Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the dynamic behavior and undrained strength of undisturbed and remolded marine clays","authors":"Bo Chen ,&nbsp;Weilong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zujiang Luo ,&nbsp;Xiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Kaikai Xu ,&nbsp;Wuwei Mao ,&nbsp;Jinguo Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Huang ,&nbsp;Hu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural marine clays exhibit distinct dynamic behavior compared to remolded counterparts due to their inherent structural properties. Dynamic and static triaxial tests were conducted on both marine clay types to evaluate stress-strain behavior, double amplitude strains, pore water pressure, and dynamic elastic modulus, as well as post-cyclic strength attenuation. The results indicate that due to the structural properties, the effective stress path of undisturbed samples is more ductile than that of remolded samples. Also, there is a clear inflection point in the strain development curve of undisturbed samples. The structure exerts a certain degree of restraint on the strain development of the undisturbed samples, and has a distinct impact on the variation of pore water pressure at varying dynamic stress levels. Both marine clay types exhibited gradual reductions in dynamic elastic modulus and marked undrained strength attenuation. Critically, the attenuation of dynamic elastic modulus in undisturbed samples aligned with post-cyclic strength loss, while remolded samples exhibited greater dynamic elastic modulus loss relative to strength degradation. These findings clarify the role of soil structure in cyclic response and strength degradation, offering insights for the long-term stability assessment of structures and disaster mitigation in marine clay engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108110"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143921877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of pore heterogeneity of shale with different lithofacies on CO2 storage: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Kanyuan Shi ,&nbsp;Sijia Zhang ,&nbsp;Junqing Chen ,&nbsp;Xiongqi Pang ,&nbsp;Shasha Hui ,&nbsp;Di Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Yujie Jin ,&nbsp;Caijun Li ,&nbsp;Yuying Wang ,&nbsp;Bingyao Li ,&nbsp;Zhangxin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ storage in shale reservoirs has become increasingly important in the context of the problems posed by global warming. However, a clear understanding of the impact of pore heterogeneity of shale with different lithofacies on CO₂ storage capacity is lacking. In this study, we examined the Paleogene shale in the Nanpu Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin as an example of a reservoir for CO₂ storage. First, we used experimental methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Total organic carbon (TOC) content determination, Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis, vitrinite reflectance analysis, CO₂ adsorption, N₂ adsorption, and High-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI) to study the effect of pore heterogeneity of shale with different lithofacies on CO₂ storage. Subsequently, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to simulate the isothermal adsorption of CH₄ and CO₂, verifying the rationality of CO₂ storage with enhanced gas recovery. Results reveal that the research area mainly contains clayey shale, mixed shale, and felsic shale. Micropore heterogeneity decreases in the order of mixed shale &gt; felsic shale &gt; clayey shale, micropore connectivity in the order of clayey shale &gt; felsic shale &gt; mixed shale, mesopore heterogeneity in the order of mixed shale &gt; felsic shale &gt; clayey shale, and mesopore connectivity in the order of clayey shale &gt; felsic shale &gt; mixed shale. The micropores in the shale in this area have higher heterogeneity and considerably lower connectivity than the mesopores. An increase in clay minerals, carbonate minerals, and pore heterogeneity is beneficial for CO₂ storage. In contrast, increases in TOC, quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, and pore connectivity are not conducive to CO₂ storage. Overall, pore connectivity exerts the greatest impact on CO₂ storage. Compared with micropores, the heterogeneity of mesopores exerts a greater impact on CO₂ storage. For low-permeability shale, organic-medium mixed shale has low connectivity and strong heterogeneity, making it more suitable for CO₂ storage. The results of isothermal adsorption suggest a stronger affinity of the shale for CO₂ than for CH₄. Thus, the injected CO₂ can displace CH₄ adsorbed in the pores, thereby enabling effective CO₂ storage. This study holds guiding significance for implementing subsequent CO₂ storage projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108107"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear strength of biopolymer amended soil under freeze-thaw cycles: Experimental investigation and DEM modeling","authors":"Jiayu Gu ,&nbsp;Junjun Ni ,&nbsp;Shusen Liu ,&nbsp;Yanbo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global climate change has caused frequent extreme weather events, leading to the degradation of soil engineering properties. Eco-friendly biopolymer has been considered for soil reinforcement under extreme climate. This study investigates the effects of biopolymer amendment on soil mechanical properties under freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. Direct shear tests were conducted on plain soil (PS) and biopolymer reinforced soil (BRS) under varying water contents (5 %, 15 %, and 25 %) and F-T cycles. Microstructural analysis and numerical simulation were carried out to reveal the influence of biopolymer on the evolutions of microstructure, shear band and particle interaction. The results showed that biopolymer significantly enhanced soil strength, particularly at lower water contents, with strength increases of up to 3.6 times as water content decreased from 25 % to 5 %. BRS exhibited better resistance to strength deterioration under F-T cycles, with an average strength loss of 25.5 % compared to 35 % for PS after 10 cycles. SEM and MIP analyses demonstrated that biopolymer reduced porosity and pore size by filling voids and cementing particles while mitigating F-T damage. DEM simulations revealed that F-T cycles increase the shear band area and reduce the average contact force. However, the addition of biopolymer effectively mitigates the adverse effects of F-T cycles. Biopolymer is demonstrated to be effective in enhancing soil strength and durability in seasonally frozen ground region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108108"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas permeability and microscopic mechanisms of Xanthan gum-amended compacted lean clay as a gas barrier material","authors":"Ying-Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Jia-Lei Wan ,&nbsp;Fei Jin ,&nbsp;Krishna R. Reddy ,&nbsp;Ning-Jun Jiang ,&nbsp;Yan-Jun Du","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compacted clays are extensively used as cover barriers to control rainfall infiltration and upward migration of greenhouse gases at municipal solid waste landfills and volatile organic compounds at industrially contaminated sites. Xanthan gum (XG) amendment offers a green and low-carbon solution to improve gas breakthrough pressure and reduce gas permeability of compacted clays, sustainably improve earthen structures. This study aimed to systematically investigate the effects of XG amendment on gas breakthrough pressure, gas permeability, and hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay liners. The gas breakthrough pressure increased from 0.6 kPa to 2.2 kPa (improve ∼4 times) and the gas permeability decreased from 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁴ m² to 4.8 × 10⁻¹⁶ m² (reduce ∼200 times) when the XG dosage increased from 0 % to 2 % and apparent degree of saturation was 100 %. Hydraulic conductivity of XG-amended soil at 1 % XG dosage was 2.6 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s, which was 3 % of the value measured in unamended soil. Mechanisms of enhanced gas barrier and hydraulic performance were interpreted by the combined effects of (i) soil pore filling substantiated by the analyses of scanning electron microscopy and pore size distribution; (ii) high viscosity of XG hydrogels, validated by the measurement of rheological properties; and (iii) increased diffuse double layer thickness of the amended soils evidenced by the zeta potential analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation characteristics and influencing factors of loess fill foundation based on InSAR technique","authors":"Siyuan Ren,&nbsp;Haiman Wang,&nbsp;Wankui Ni,&nbsp;Anzhi Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ground subsidence is a common urban geological hazard in several regions worldwide. The settlement of loess fill foundations exhibits more complex subsidence issues under the coupled effects of geomechanical and seepage-driven processes. This study selected 21 ascending Sentinel-1 A radar images from April 2023 to October 2024 to monitor the loess fill foundation in Shaanxi, China. To minimize errors caused by the orbital phase and residual flat-earth phase, this research combined PS-InSAR technology with the three-threshold method to improve the SBAS-InSAR processing workflow, thereby exploring time-series deformation of the loess fill foundation. Compared with conventional SBAS-InSAR technology, the improved SBAS-InSAR technique provided more consistent deformation time-series results with leveling data, effectively capturing the deformation characteristics of the fill foundation. Additionally, geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis techniques and statistical methods were employed to analyze the overall characteristics and spatiotemporal evolution of the ground surface deformation in the study area. On the other hand, the major drivers of the subsidence in the study area were also discussed based on indoor experiments and engineering geological data. The results showed gradual and temporal shifts of the subsidence center toward areas with the maximum fill depths. In addition, two directions of uneven subsidence were observed within the fill foundation study area. The differences in the fill depth and soil properties caused by the building foundation construction were the main factors contributing to the uneven settlement of the foundations. Foundation deformation was also positively and negatively affected by surface water infiltration. This study integrates remote sensing and engineering geological data to provide a scientific basis for accurately monitoring and predicting loess fill foundation settlement. It also offers practical guidance for regional infrastructure development and geological hazard prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108098"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved rainfall infiltration model for probabilistic slope stability assessment considering transition layers and spatial variability","authors":"Shui-Hua Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhi-Rong Yuan ,&nbsp;Ze Zhou Wang ,&nbsp;Xian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Implementing a reliable rainfall infiltration model is crucial for predicting rainfall-induced slope failures, which are pivotal for disaster prevention and control. Although the classic Green-Ampt (GA) model is widely used, it does not account for the influence of multiple soil layers and the presence of transition layers formed during rainfall infiltration. This study introduces an improved and generalized method for calculating infiltration rates across multiple soil layers. The thickness of the transition layer is estimated based on the relationship between infiltration rates at different depths. Building on this, an improved GA model is proposed to analyze rainfall infiltration in slopes with spatially variable saturated hydraulic conductivity. This model is then applied to an infinite slope example to analyze seepage and stability in both homogeneous and heterogeneous soils under rainfall events. The improved GA model is systematically compared with two existing GA models and the numerical solution of the Richards equation in both cases, and the results demonstrate good convergence and high accuracy associated with the improved GA model. In addition, the results identify that the thickness of the transition layer depends on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the transition layer, as well as the infiltration rate and volumetric water content (VWC) at the top of the transition layer. Furthermore, results show that the improved GA model can capture the influence of the spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on the distribution of VWC in slopes and, consequently, on slope stability. This improved GA model provides a solid theoretical foundation for analyzing rainfall infiltration in slopes while fully accounting for the spatial variability of soil property. This advancement contributes to more effective strategies for preventing rainfall-induced landslide disasters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108096"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of volumetric block proportions from 1D boring of bim-materials considering different block forms","authors":"Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengyou Huang ,&nbsp;Lehua Wang ,&nbsp;Yining Cao ,&nbsp;Daniela Boldini","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanical behavior of block-in-matrix geomaterials (bim-materials) is crucial for estimating the stability and designing reinforcements for natural slopes. This behavior is primarily influenced by the volumetric block proportion (<em>VBP</em>). Typically, the <em>VBP</em> is estimated using in-situ 1D boring data, which can differ from the actual 3D <em>VBP</em>. To address this discrepancy, uncertainty factors were introduced by Medley (1997) and subsequently refined by Napoli et al. (2022a) to estimate the actual 3D <em>VBP</em> from the linear block proportion (<em>LBP</em>) obtained via 1D boring. In this study, the coefficient of variation (<em>COV</em>) is further refined by incorporating the effects of block morphology. Actual 3D block geometries were reconstructed using CT scanning, focusing on four typical block geometries: spheroidal, prolate, oblate, and blade shapes. A novel method for generating virtual 3D block assembly models was developed, achieving an 86 % reduction in the time required to generate a 3D block assembly model for a 42 % <em>VBP</em> configuration by minimizing the number of blocks to be assessed and optimizing vertex checks. In total, 88 block assembly models were established with varying <em>VBP</em>s, block forms, and engineering dimensions (<em>L</em>_<em>c</em>), to examine their effects on <em>COV</em> values. The updated <em>COV</em> values were then applied to estimate <em>VBP</em> in bim-materials in the Scott Dam and Shuping landslide case studies. The reliability of these <em>COV</em> values was confirmed by comparison with previous studies by Medley and Napoli et al. under similar conditions. The analysis revealed that <em>COV</em> values decrease with increasing sampling length (<em>N</em>) and <em>VBP</em>, reflecting the lower heterogeneity of block distributions. Spheroidal blocks exhibit the highest <em>COV</em> values, while blade and oblate blocks show the lowest. Notably, <em>VBP</em> and block form were found to have a significant impact on <em>COV</em> values, particularly within the 13 % to 32 % <em>VBP</em> range, whereas the influence of engineering dimensions <em>L</em>_<em>c</em> is minimal. The updated <em>COV</em> values provide a more means of estimating actual <em>VBP</em> from in-situ borehole <em>LBP</em> measurements. This improvement is critical for enhancing the accuracy of stability assessments in engineering projects involving bim-materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108094"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hydraulic conductivity model incorporating adsorption and capillarity for unsaturated/frozen soil","authors":"Yijie Wang ,&nbsp;Yandi Wu ,&nbsp;Liming Hu ,&nbsp;Pierre-Yves Hicher ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydraulic conductivity is a key parameter for describing seepage-related issues in soils. The soil water retention, soil water freezing, and soil water flow are essentially dominated by adsorption and capillarity. However, these mechanisms have not been effectively incorporated into a unified hydraulic conductivity model. This study proposes a hydraulic conductivity model based on the Navier-Stokes equations and capillary bundle model, which is applicable to both unsaturated and frozen soils. By considering the different influences of adsorption and capillarity on water flow and water freezing, the model can predict the hydraulic conductivities of soils in different states and distinguish the contributions of capillary flow and film flow to the total permeability. Benefiting from the consideration of physical mechanisms, the proposed model can use any of the soil water characteristic curve, the soil freezing characteristic curve, or the particle size distribution as input. The model achieves better prediction accuracy than existing models that do not consider the film flow and its reliability is validated through extensive experimental data including various sands, silts, and lean clays. This study not only provides an effective tool for predicting hydraulic conductivity but also highlights the underlying physical connections between soil water retention, soil water freezing, and seepage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108093"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A big indirect data – Informed probabilistic method for three-dimensional site reconstruction","authors":"Zhiyong Yang ,&nbsp;Xueyou Li ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Qi ,&nbsp;Zhijun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a sparse measurement site is of paramount significance for the safety assessments or designing of the geotechnical structures. However, this task is often challenging because the site investigation data generally are sparse due to the limit budget, leading to large statistical uncertainties in the soil parameters. The challenge is further exacerbated by computational issues such as inversion or decomposition of the large correlation matrix, which frequently arises when dealing with large-scale 3D sites. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel big indirect data-informed three-dimensional site reconstruction method using hybrid Bayesian theory. The proposed method first constructs the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the soil parameters of the big indirect data collected from worldwide historical sites and the soil parameters of the targeted site using the Gibbs sampler. The two PDFs are then integrated to form a hybrid PDF of the target site. Based on the hybrid PDF, the three-dimensional site is reconstructed with consideration of spatial variabilities of the soil parameters using multiple multivariate conditional random fields. The Kronecker product is utilized to decompose the large autocorrelation matrix into several small matrices that can be easily handled. A virtual site and a real site in Huizhou, China are employed to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the statistical uncertainty of soil parameters caused by sparse measurement. It offers a transformative tool that utilizes generic geotechnical big indirect data to supplement sparse local data, enabling effective 3D site construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108097"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical vulnerability assessment procedures for confined and unconfined (unreinforced) clay brick masonry buildings due to mass movements, rigid foundation","authors":"Alfer L. Silva-Ceron,&nbsp;Jorge A. Prieto,&nbsp;Marco F. Gamboa","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While climate change and urban development in mountainous terrain continue to impact society through geo-mass transport phenomena, quantitative risk models must evolve and be communicated as clearly as possible to enhance the social appropriation of knowledge. Recent advancements in mass movement risk analysis equate external hazard intensity measures with the internal strength of buildings. However, procedures for estimating building capacity and developing fragility curves remain less well-defined, particularly for masonry buildings, which are among the most common construction types worldwide, especially in less developed regions, and where laboratory or field data may be scarce. Fragility curves relate hazard intensity to the probability of reaching or exceeding a level of physical damage and have thus become essential tools in vulnerability and risk assessments related to natural hazards. This paper presents a procedure for deriving structural damage thresholds through fragility curves for mass movements, featuring the following characteristics: it is not based on seismic design parameters, does not require excessive computational resources, and is straightforward to implement. Recognizing that damage during a mass movement event may depend not only on the structural strength of buildings —assuming a rigid foundation— but also on ground resistance, which can cause permanent deformations, this study focuses on the rigid, fixed foundation scenario. The method incorporates geometrical and mechanical parameters along with their associated uncertainties, and provides damage state thresholds as functions of momentum flux and mass movement height for two typical wall types: unconfined, unreinforced clay brick masonry (URM) and confined clay brick masonry (CM).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 108091"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}