Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Determining a representative elementary area for soil desiccation cracking","authors":"C. Clay Goodman ,&nbsp;Farshid Vahedifard","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory tests involving soil desiccation cracking are subjected to geometrical boundary constraints that are not always present in field conditions. To better understand the effects of sample geometry on desiccation cracks, several researchers have used controlled climatic conditions coupled with image analysis to accurately quantify the crack characteristics of soil samples subjected to laboratory studies. However, to date, no known studies in the literature present a simple method for determining the appropriate sample size for laboratory desiccation cracking testing that ensures the effects of boundary conditions are minimized. The primary objective of this research is to address this gap by proposing an experimental approach to determine a representative elementary area (REA) for soil desiccation cracking studies in the laboratory. To achieve this, we conducted four series of tests using an environmental chamber. One preliminary test series was carried out to identify the optimal sample preparation and REA testing techniques. Subsequently, three additional series of REA tests were conducted with sample thicknesses of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mm to explore the impact of sample size on the REA. The REA for each sample thickness was determined by examining the surface area at which the surface crack ratio (R_SC) for the sample was unaffected by boundary constraints. The results indicate that as sample thickness increases, REA increases. Further research is needed to determine how the REA is affected by sample shape and soil type.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107831"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of alkaline solution and aging time on thermal conductivity of MX80 powder-granule mixtures","authors":"Jiesheng Shao ,&nbsp;De'an Sun ,&nbsp;Xiangyun Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhaotian Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhen Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the design of high-level nuclear waste (HLW) repositories, granular bentonite is esteemed as an effective sealant for interfacing the spaces that exist between the bentonite blocks and adjacent geological bodies. When degraded cement dissolves in groundwater, it generates an alkaline solution with a high pH. Therefore, determining whether the thermal conductivity of granular bentonite changes under the long-term effect of alkaline solution is essential for the repository safety. In this study an experimental investigation was conducted on the changes in the thermal conductivity of granular bentonite with an alkaline solution (NaOH solution) over time, with the effects of aging time, particle size distribution, alkaline solution content and concentration being considered. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was applied for examining the variations in mineral composition, while the pores and cracks analysis system (PCAS) was utilized to process previous SEM images, revealing the change in porosity. The test results are as follows. Increasing the alkaline concentration, average particle size or aging time leads to a decline in thermal conductivity, whereas a higher alkaline solution content enhances it. In descending order of effect, the factors influencing thermal conductivity are ranked as the alkaline solution content, particle size distribution, alkaline concentration, and aging time. The interaction effects exist between these different factors. The decrease of thermal conductivity is not only related to the increase in porosity caused by the dissolution of montmorillonite, but also to the decrease in quartz content. The evolution of thermal performance can be a reference for the design and construction of HLW repositories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107830"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights and modeling of the evolution of loess infiltration characteristics under multiple rainfalls induced by climate on the Loess Plateau of China","authors":"Haiman Wang ,&nbsp;Dong Liao ,&nbsp;Wankui Ni ,&nbsp;Kangze Yuan ,&nbsp;Siyuan Ren ,&nbsp;Yexia Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigates how climate-induced multiple rainfall infiltrations on the Loess Plateau result in microstructural changes in loess, subsequently influencing its infiltration characteristics. To simulate the loess infiltration properties under multiple rainfall events, three infiltration tests were performed using a vertical infiltration apparatus. Additionally, SEM and NMR techniques were employed to examine the microstructural alterations in loess pre- and post-infiltration. The findings reveal that in specimens with low dry density, multiple infiltrations primarily cause pore collapse, significantly reducing infiltration rate, wetting front advance velocity, saturated volumetric water content, and the slope of the SWRC. Conversely, in high dry density specimens, cementation and carbonate dissolution dominate, leading to the expansion of small pores and enhanced connectivity, which results in opposite infiltration characteristics. Based on these experimental outcomes, the traditional isotropic SWRC model was extended to account for deformation conditions by incorporating two additional parameters. This study's results hold both practical and theoretical significance for mitigating natural disasters induced by rainfall in loess regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107858"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-based time-of-failure determination of rainfall-induced instability in lateritic soil slopes","authors":"Sushant Rahul ,&nbsp;Akanksha Tyagi","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional time-of-failure estimated from slope surface displacement over time, ignores the crucial geotechnical and environmental causative factors that lead to slope instability. The instrumentation and monitoring are expensive, labour-intensive, and often not feasible for large number of hill slopes. This paper focuses on the physics-based determination of time-of-failure charts for laterite soil slopes prevalent in the Western Ghats of India, under rainfall infiltration. The finite element model was first validated by performing coupled flow deformation analysis of Kondavi soil cutting situated in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, India. The soil samples were collected from the site for basic geotechnical characterisation in the laboratory. In addition, the soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) was determined using the filter paper method, and the unsaturated parameters were obtained using the van Genuchten model. Following the validation of numerical model with the failed Kondavi cutting, the factor of safety (FOS) and time-of-failure (TOF) were studied for varying rainfall intensity, and permeability of the soil. The FOS and TOF charts were then established for varying slope angles (30°, 45°, 60°), effective cohesion (10 kPa, 18 kPa, 25 kPa), effective friction angle (22°, 25°, 28°), water table depth (25 m, 28 m, 30 m, 35 m) and height of slope (15 m, 25 m, 35 m). Results indicate that if rainfall intensity is lower than soil permeability, TOF depends on both the intensity and duration of the rainfall. Higher rainfall intensity leads to a shorter time of failure, and vice versa. Conversely, when rainfall intensity exceeds soil permeability, TOF is determined by the duration of rainfall and the permeability of soil, as the rainfall infiltrates at the saturated permeability rate regardless of its intensity. It is also observed that friction is the dominant parameter for initial FOS, while cohesion is the dominant parameter for the TOF of a rainfall-induced landslide. Finally, charts are proposed that shall serve as a preliminary guide for the determination of the TOF for rainfall-induced instability in the lateritic soil slopes of India. The performance of the charts is further evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted TOF of two other failed laterite cuttings. The implications of these findings are profound, as the proposed TOF charts can be integrated into early warning systems, contributing towards improved disaster mitigation and preparedness with timely decision making for adequate management of landslide associated risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107834"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suffusion characteristics of a heterogeneous dam foundation with a cut-off wall of stochastic defects","authors":"Zezhi Deng ,&nbsp;Gang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Jin ,&nbsp;Liangjun Deng ,&nbsp;Mingke Liao ,&nbsp;Qiuyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural alluvial foundations are inherently heterogeneous. To enhance seepage safety, a cut-off wall is commonly embedded in a dam foundation. However, walls can also have stochastic defects. The dual uncertainties arising from soil heterogeneity and wall defects pose significant challenges for seepage safety evaluation. In this study, systematic numerical simulations were conducted on an internally unstable dam foundation based on a four-constituent mixture framework. Soil heterogeneity was characterized by stochastic initial hydraulic conductivity and initial fines content. An erosion model, specifically incorporating the influence of overburden pressure, was employed to quantify suffusion. A probabilistic assessment utilizing Monte Carlo simulations revealed that suffusion in heterogeneous fields could be more severe than that in homogeneous fields. Various combinations of stochastic soil properties and defect locations can result in substantial disparities in seepage and erosion fields. The mean values of the total flux and the fines eroded ratio are insensitive to the spatial variation length, while their deviations increase with increasing spatial variation length, leading to larger uncertainties in the leakage channel morphology. For highly heterogeneous alluvial foundations with large spatial variations, conventional seepage and suffusion analyses that rely on homogeneous assumptions may considerably underestimate the internal erosion risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107829"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142790042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leeb hardness test as a tool for joint wall compressive strength (JCS) evaluation","authors":"A.G. Corkum ,&nbsp;B. Jeans ,&nbsp;D. Mas Ivars","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Barton-Bandis model for the nonlinear shear strength of rock joints is the most commonly used strength criterion in rock engineering practice. There have been advancements in determination of Joint Roughness Coefficient (<em>JRC</em>), such as the use of laser scanning; however, the equally important Joint Wall Compressive Strength (<em>JCS</em>) parameter has not been significantly advanced. The <em>JRC</em> and <em>JCS</em> are effectively linked, to some extent. A sensitive rebound hardness index test, the Leeb Hardness (LH) test, was investigated to provide a quantifiable and repeatable method of <em>JCS</em> determination that offers increased accuracy relative to current methods. The LH test value (<span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></math></span>) correlation to Unconfined Compressive Strength (<span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math></span>) is proposed for <em>JCS</em> determination. In addition, this study investigates the <em>Influence Zone</em> of the LH test on surfaces with graded hardness profiles (e.g., weathered surfaces). This was done using a series of artificial composite plaster-rock specimens of known hardness to provide insight into the influence effects on the surface <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></math></span> reading due to underlying material of contrasting hardness. In addition, a collection of natural rock specimens with variable joint wall hardness were collected and <span><math><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></math></span> profiles were obtained by sequential surface grinding and testing. These natural rock specimens included those with wall surface materials softer and harder relative to the underlying intact rock. A Hardness Contrast Type was proposed for classification of hardness contrast conditions. The study findings showed the LH test is a suitable tool for predicting <em>JCS</em> and a proposed methodology was presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107851"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the heterogeneous hydrogeological characteristics in the Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan, through observations from the multi-layer compaction monitoring wells","authors":"Reyhan Azeriansyah ,&nbsp;Kuo-En Ching ,&nbsp;Cheng-Wei Lin ,&nbsp;Kuo-Chin Hsu ,&nbsp;Pei-Ching Tsai ,&nbsp;Chao-Lung Yeh ,&nbsp;Ruey-Juin Rau","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An extensive monitoring dataset gathered from 35 multi-layer compaction monitoring wells (MLCWs), 83 groundwater level monitoring wells, and four extensometers were used in this study to comprehend the susceptibility of geological materials to land subsidence at the Choushui River alluvial fan due to the contrasting subsidence trends observed in the Yunlin (south) and Changhua (north) areas of the alluvial fan in central Taiwan. The precision of MLCW is approximately 0.5–2.5 mm based on the time series analysis. We proposed an alternative classification method that uses the alignment of seasonal fluctuation patterns observed through MLCWs, highlighting the compaction properties of subsurface strata. The resultant vertical and horizontal sensitivity models uncover the distinct inherent material properties and their response to groundwater extraction between the Yunlin and Changhua regions. The Yunlin region exhibits extensive land subsidence, mirroring a ‘big sponge’ due to its high porosity and low permeability. In contrast, the subsidence in the Changhua region is more localized, resulting from stratigraphic distinctions. This comprehensive analysis not only provides insights into the complex mechanisms driving land subsidence but also suggests innovative strategies for its mitigation, emphasizing the importance of nuanced understanding and tailored approaches in addressing this critical issue in Taiwan and similar settings worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107843"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling model for in-situ transformation of oil shale considering pore structure and anisotropy","authors":"Zijian Chen,&nbsp;Shengyuan Song,&nbsp;Wen Zhang,&nbsp;Shidi Mei,&nbsp;Shuo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The in-situ transformation of oil shale is an intricately complex process involving multiple physical field coupling. Through a series of laboratory experiments, this study reveals the relationship between the anisotropy of pore structure and the anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties in oil shale during the heating process. Results reveal that during heating, pyrolysis-induced parallel bedding macroscopic cracks significantly diminish thermal conductivity in the vertical bedding direction, drastically elevate permeability in the parallel bedding direction, and markedly decrease compressive strength in the parallel bedding direction and elastic modulus in the vertical bedding direction. Subsequently, we firstly propose a thermal-hydraulic-mechanical coupling model for the in-situ transformation of oil shale, which integrates anisotropic thermodynamic damage with a transversely isotropic constitutive model, to investigate the variation patterns of the reservoir temperature field, seepage field, stress field and displacement field during the convective heating process for in-situ transformation. Research findings indicate that: (1) the temperature field expands elliptically from the heating well and disseminates outwardly, achieving the target temperature across the entire reservoir by the 585th day of heating. (2) Permeability changes exhibit pronounced anisotropy and are tightly correlated with temperature fluctuations. (3) The distribution of pore pressure undergoes alterations due to temperature increases, which in turn impacts the heating rate of water vapor. (4) The vertical displacement change of the reservoir cap progresses through four distinct stages: a rapid increase phase, a brief rapid decrease phase, a transitional phase and a continuous decrease phase. Notably, the maximum expansion displacement is 0.056 m, while the maximum compression displacement reaches −0.081 m. This research not only provides significant scientific theoretical support for advancing the development of in-situ transformation technology for oil shale, but also offers reliable scientific evidence for large-scale industrial exploitation of oil shale in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107859"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating rainfall induced soil erosion through bio-approach: From laboratory test to field trail","authors":"Bo Liu,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang,&nbsp;Xiao-Hua Pan,&nbsp;Qing Cheng,&nbsp;Jin-Jian Xu,&nbsp;Chao Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme rainfall events exacerbated by global warming can pose great threats to soil stability, causing severe soil erosion and triggering various disasters, such as landslide, debris flow, and land degradation. This study explores the efficacy and critical influence factors of a bio-approach utilizing microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) for soil erosion control by conducting a series of laboratory tests. The field trial was also performed to explore the long-term effectiveness of MICP treatment on soil slope under natural rainfall. The laboratory tests results indicate that the peak penetration strength increased 4.43 times, and the soil slaking index and soil loss during rainfall decreased by up to 65.7 % and 92.6 % after MICP treatment. The optimal concentration of cementation solution was found to be 1.0 M. Both the one-phase and two-phase MICP methods proved effective in enhancing soil erosion resistance. However, the two-phase MICP method demonstrated a more pronounced impact on surface soil improvement, while the one-phase MICP method achieved a more uniform treatment effect. The 11-months field erosion trials validated the remarkbale durability of MICP treatment in controlling soil erosion. Additionally, more cycles of MICP treatment further enhanced the soil erosion resistance to rainfall. The bonding and filling effect of MICP-produced CaCO₃ precipitates played a crucial role in the improvement of soil water stability and mechnical strength, thereby significantly mitigating soil erosion caused by raindrop and surface runoff during natural rainfall. This study provides valuable suggestions for the pratical application of MICP approch on soil erosion control against increasing extreme rainfall, which is also expected to offer a controllable and sustainable soil improvement solution under the climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107842"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the deformation mechanism of chair-like bedding rock landslides under the coupling effect of geological and hydrological factors","authors":"Biao Wang ,&nbsp;Qingjun Zuo ,&nbsp;Maolin Deng ,&nbsp;Qinglin Yi ,&nbsp;Di Ruan ,&nbsp;Zhikang Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chair-like bedding rock landslides are prevalent in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA), necessitating further investigation into their inducing mechanisms. This study focuses on the Muyubao and Tanjiahe landslides, conducting a comparative analysis of their deformation characteristics and mechanisms while comprehensively considering geological and hydrological factors. The findings indicate that the Muyubao landslide was primarily triggered by the combined effects of rainfall during the water storage period and the rise of the reservoir water levels (RWL), with a threshold of approximately 165 m. In contrast, the Tanjiahe landslide was influenced by a rapid drawdown in RWL, heavy rainfall, and a high RWL, with a threshold of around 175 m. Both landslides exhibited a clear response to the rise in groundwater levels in the steep sections, with significant deformation occurring when groundwater levels reached 175 m (Muyubao landslide QSK1) and 245 m (Tanjiahe landslide QSK2). Notably, variations in landslide morphology, permeability coefficients, and fluctuations in groundwater levels can facilitate the mutual conversion between different landslide types (seepage-driven and buoyancy-driven). To investigate the influence of chair-like slope morphology on landslides, eight landslide models were constructed, featuring a range of dip angles for the rock formation (15° to 30°) and varying length ratios of gentle to steep sections (2:8 to 5:5). The UDEC Code was employed to simulate and analyze the governing effects of slope morphology on landslide deformation and evolution. Through a comparative analysis of the Muyubao, Tanjiahe, Jiuxianping, and Qianjiangping landslide cases, we examined the significant influence of landslide morphology and permeability coefficients on landslide behavior. The results indicate that the length ratio of gentle to steep section is a crucial parameter. When this ratio exceeds 2:8, the landslide is characterized by pushing deformation; conversely, when the ratio is lower, it tends to exhibit overall movement. Additionally, geological factors affect groundwater seepage and water level variation under the influence of rainfall and reservoir water, resulting in distinct deformation characteristics and mechanisms across different landslide types. Factors such as slope angle and the length of the gentle section influence the extent of the submerged area, leading to varied landslide responses to rise of the RWL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 107832"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}