Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Permeability of granitic drill core tested by steady flow and transient flow gas permeameter probes: Improvements to methods and applications","authors":"J. Scibek ,&nbsp;T. Kubo ,&nbsp;K. Koike ,&nbsp;P. Achtziger-Zupančič","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The permeability of undeformed, deformed and/or altered granites (Toki, Inada), and artificial porous ceramics, were tested by gas-probe permeameters (steady-state gas flow and transient pressure-pulse). The gas leak evaluation is essential in such tests. Here we demonstrate that stabilized apparent permeability vs. applied load does not guarantee no-leak condition, but the gas leaks are effectively prevented by an applied epoxy-resin seal-ring around each planned test spot, including on rough and vuggy rocks. The steady-state gas flow and the transient pressure pulse-decay tests show very close agreement in permeability results, if the differential test pressures and gas flow rates are approximately the same. The permeabilities begin to differ if the pressures do not match resulting from non-Darcy gas flow effects that depend on the gas flow rate. The pressure-decay test is analyzed at small data segments to show the change of apparent permeability with differential pressure (from non-Darcy to Darcy regime). In tests on rocks of low permeability, the correction for environmental temperature variation is simple to implement. For rocks with permeability larger than about 10⁻¹⁷ m², the temperature variation does not affect the flow regime and no corrections need to be applied. Gas cooling due to depressurization did not significantly affect the transient pressure pulse-decay test results from later-time analysis of test data as low injection pressures are commonly used in pulse tests. However, impacts on early time data analysis need to be considered. The results of the absolute permeability from pressure-decay gas probe tests are matching published water-based permeameters within a half order of magnitude, which is within the uncertainty of these published data. On low-permeability granite, wider tests spots are better at testing the few dominant microfracture conduits than small spots. With appropriate probe-rock sealing methods and corrections, the probe-gas tip permeameter has been shown to correctly measure permeability in granite down to 10⁻²⁰ m² absolute permeability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"351 ","pages":"Article 108023"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of landslide dam stability and influencing factors analysis","authors":"Zhen-yu Feng ,&nbsp;Jia-wen Zhou ,&nbsp;Xing-guo Yang ,&nbsp;Long-jin Tan ,&nbsp;Hai-mei Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient prediction of landslide dam stability is crucial for emergency response and damage reduction. In this study, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on eight landslide dam characteristics. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Logistic Regression (LR), are then applied to predict the stability of landslide dams. This prediction is based on two stability definitions: the dam's ability to endure for over a year and its collapse status at the time of the study. The results derived from the test set distinctly demonstrate that the RF model outperforms the other three ones in terms of its effectiveness. By employing the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), the issue of the RF model being biased towards predicting unstable dams due to imbalanced samples has been effectively alleviated. This approach resulted in overall accuracies of 76.19 % and 82.35 %, with biases of 0.8 % and 11.6 % and Classification Efficiency Index (CEI) values of 1.024 and 1.046, respectively, under the two stability definitions. Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it is further determined that the largest 5 % of particles constitute the primary materials influencing the stability of landslide dams. Additionally, a novel index termed the dam composition index (DCI) has been proposed to characterize the gradation of landslide dams. The proposed prediction method for landslide dam stability demonstrates outstanding performance and contributes to more effective emergency planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault materials and creep characteristics in mudstone areas: A case study of Chegualin Fault in southwestern Taiwan","authors":"Pin-Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Yen-Hua Chen ,&nbsp;Ming-Chih Hsieh ,&nbsp;Yan-Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Chien-Che Huang ,&nbsp;Wei-Teh Jiang ,&nbsp;Jey-Jau Lee ,&nbsp;Yao-Chang Lee ,&nbsp;Hwo-Shuenn Sheu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The active Chegualin Fault in southwestern Taiwan's mudstones exhibits high annual horizontal and vertical displacement rates, severely damaging the viaduct section of National Freeway No. 3 and endangering driving safety. The Chegualin Fault displays interseismic creep characteristics, which have always been a topic of concern. This study discusses the factors that affect fault behavior, including the mineral phases, microstructure, water content, water-rock reactions, and water sources in the Chegualin Fault zone. We proposed a fault creep model and monitoring indicators for the fault creep mechanism. The experimental results revealed that the deformation and weakening mechanisms of the Chegualin Fault are primarily associated with mechanical deformation, mineral composition, water, and chemical reactions. Optical microscopy demonstrated the development of microstructures in the fault rock influenced by stress, while scanning electron microscopy showed feldspar alteration, sulfate mineral precipitation, and carbonate mineral deposition, indicating fluid involvement and water-rock reactions. The high content of smectite clay minerals in the fault core influenced fault slip by affecting water content, friction coefficients, and healing rates. Water, a crucial factor influencing fault rock deformation and movement mechanisms, originates from three primary sources: meteoric water, formation water, and clay-mineral dehydration. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, as well as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, showed a higher water content in the fault core and damage zone, predominantly in the form of adsorbed and interlayer water. The proposed Chegualin Fault creep model consists of six stages: I. Increase in water supply; II. Weakening of the fault; III. Stress release leading to fault slip; IV. Fault-slip caused rock fragmentation and microstructural development; V. Diffusion and adsorption to reduce water content; and VI. Fault restoration to stability and initiation of healing. This model suggests that during periods of increasing water supply, the fault underwent a cycle of slow-slip events and exhibited periodic creep behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108020"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic stability of slope considering material properties and geometric characteristics","authors":"Faqiao Qian ,&nbsp;Yahong Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthquake is one of the main factors inducing landslide. By establishing a viscoelastic soil-elastic bedrock binary slope model, this research proposes a seismic stability evaluation approach that can consider the material properties and geometric characteristics of the slope. First, it is assumed that seismic waves vertically propagate from the base as harmonic waves. Second, the model satisfies the following boundary conditions: (1) the stress at the free surface is null; (2) the stress and displacement are continuous at the soil-bedrock interface. Third, the displacement and acceleration formulas for the viscoelastic soil-elastic bedrock binary slope model during earthquakes are derived. Finally, combining the limit equilibrium theory, a safety factor formula is developed, and a new modified pseudo-dynamic method (<em>MPDM</em>_<em>E</em>) based on the elastic bedrock assumption is proposed. The results show that the <em>MPDM</em>_<em>E</em> can reflect the dynamic response characteristics of slopes, and its seismic stability is related to the material properties and geometric characteristics. When the bedrock is elastic, the upper soil does not exhibit resonance due to the presence of impedance and damping ratios. If the impedance ratio is small, the acceleration in the soil reaches its maximum near <em>ωH</em>₀/<em>vₛ</em> = π/2. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the most sensitive parameters affecting the safety factor are the soil strength parameters, including the internal friction angle <em>φ</em> and cohesion <em>c</em>. These are followed by the slope angle <em>α</em>, soil unit weight <em>γₛ</em>, frequency <em>f</em>, and upward wave amplitude <em>a_h</em>₁. The least sensitive parameters are the distance between the bedrock and the slope toe (<em>H</em>₀<img><em>H</em>), soil shear modulus <em>G</em>ₛ, and damping ratio <em>D</em>. Lastly, degradation verification shows that the safety factors calculated using pseudo-static method (<em>PSM</em>), modified pseudo-dynamic method (<em>MPDM</em>), and <em>MPDM</em>_<em>E</em> are consistent, indicating the stability and reliability of the new approach proposed in this study. This approach can provide a theoretical basis for seismic slope stability evaluation, engineering design and post-earthquake emergency rescue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108025"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic slope analysis considering the cross-correlation among soil properties of mountain slopes in South Korea","authors":"Sung-Ha Baek ,&nbsp;Taeho Bong","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The uncertainty of soil properties and their cross-correlations play significant roles in probabilistic results, emphasizing the need to consider rational and accurate values. In this study, the cross-correlations among soil properties (cohesion, friction angle, and unit weight of soil) were identified using data obtained from 100 ground surveys conducted on natural mountain slopes, confirming a strong correlation among the key soil parameters in the slope stability analysis. Their cross-correlations were discussed in comparison with previously reported values, and a valid correlation matrix with internal consistency was established. To assess the influence of spatial variability of soil properties and their cross-correlation, a probabilistic analysis of slope stability was conducted, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to measure the relative contribution of the variability in soil properties to the uncertainty in the factor of safety for slope stability. Consequently, the cross-correlations among soil properties are crucial for deriving reliable results. In particular, although the variability of the unit weight of soil and its correlation with other soil properties have often been ignored, considering these factors and establishing the correct correlation matrix have a significant effect on the results of probabilistic analysis. Additionally, the results of sensitivity analysis indicated that the sensitivity of soil properties to the factor of safety for slope stability was significantly influenced by their cross-correlation matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108014"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty analysis of 3D post-failure behavior in landslide and reinforced slope based on the SPH method and the random field theory","authors":"Dianlei Feng ,&nbsp;Lin Gan ,&nbsp;Min Xiong ,&nbsp;Weile Li ,&nbsp;Yu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, the three-dimensional (3D) landslide post-failure behaviors probabilistic model has been limited due to many technical challenges, especially computational efficiency. This also restrains the exploration of the impact of geometries and geo-conditions in the direction perpendicular to the 2D plane. This study proposes a novel 3D stochastic numerical simulation model combined the high-performance GPU-accelerated SPH method with geotechnical random field theory. Utilizing GPUs for deterministic calculation of landslide large deformation post-behavior achieves computational speeds exceeding those of CPUs by approximately 53 to 100 times. Furtherly, the computational cost as low as 4.3 min per deterministic sample, thus markedly enhancing computational efficiency. Moreover, it considers the number of Karhunen-Loève expansion terms, the fluctuation scale of anisotropy in the direction perpendicular to the 2D plane, and the cross-correlation of the internal friction angle and cohesion to illustrate their influence on probability distribution and variability of landslide behavior indexes. Additionally, slope model with retaining wall is conduct for risk assessment, which suggests that strengthening reinforcement of slope may not only restrains the post-failure behavior of landslide, but also optimizes the probability distribution of its evaluation indexes, reducing the difficulty of prediction. The 3D stochastic simulation framework excels in characterizing complex slope geometries and geo-conditions, providing more accurate risk assessment and mechanism analysis of landslides. This study advances the understanding of 3D landslide large deformation risk analysis, offering practical insights for real-region slope engineering application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freeze-thaw migration behavior of scree deposits in the cold regions: Insight from physical model test","authors":"Weibo Li ,&nbsp;Qinglu Deng ,&nbsp;Pengju An ,&nbsp;Zhiyao Zhou ,&nbsp;Kun Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cold regions, the migration of soil and rock particles during freeze-thaw cycles results in uniquely patterned ground. Migration mechanisms of rock particles with inverse grading in talus are still unclear in scree deposits. Here, we designed a physical model test using a camera, a displacement meter, and a thermometer to investigate the migration behavior and related migration mechanisms of scree deposits by freeze-thaw cycles. The results show that the downward displacement of small particles was 16 to 26 times greater than that of large particles, causing small particles to aggregate downward and large particles to be exposed at the surface, thereby exhibiting the phenomenon of inverse grading. The freeze-thaw cycles process causes particles to move and rotate, which leads to smaller particles migrating along the widening gaps between larger particles. Finally, the mechanism of “freeze-thaw microseismicity” in talus is proposed to explain the migration process of scree deposits through freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108018"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permafrost thawing characterization in engineering scale by multi-geophysical methods: A case study from the Tibet Plateau","authors":"Junkai Ge ,&nbsp;Huaifeng Sun ,&nbsp;Rui Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiyou Huang ,&nbsp;Bo Tian ,&nbsp;Lanbo Liu ,&nbsp;Ziqiang Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The freeze-thaw cycles in permafrost regions significantly impact infrastructure stability. While satellite sensing provides a broad perspective for engineering site selection, it lacks the in-depth assessments. Geophysical methods can effectively provide valuable insights into the states of permafrost thawing, but any single method has limitations. To address this, we applied an integrated geophysical approach using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), ambient-noise seismic interferometry (ANSI), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based infrared imaging to assess permafrost conditions in the Tuotuo River Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Our multi-method survey delineated thawed zones and active layers. The results revealed that a large-scale thawed zone was primarily caused by surface heat absorption, rain infiltration, and sandy soil conditions. We also evaluated the strengths and limitations of each geophysical method, demonstrating their complementarity in permafrost detection. These findings provide a valuable reference for geophysical site assessments and help mitigate engineering risks in permafrost areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108012"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-source data-based quantitative risk analysis of road networks to slow-moving landslides","authors":"D. Peduto ,&nbsp;G. Nicodemo ,&nbsp;D. Luongo ,&nbsp;L. Borrelli ,&nbsp;D. Reale ,&nbsp;S. Ferlisi ,&nbsp;G. Fornaro ,&nbsp;G. Gullà","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper addresses the quantitative risk analysis for a state road crossing an area of southern Italian Apennines diffusively affected by slow-moving landslides. In this area, Palaeozoic gneissic rocks suffering from intense weathering processes, which produce complex and deep weathering profiles, are present, and this determines severe predisposing conditions to deep-seated slow-moving landslides. Although not directly threatening human lives, for years these slope instabilities have been causing damage and temporary traffic interruptions or limitations to many road sections. To pursue a sustainable landslide risk management, a method that fully exploits multi-disciplinary data consisting of geological-geomorphological features, geotechnical characterization of geomaterials, both conventional (i.e. GPS and inclinometer) and remote sensing (i.e. MT-DInSAR) displacement measurements, in-situ and virtual (i.e. Google Street View images) surveys, and probabilistic tools (i.e. fragility and vulnerability curves) is implemented. As a novelty, such a rich dataset allows overcoming some limitations of the (few) previous studies in the scientific literature on the analysis of the risk posed by slow-moving landslides to roads by exploiting <em>i)</em> the multi-temporal recording of the road damage to catch the response of the infrastructure (i.e. both the road pavement and the side retaining structures) with time, and <em>ii)</em> the association of the cumulative landslide-induced displacements with the corresponding damage in order to feed empirical forecasting tools for consequence analyses. The thorough knowledge of the slow-moving landslides and their interaction with the exposed roads are implemented within the proposed method to assess the direct economic losses in terms of repair costs, should no countermeasures or mitigation works be implemented in due time. Considering that the studied area resembles very typical conditions of inner roads in hilly and mountain areas of southern Italy, the method can represent a valuable tool for decision makers to prioritize money allocation for risk adaptation and mitigation actions for roads in similar geo-environmental contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 108011"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contact-dependent inertial number and μ(I) rheology for dry rock-ice granular materials","authors":"Yuhao Ren ,&nbsp;Fei Cai ,&nbsp;Qingqing Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiman Su","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To gain a deep understanding of the dynamics of dry rock-ice granular flows, the local rheology was investigated numerically. For mono-disperse granular materials, theoretically, the <em>μ</em>(<em>I</em>) rheology describes the relationship between the effective friction coefficient <em>μ</em> and inertial number <em>I</em>, and the solid volume fraction <em>Φ</em> depends linearly on the inertial number. The generality of these two relationships, however, remains unclear for the dry rock-ice granular materials that are dispersed in particle size, density, and surficial friction coefficient. This work numerically investigated the rock-ice mixtures flowing down a tilting flume using the discrete element method. A contact-dependent averaging method was proposed to determine the local inertial number integrating the contribution of all binary contacts. Moreover, a method was developed to predict the proportions of rock-rock, rock-ice, and ice-ice type of contacts, based on the coordination number. Specifically, the inter-phase coordination number ratio approaches the product of the inter-phase size and number ratios, enabling accurate predictions of contact proportions. The simulations demonstrate the numerical applicability of the <em>μ</em>(<em>I</em>) rheology and linear <em>Φ</em>(<em>I</em>) dependence to the bi- or poly-disperse dry rock-ice granular materials. Ice fragmentation significantly enhances the mixture mobility due to the increasing prevalence of ice-related contacts which exhibit lower friction. Compared with the commonly used volume-fraction averaged inertial number, the contact-proportion averaged inertial number incorporates local contact information, and its effect becomes more pronounced at higher size ratios and lower number ratios. These results underscore the importance of the particle dispersity of rock-ice granular materials, particularly in the case with substantial differences in particle size and number. The findings offer particle-scale insights for future research on friction and melting in rock-ice avalanches, while they need validation with experiments or field data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"350 ","pages":"Article 107995"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}