only be controlled by the quality of the input data. The method treats the two input models as a single scene and applies two steps: 1) fitting an occupancy voxel grid of a resolution defined by the registration error; 2) empty space clustering and volume computation based on voxel adjacency. Comparison with existing methods across both synthetic and real rock slope datasets demonstrates the sensitivity of the distance-based methods and the dependency on the input parameters compared to the results of our method. Application on original data predicts almost perfectly the rockfall volume (0.3 % difference) within an arrangement of recorded rockfall events. We provide evidence of current techniques requiring pre-existing knowledge of rockfall activity to tune them while VoxFall comprises a unified framework that enables direct accurate volume detection and clustering with no user intervention. The algorithm has been implemented in an open-source software package.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108045"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure process analysis of a catastrophic landslide in Zhenxiong triggered by prolonged low-intensity rainfall using centrifuge tests","authors":"Qiankuan Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Aiguo Xing ,&nbsp;Yiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Zhuang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainfall-induced landslides are a prevalent geological hazard worldwide, causing severe ecological and socio-economic impacts. While they can be triggered by extreme rainfall, typhoon storms, and prolonged low-intensity rainfall, the damage caused by landslides from prolonged low-intensity rainfall is often underestimated. However, catastrophic landslides can occur when such rainfall couples with fragile geological conditions and groundwater seepage. In January 2013 and January 2024, two devastating landslides occurred in Zhenxiong County, each causing over 40 fatalities. Both events occurred during Zhenxiong's unique prolonged rainy (snowy) season, drawing significant attention from researchers. We conducted a centrifuge test to simulate the failure process of the Zhaojiagou landslide in 2013 under the influence of prolonged low-intensity rainfall and groundwater seepage. Furthermore, the high mobility genesis and post-disaster deformation evolution of the disaster were analyzed based on ring shear tests and remote sensing interpretation. Our work reveals the destabilization behavior and failure characteristics of catastrophic landslides induced by prolonged low-intensity rainfall. It also offers insights into the coupling effect of geology, rainfall, and groundwater on small-scale landslides that turn into major disasters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108044"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creep parameter inversion and long-term deformation prediction of a near-dam slope considering spatio-temporal deformation data during construction and impoundment period","authors":"Yaoru Liu ,&nbsp;Wenyu Zhuang ,&nbsp;Chenfeng Gao ,&nbsp;Chengyao Wei ,&nbsp;Lijun Xue ,&nbsp;Qiang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adequate calibration of material parameters is the prerequisite for credible long-term deformation prediction of reservoir bank slopes. In this study, a creep parameter inversion method accounting for water effect and mechanical characteristics of rock masses is proposed. The elasto-viscoplastic model based on internal variables is introduced in inversion, which incorporates transient pore pressure effect, progressive strength degradation in hydro-fluctuation belt and saturated zone, as well as dam-foundation interaction induced by periodic water level fluctuations. The inversion process integrates a metaheuristic algorithm (improved adaptive genetic algorithm, IAGA) with a BP neural network-based (BPNN) surrogate model. A segmented and incremental strategy is implemented in objective function to capture the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the deformations observed at each point. Besides, random perturbation coefficients, derived from statistical experimental results of multiple hydropower projects, are introduced to constrain friction coefficient (<em>f</em>) and cohesion (<em>c</em>), addressing the heteroscedastic nature of strength parameters. Leveraging deformation measurements spanning approximately 17 years from 27 observation points during the construction and impoundment periods, an inversion is performed on 48 creep parameters across 8 materials of a near-dam slope. Based on the calibrated parameters, predictions are made for the convergence time, stabilization time, and ultimate deformation. The results indicate that the calculated deformation aligns well with field observations, revealing that certain portions of the slope remain in a stress adjustment phase. The predicted deformation convergence is expected between 2025 and 2036, with stabilization occurring between 2034 and 2039, and an ultimate deformation ranging from 165 to 215 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108043"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New paradigm for sand liquefaction under cyclic loadings","authors":"Guoxing Chen ,&nbsp;Xing Xiao ,&nbsp;Qi Wu ,&nbsp;You Qin ,&nbsp;Hongmei Gao ,&nbsp;Chengshun Xu ,&nbsp;Armin W. Stuedlein","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite over six decades of field and laboratory investigations, theoretical studies, and advances in constitutive modeling, questions remain on the fundamental issues concerning liquefaction mechanisms, the collective influence of multiple factors on excess pore water pressure (EPWP) generation, and liquefaction triggering criteria. This paper presents the general apparent viscosity- and average flow coefficient-based methodology for quantifying the solid-liquid phase-change process of liquefiable soil under undrained cyclic loading. The analysis reveals that the evolution of the soil particle-fabric system is the fundamental physico-mechanical mechanism behind EPWP generation in a liquefiable soil, with the accompanying change in soil physical state serving as the intrinsic mechanism driving EPWP generation. The study further identifies the physico-mechanical foundations of EPWP generation, as well as the inherent causes and a unified quantitative characterization of the coupled influences of multiple factors on EPWP generation. This work presents the novel observation that the marginal peak excess pore pressure ratio (<em>r</em>_{<em>u</em>,pm}) between the solid-liquid mixed phase and the liquid phase of liquefiable soil can be identified accurately and that <em>r</em>_{<em>u</em>,pm} is characterized by its inherent robustness. A <em>r</em>_{<em>u</em>,pm} value of 0.90 can be used as a liquefaction triggering criterion for soils both in laboratory element tests and in the field. Another original finding is that the liquefaction triggering resistance curve is the threshold state curve between solid-liquid mixed phase and transiently liquid phase of a liquefiable soil and is unique for a specific initial physical state. The definitions of liquefaction triggering and corresponding liquefaction triggering resistance are clear and unambiguous and have the same physico-mechanical basis. The insights obtained in this paper will potentially enable the scientific and engineering communities to reinterpret the liquefaction mechanism, its evaluation, and liquefaction mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108041"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of metal cations on the yield stress of montmorillonite debris flow: Double layer analysis and novel model establishment","authors":"Wenfeng Zhu,&nbsp;Jiajun Zhang,&nbsp;Qiquan Deng,&nbsp;Yingli Zhang,&nbsp;Jiupeng Zhang,&nbsp;Zhijia Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yield stress is an important parameter determining the transport of debris flow. The main metal cations (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Al³⁺), of debris flow, were seldom studied on the yield stress. In this paper, clay, standard sand and gravel are configured in the ratio of 1:2:4 by mass to form the solid-phase portion of the debris flow respectively. Various metal cations (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Al³⁺) with different concentrations were used to investigate the microstructure, bound water content, zeta potential, and yield stress of montmorillonite debris flow. Metal cations had little effect on the microstructure of montmorillonite particles, but they could significantly compress the thickness of the double layer. When the concentration of Al³⁺ reached 0.039 mol/L, the weakly bound water content decreased to 136.8 %. This led to a dramatic decrease in the yield stress of the debris flow from 189.3 Pa (without metal cations) to 1.6 Pa (0.039 mol/L Al³⁺). Furthermore, the higher the valence state of the metal cation, the more significant the weakening effect on the yield stress of the debris flow. When the water content of the debris flow increases from 26.3 % to 37 %, the yield stress drops precipitously from 1727.5 Pa to 119 Pa. In the debris flow with a water content of 26.3 %, the yield stress even drops below 119 Pa, reaching 98.3 Pa under the action of 0.019 mol/L of Ca²⁺. By introducing Avogadro's number (Na), the shielding coefficient (<span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>d</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>f</mi></msub><mi>Vs</mi></mfrac><mo>∗</mo><msup><mi>θ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></math></span>), and further revising the size of montmorillonite particles, comparing the novel model results with the measured data, the accuracy of the model was verified from three aspects: zeta potential, metal cation concentration, and water content. Metal cations reduce the surface charge of montmorillonite, resulting in a decrease in zeta potential and a weakening of the adsorption capacity of bound water. Within the range of zeta potential from −9.3 to −8.5 mV, metal cation concentration from 0 to 0.02 mol/L, and water content from 26.3 % to 37 %, the yield stress decreases significantly. This study provides a theoretical reference for subsequent research on the initiation mechanism and transport laws of debris flows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108026"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the bimodal SWCC of highly weathered tropical soils using grain-size information","authors":"Roberto D. Alves ,&nbsp;Gilson de F.N. Gitirana Jr ,&nbsp;Sai K. Vanapalli","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of highly weathered tropical soils is often bimodal, presenting two main slopes that are strongly related to the macro and micropores. The bimodal SWCC behavior is commonly attributed to fine particle aggregations that affect soil fabric and its pore-size distribution. In this paper, the relationship between basic soil properties (e.g., the Atterberg limits and the grain-size distribution) and the bimodal SWCCs are investigated using a database comprised of 40 different remolded and undisturbed soils. The proposed modeling framework is based on the relationship between the pore-size and the grain-size distributions, using a newly proposed soil property called the <em>β</em>-function. The findings suggest that microporosity has a strong relationship with the liquid limit whereas the total porosity varies mainly as a function of the macrostructure. The grain-size distribution curves under aggregated and disaggregated conditions offer key information on the degree of aggregation and, consequently, on the retention properties of macro and micropores. Several basic soil properties are found to be related to the desaturation zones of the micro and macropores, including the coefficient of uniformity of the fine particle range and the degree of particle aggregation. The developed model offers reasonable estimations for suctions up to approximately 20,000 kPa, with performance exceeding R² values of 0.80.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108031"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial shearing characteristics between siliceous sand and the various scales of bioinspired scaled suction caisson during penetration","authors":"Jipeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Dayong Li ,&nbsp;Yukun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Siliceous sand is widely encountered in the Yellow Sea, China, in which offshore wind and photovoltaic farms have been gradually constructed. The suction caisson has been proven to be suitable to support the upper structures due to its easy installation and retrieval. However, the high strength and compactness of the siliceous sand may increase the difficulty in the suction caisson installation. Also, the soil parameters are the key factors in designing the suction caisson. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative scaled suction caisson (SSC), which features easy penetration, high bearing capacity, and elimination of grouting in the gap between the soil plug and the cap. Compared with the traditional suction caisson, a bio-inspired design concept on its outer sidewall mimics the characteristics of snake belly scales to reduce resistance during installation and to increase resistance when being subjected to uplift. Smooth penetration to the design depth is crucial under reasonable arrangement of the scales. Therefore, the arrangement of scales on the outer sidewall in the design of the SSC is examined through a series of direct shear tests. The interface shear behaviors of sand-sand and sand-scaled steel are investigated with various scale types, scale heights, scale aspect ratios, sand grain gradations, and normal stresses. Results show that the sand-sand interface exhibits strain softening. The amount of sand roundness exceeding 0.7 for sizes 0.5–1.0 mm and 1.0–2.0 mm is 67.92 % and 41.55 %, respectively. Under identical sand particle size and normal stress conditions, the interface shear stress at the sand-scaled steel increases first and then decreases with increasing scale height for similar types of scales. Under normal stresses of 200 kPa and 400 kPa, the number of sand particles in 0.5–1.0 mm increases by 7.96 % and 8.29 %, respectively, after shearing for sand size 1.0–2.0 mm with scaled steel plates. In addition, as the scale height increases during shearing, two shear zones are observed: the sand-scaled steel shear zone and the sand-sand shear zone. Meanwhile, the theoretical formulas for calculating the critical shear stress are obtained. Finally, the peak shear stress, stress ratios and sand vertical movement at the sand-scaled steel interface are analyzed, determining the optimal geometric characteristics and arrangement of scales. This study can provide guidance for the construction of foundation structure in marine geological engineering of siliceous sand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108040"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143678176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical estimation of river blockage and the whole lifecycle of landslide-generated impulse waves in mountain reservoirs using a hybrid DEM-SPH and SWEs method","authors":"Hangsheng Ma ,&nbsp;Huanling Wang ,&nbsp;Weiya Xu ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Shi ,&nbsp;Jing Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslides occurring in mountain reservoirs could induce severe geological hazards, posing substantial risks on both the infrastructure and life. Considering the hazards always encompass different spatial and temporal scales, this paper proposes a novel hybrid Discrete Element Method (DEM) - Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Shallow Water Equations (SWEs) method to study the landslide motion and the whole lifecycle of LGIWs in a mountain reservoir. In the proposed method, the connecting between the DEM-SPH model and SWEs model is realized by transferring the hydrodynamic condition from the DEM-SPH model to SWEs model after the landslide halts, and the topography of the river channel is reconstructed based on the deposit morphology. After the validation, this method is applied to predict the hazard chains induced by ZJ landslide. The processes of landslide sliding, accumulation, impulse wave generation, propagation, running up on the dam, and dissipation are studied. The deposit morphology of the landslide and the distribution of the maximum water level are obtained. In addition, some special phenomena, such as the drainage of water from the deposit, dam-break-liked impulse waves, multiple reflections of impulse waves between the deposit and dam, and the rise of water level, are discovered under the influence of both river topography and landslide deposit. This study presents the first application of the 3D coupled DEM-SPH model in the nested near-field and far-field method, provides a useful method to comprehensively study the whole landslide-induced hazard chains in mountain reservoirs, and offers valuable references for disaster prevention and reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of fracture spatial distributions and fast reconstruction of discrete fracture networks model based on non-parametric kernel density estimation method","authors":"Xianzhen Mi ,&nbsp;Liyuan Yu ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Richeng Liu ,&nbsp;Bowen Hu ,&nbsp;Shikai Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fracture spatial distributions significantly impact the mechanical properties of rocks and play a vital role in subsurface flow and transmission. However, many studies generate random geometrical distributions for fractures, leading to unrealistic subsurface models. This paper describes a new method for analyzing and modeling fracture spatial distributions based on borehole and outcrop observations. The center of gravity of the fracture is used to define the fracture position, and the non-parametric kernel density estimation is used to analyze the cluster distribution of the fractures in space. Then, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is utilized to rapidly determine the fracture position. Finally, the length and occurrence of fractures are generated by the Monte Carlo method, and the discrete fracture network (DFN) is reconstructed in Matlab. This approach is applied to three field examples. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the generated fracture morphology exhibits flow behavior similar to the original fracture network. Furthermore, it is found that the fractal dimension of the fracture center point (<em>C</em>) can characterize the spatial distribution of fractures and shows a logarithmic normal relationship with fracture permeability. This modeling method accelerates the speed of complex DFN reconstruction and improves the ability to quantify the permeability of fractured rock mass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108034"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}