Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Modeling the spatial structural network of layered rock masses using an innovative hierarchical method","authors":"Jiewei Zhan ,&nbsp;Changle Pu ,&nbsp;Zhaoyue Yu ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Jianbing Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling technique is a critical method for revealing the three-dimensional structural characteristics of rock masses and predicting the connectivity and stability of fractured rock masses. Constrained by the dominant bedding planes, discontinuities in layered rock masses often intersect with bedding planes to form characteristic T-type topological structures. Considering that existing DFN modeling techniques are unable to accurately reproduce this structural characteristic, this paper proposes an innovative hierarchical method for spatial structural modeling of layered rock masses. First, a three-dimensional fusion model of outcrop is constructed using optical images and point cloud data collected by UAV photogrammetry, on which the geometric parameters of discontinuities are extracted. On the basis of the interpreted discontinuity data, a characterization study is subsequently conducted on the orientation, major axis rotation angle, size, and spatial point distribution of the discontinuities. By introducing a hierarchical modeling method based on the sequence of bedding planes, strata-bound discontinuities and non-strata-bound discontinuities, the limitations of traditional methods in simulating the unique intersection relationships of discontinuities in layered rock masses is effectively addressed. In addition, the Latin hypercube sampling is employed to determine the position of non-strata-bound discontinuities, which effectively reduces the edge effects in the DFN modeling process. Finally, a layered rock mass discrete fracture network model is constructed using an outcrop from a highway slope in Chongqing as a case study, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through both geometric characterization and topological structure analysis. This work provides a universal methodology for spatial structural modeling of layered rock masses and has good application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108595"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unified van Genuchten-type water retention model for compacted bentonite","authors":"Jinwoo Kim ,&nbsp;Minseop Kim ,&nbsp;Seok Yoon ,&nbsp;Jin-Seop Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water retention behavior of bentonite is essential for the analysis of engineered barrier systems in deep geological repositories for high-level radioactive waste. Despite being a popular choice, the van Genuchten model requires labor-intensive calibration for each material and dry density condition and cannot propagate engineering-scale uncertainties from in-situ buffer evolution and mineralogical heterogeneity. This study proposes a unified van Genuchten-type model in which the fitting parameters are expressed as empirical functions of effective water retention density (EWRD). EWRD, defined as effective montmorillonite dry density normalized by specific surface area, incorporates the combined effects of dry density, montmorillonite content, and microstructure within a single porosity framework. A comprehensive set of over 200 confined wetting data points for seven Na- and Ca-type bentonites revealed that the van Genuchten parameters <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> collapse onto unique trends when plotted against EWRD, confirming its dominant control on water retention. For validation, the predictive ability of the unified model for dry density variation was first tested by successfully reproducing the unconfined wetting of FEBEX bentonite, after a simple correction of bias calculated from initial test conditions. Second, additional data were generated for two batches of Bentonil-WRK differing in montmorillonite content by ∼10% for cross-validation. Excellent agreement between model prediction and experiments was observed, demonstrating reliable extrapolation across mineralogical heterogeneity. By preserving the form of the classical van Genuchten model, the proposed approach can be readily implemented in existing hydro-mechanical codes, providing informed estimates of water retention curves across various buffer designs and operation scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108590"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic penetration test-based probabilistic hyperbolic model for evaluating liquefaction potential of gravelly soils","authors":"Wei Duan ,&nbsp;Wenting Zhai ,&nbsp;Zening Zhao ,&nbsp;Guojun Cai ,&nbsp;Xidong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yifei Sun ,&nbsp;Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Shaoyun Pu ,&nbsp;Zhiming Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Songyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent earthquakes, such as the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, have shown that gravelly soils are susceptible to liquefaction and can pose serious risks to infrastructure. Conventional in situ tests such as the standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) may be impractical in gravelly soils, whereas the dynamic penetration test (DPT) offers a viable alternative. In this study, probabilistic and deterministic hyperbolic models are developed within the framework of the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings using a global database of DPT-based liquefaction case histories. The models incorporate seismic intensity, groundwater level, and soil depth, and explicitly account for uncertainty and sampling bias. The results show that the model is accurate, straightforward to implement, and preserve the physically consistent non-decreasing trend of liquefaction resistance with depth. It yields an optimal probability threshold of 0.57 for deterministic screening under equal misclassification costs. A practical step-by-step workflow is provided to facilitate engineering implementation. The results support depth-consistent liquefaction evaluation of gravelly soils for seismic hazard assessment and design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108612"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solidification of high water content marine deposits by a novel in-situ treatment of magnesia-based bio-cement: Insight from clay content effect","authors":"Dian-Long Wang ,&nbsp;Wen-Bo Chen ,&nbsp;Hao-Yu Fang ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Yin ,&nbsp;Xiao-Hua Pan ,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable solidification of high water content marine deposits (MD) is crucial for coastal infrastructure, where clay content (CC) of MD critically affects its performance. This study proposed an in-situ treatment of magnesia-based bio-cement (MBC) for MD solidification. This novel approach utilizes concentrated bacteria solution to hydrolyze urea directly within high water content MD and then engage the bio‑carbonation of reactive MgO. The in-situ MBC-solidified MD (MBC-samples) with 10–70% CC were prepared to validate the feasibility and reveal CC effects by investigating their mechanical properties, chemical characteristics, and microstructures. The results indicate that in-situ MBC can effectively solidify high water content MD by utilizing its inherent water for urea hydrolysis, circumventing further water content increment by bacteria solution addition. The increase in CC significantly improved unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by 370.0% to 0.94 MPa, but decreased the degree of carbonation (DC, evaluating hydrated magnesia carbonates (HMCs) yield) by 30.3% to 0.31. Pre-hydrolysis treatment increased the DC and UCS of MBC-samples by 24.4% and 177.0%, respectively. Although higher CC inhibits urea hydrolysis within MD and reduces HMCs production, it decreases pore volume and dominant pore size, changing HMCs development and distribution, which compensates for the lower DC and ultimately improves the UCS of MBC-samples. The relationship between CC and UCS was quantitatively analyzed by considering the decreased DC effects via inhibiting reactions and microstructural refinement through reduced dominant pore diameters with higher CC. These findings provide theoretical and practical insights for sustainable marine deposit solidification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108606"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Startup mechanism of locked segment–dominated rockslides: Insights from a physical model experiment replicating natural infiltration conditions","authors":"Yuan Cui ,&nbsp;Chao Xu ,&nbsp;Hongran Chen ,&nbsp;Yifei Cui ,&nbsp;Lei Xue ,&nbsp;Siqing Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavier rainfall is widely recognized to increase the likelihood of landslides. However, evidence is accumulating that many large-scale rockslides are not directly triggered by rainfall but are controlled by the failure of internal locked segments. These locked segment–dominated rockslides are often highly destructive, making it urgent to clarify their startup mechanisms and the role of rainfall in their evolution. Herein, an approximately 19-d physical model experiment was conducted to simulate a three-section locked segment–dominated rockslide under rainfall by employing a new model material and an internal water injection method to accurately replicate natural infiltration. Results indicated that the onset of accelerated displacement of the slope was fundamentally caused by large-scale cracking of the locked segment at its volume-expansion point, which triggered a noticeable increase in the sliding speed, followed by spontaneous progressive cracking of the locked segment, which drove sustained displacement acceleration. Once the shear stress borne by the locked segment reached or exceeded its long-term shear strength, a rockslide could be induced regardless of rainfall. Notably, the cracking activity of the locked segment exhibited a characteristic large–small–large pattern during the accelerated displacement stage. The first large-scale cracking event, accompanied by displacement acceleration, can serve as an identifiable precursory rockslide startup indicator; the second large-scale cracking event indicates locked segment fracture and an impending rockslide. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the evolution of locked segment–dominated rockslides follows a characteristic pattern, providing a solid physical foundation for reliably predicting and forecasting their startup.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108494"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid SDF-CFD-DEM analysis of suffusion behavior in coral sand incorporating irregular particle morphology and intraparticle voids","authors":"Shuai Huang ,&nbsp;Pei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengshou Lai ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Yin ,&nbsp;Linchong Huang ,&nbsp;Changjie Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coral sand is one of the common marine geomaterials characterized by highly irregular particle morphology and abundant intraparticle voids. The influences of the complex shape and intraparticle voids on the suffusion behavior of coral sand remains insufficiently understood. This work develops a numerical modeling framework that integrates a hybrid resolved and semi-resolved signed distance field (SDF) enhanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) approach for simulating suffusion in coral sand, accounting for both the irregular particle morphology and intraparticle voids. The framework employs the level set (LS) to represent intraparticle voids and spherical harmonics (SH) to capture apparent particle shapes, with a fully resolved scheme for coarse particles and a semi-resolved scheme for fine particles to balance accuracy and computational efficiency. The hybrid CFD-DEM scheme for coral sand is validated through the simulations of particle settling and Ergun’s tests. Comprehensive numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the effects of intraparticle voids and particle shape on the suffusion behavior. The results reveal that intraparticle voids inhibit suffusion by trapping fine particles. In contrast, the simplified spherical particle representations, which is commonly adopted in previous studies, will significantly overestimate fine particle erosion during suffusion processes. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the influence of flow velocity and direction, indicating that increased inlet velocity enhances fines erosion, whereas flow directions deviating from gravity reduce erosion efficiency. These findings highlight the importance of particle morphology and intraparticle voids for accurate prediction of suffusion behavior in coral sand, and the proposed framework provides a reliable analysis tool with high physical fidelity for investigating suffusion mechanisms in complex granular systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108616"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronological development of gravitational slope deformation induced by upstream knickpoint migration","authors":"Masakazu Mashiko ,&nbsp;Masahiro Chigira ,&nbsp;Hirokazu Furuki ,&nbsp;Takehiko Suzuki","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation is slowly occurring, being affected by long-term river or glacial erosion and climatic change, as well as short-term impacts from precipitation and earthquakes. A geological field survey, high-resolution digital elevation model topographic analysis, drilling, and tephrochronological dating of sediments from the depressions of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DGSD) were performed to investigate the structural causes and chronological development of nearly 6-km linearly aligned ridge-top depressions within a Cretaceous accretional complex in the Chichibu area of central Japan. The DGSD occurred on slopes with a low-angle thrust fault that dips downslope, which was gradually exhumed at the riverbed by river erosion caused by the upstream knickpoint migration. The dating of the depression sediments and the characteristics of the ridge-top depressions indicate that the deformation process continued for 200,000 years with typical displacement rates ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mm per year. The recent short-term rates observed over the past 18 years have been somewhat faster, averaging 0.69 mm per year. This rate discrepancy during the long and short terms might be attributed to the glacial ages during which DGSD could have been decelerated. The prevalence of low-angle thrust faults and DGSDs in Japan's Cretaceous accretional complex suggests that DGSDs exhibiting similar behavior could serve as a reference for such a complex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108605"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of sediment entrainment in the flash-flood to debris-flow transition during cascading landslide dam failures","authors":"Jialin Liu ,&nbsp;Gordon G.D. Zhou ,&nbsp;Yunxu Xie ,&nbsp;Kahlil F.E. Cui ,&nbsp;Xueqiang Lu ,&nbsp;Ming Peng ,&nbsp;Wei Zhong ,&nbsp;Giulia Bossi","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intense rainfall can produce rapid inflows that overtop or erode landslide dams, triggering cascading failures that entrain large volumes of sediment. This process rapidly transforms the floods into dense debris flows, whose size and destructive potential grow as they travel downstream. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of cascading failure is crucial for flood risk assessment and disaster mitigation in mountainous areas. This study uses flume experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the transition of rapid floods into debris flows during the cascading failure of four landslide dams. Results show that successive dam breaches increase sediment entrainment, transforming the initial water flow into a dense debris flow. Numerical simulations incorporating erosion and entrainment reproduce the experimental results and reveal that hydrodynamic parameters—velocity, shear stress, and discharge—can increase by up to threefold after successive dam breaches. This amplification persists even when the upstream reservoir volume is low, sustained by a feedback mechanism in which higher velocity increases shear stress, which accelerates erosion and sediment entrainment. The resulting rise in flow density further enhances shear stress, creating a cycle that amplifies discharge. Conversely, when sediment entrainment is neglected, this positive feedback loop is suppressed, leading to a significant reduction in the amplification effect. These findings enhance our understanding of scale amplification by cascading failure, and provide a scientific basis for debris flow mitigation strategies in mountainous areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108614"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-enhancing climatic resilience of surface soil through bio-carbonation constructed barrier","authors":"Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang ,&nbsp;Guang-Hui Lei ,&nbsp;Xiao-Hua Pan ,&nbsp;Zhi-Hao Dong ,&nbsp;Shao-Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiancai Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensification of extreme climatic events has amplified matter and energy exchanges between atmosphere and surface soil, potentially triggering cascades of geological hazards such as slope failure and earthen infrastructure instability. This study, for the first time, proposes the use of bio‑carbonation constructed barrier (bio‑carbonated barrier) to enhance surface soil resilience. Furtherly, we systematically investigated the effect of climatic wet-dry cycles on the long-term performance of bio‑carbonated barrier, focusing on physical (water absorption, WA; ultrasonic pulse velocity, UPV), mechanical (splitting tensile strength, STS), and chemical (pH; ammonia nitrogen concentration, ANC) properties. Integrating carbon capture assessment (total carbonate concentration) with microscopic analysis, the underlying mechanisms are further elucidated. Results show that a single wet-dry cycle causes significant strength loss, but higher MgO content can enhance initial strength and mitigate degradation, primarily due to stronger cementation. As wet-dry cycles proceed, the self-enhancement of weathering resistance is observed, as evidenced by increases in STS and UPV and a decrease in WA. Microanalyses indicate that this effect arises from atmospheric CO₂-driven carbonation and crystal reorganization, which increase both the production and crystallinity of hydrated magnesium carbonates, thereby improving the cementation and densification. Additionally, reductions in pH and ANC of the leachate suggest that wet-dry cycles may help mitigate potential environmental contamination risks associated with the migration of OH⁻ and <span><math><msubsup><mi>NH</mi><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math></span>. These findings indicate that the construction of bio‑carbonated barrier can contribute to the self-enhancing climatic resilience of surface soil system, providing an efficient and sustainable strategy for the prevention and mitigation of geohazards under climatic extremes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108607"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A coupled 3D DDA-MPM framework for soil-structure interaction modeling and its application in geotechnical hazards modeling","authors":"Hongyun Fan ,&nbsp;Yuguang Fu ,&nbsp;Wei Shen ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is commonly encountered in various geohazards such as landslides and debris flows. To understand and mitigate these hazards, it is essential to simulate the interaction between soil and structures with accuracy. However, existing coupled numerical methods often represent structural motion using particle-based models, which limits their ability to precisely capture the dynamic interaction mechanisms between soil and structures. To address this limitation, this study proposes a novel coupled simulation framework that integrates the three-dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (3D DDA) with the Material Point Method (3D MPM), leveraging the strengths of 3D DDA in modeling structural motion and the capability of MPM in capturing large deformation of geomaterials. First, a contact detection and force computation scheme between MPM particles and DDA blocks is established by incorporating bounding box techniques and a penalty spring model, enabling accurate simulation of soil–structure interaction processes. Subsequently, the proposed coupling method is applied to simulate a series of benchmark scenarios, including soil collapse, soil collapse with embedded blocks, block impact on soil, and soil impact on blocks. The simulation results are validated against experimental data, demonstrating the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach. Finally, the coupling method is employed to investigate the collapse behavior of buildings subjected to landslide impact, with a particular focus on the influence of landslide height on structural collapse mechanisms. By clarifying the underlying mechanisms, the findings contribute theoretical knowledge that supports efforts to prevent and mitigate landslide-induced hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"364 ","pages":"Article 108591"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}