Engineering Geology最新文献

{"title":"One fatigue damage constitutive model for rocks considering previously accumulated degradation and its engineering application on the fatigue life prediction","authors":"Kai Chen,&nbsp;Roberto Cudmani","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyclic loading from earthquakes, construction activities, blasting, or rock bursts can pose significant stability challenges to both surface and underground geotechnical projects. Understanding the fatigue properties and failure mechanisms of rocks under such loads is therefore essential. This study first reviews the deformation and microcracking characteristics, influencing factors, and current advances in the fatigue damage evolution laws, as well as the definitions of fatigue damage variables and constitutive relationships for rocks under cyclic loads. A novel fatigue damage variable is then proposed, accounting for accumulated damage from previous cycles and damage stress threshold attenuation, alongside a corresponding damage constitutive equation to describe the rock's behavior under varying cyclic loads. The proposed cyclic constitutive equations are validated using experimental data from diverse cyclic loading scenarios, and corresponding correlation coefficients both greater than 0.9 indicates reasonable agreement between experimental and theoretical curves. The fatigue damage evolution curve exhibits an inverse S-shape with three distinct features, and it effectively highlights the intrinsic relationship and difference between loading and unloading damage. Finally, a novel method to predict the fatigue damage is developed and proven to be feasible with test data and field data. Corresponding method for predicting fatigue life is derived, with potential application to evaluate the residual life of tunnels. Additionally, damage stress threshold, model parameters, ambiguous questions and prospective research are interpreted and discussed. This study provides a foundation for safety design and operations of rock engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108123"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generating and predicting soil desiccation cracking patterns utilizing a stochastic model based on geometric parameters","authors":"Zhan-Ming Yang,&nbsp;Chao-Sheng Tang,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Qing Cheng,&nbsp;Jun-Dong Liu,&nbsp;Zhi-Xiong Zeng,&nbsp;Zhengtao Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil desiccation cracks and crack networks significantly influence the mechanical properties of soils. Accurate modeling and prediction of crack development are essential for both laboratory research and practical applications in geotechnical engineering and environmental science. In this study, a Desiccation Crack Simulation Program (DCSP) was developed on the MATLAB platform to simulate the evolution of soil desiccation cracks. Based on comprehensive statistical analyses of crack network images from previous studies and detailed observations of crack propagation, we propose a stochastic crack network generation model informed by geometric parameters and crack development processes. The model encompasses five key steps: (1) selection of crack initiation points, (2) crack propagation and intersection, (3) termination of crack growth, (4) secondary crack generation, and (5) final network formation. Key parameters include crack step size, randomized propagation direction, number of initial development points, and crack attraction distance. The DCSP enables both the rapid generation of random crack networks and the prediction of partially developed networks. The program was validated using two soil types, Xiashu soil and Pukou soil, demonstrating its effectiveness in simulating crack evolution. Prediction accuracy improves as crack network develops, highlighting the model's potential for predicting soil desiccation crack patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108122"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of metaheuristic optimizations with automated hyperparameter tuning methods in support vector machines algorithm for predicting soil water characteristic curve","authors":"Mostafa Rastgou,&nbsp;Yong He,&nbsp;Ruitao Lou,&nbsp;Qianjing Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estimating the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is essential for understanding soil behavior related in geological and geotechnical, and environmental engineering. This study was designed to evaluate and compare metaheuristic methods (cuckoo search optimization (CSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO)) with automated methods (Bayesian optimization (BO) and grid search (GS)) for tuning hyperparameters (penalty coefficient (<em>C</em>), insensitive loss (<em>ε</em>), and kernel width (<em>γ</em>)) in support vector machines (SVM) to improve SWCC estimation. Four pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were derived to estimate the parameters of the Brutsaert model using various input variables such as sand, clay, and bulk density (BD), as well as moisture content at 33 (FC) and 1500 kPa (PWP) from 354 UNSODA soil samples. The findings of the testing phase indicated that the BO-based SVM algorithm outperformed other optimization methods with an average error value of 0.057 cm³cm⁻³ for all PTFs. In PTF4 (sand+clay+BD + FC + PWP), BO demonstrated 6.23 %, 10.53 %, and 12.96%96 % higher reliability than CSO, GS, and GWO, respectively. The Shapley additive explanations analysis indicated that <em>C</em> parameter had the highest impact on model reliability, while <em>ε</em> parameter had the lowest. Finally, the integration of BO into SVM can improve accuracy, efficiency, and robustness in SWCC estimation, providing more reliable predictions for future geotechnical and hydrological studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive regression-based framework for integrating petrographic indices, index properties, and mechanical characteristics of geologically diverse Himalayan Sandstones: Insights from the Lesser, Siwalik, and Purvanchal Ranges","authors":"Shubham Chajed,&nbsp;Aditya Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rock Engineering (RE) projects in the Indian Himalayas often encounter sandstone formations within the Lesser, Siwalik, and Purvanchal ranges. Understanding Himalayan sandstone's petrographic, index, and mechanical properties, particularly in the Lesser, Siwalik, and Purvanchal ranges, is crucial for effectively planning and designing RE projects. This study establishes relationships between petrographic, index, and mechanical properties to identify key predictors of the mechanical behaviour of Himalayan sandstones. The present study analyses a large set of databases, including twenty-two-petrographic indices, nine-index and five-mechanical properties, creating 353 possible combinations. The analysis employed t-statistics and F-statistics tests and results to identify 120 bivariate most significant regression equations supported by performance indicators such as <em>R</em>^<em>2</em>, <em>RMSE</em>, and <em>MAPE</em>. The study presents the first comprehensive correlations and regression-based framework for predicting unconfined compressive strength and Compaction-Dilatancy (CD) transition stress in Himalayan sandstones, enabling the identification of favourable and unfavourable stress conditions. Key predictors such as grain area ratio (<em>GAR</em>), void percentage (<em>Void</em>), packing density (<em>P</em>_<em>d</em>), consolidation factor (<em>P</em>_<em>c</em>), porosity (<em>n</em>), Schmidt hammer rebound number (<em>Rh</em>), water content (<em>w</em>), and sonic wave velocities (<em>V</em>_<em>p</em> and <em>V</em>_<em>s</em>) exhibited strong correlations with <em>R</em>^<em>2</em> values of at least 0.86, demonstrating high predictive reliability. These findings offer an approach to estimate studied sandstone strength and CD transition stress. Identification of the CD transition threshold provides insight into the onset of dilatancy, which marks the transition from stable to unstable damage conditions. As a result, CD transition stress emerges as a critical mechanical parameter for the safe and stable design of RE structures and for mitigating stress-induced failures, especially in the complex and geologically diverse Himalayan terrain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108113"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of pore structure and the impact of key pore nodes on seepage in coral reef limestones","authors":"Bowen Cheng ,&nbsp;Mingyang Wang ,&nbsp;Ding Liu ,&nbsp;Xinping Li ,&nbsp;Tingting Liu ,&nbsp;Junhong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To accurately characterize the intrinsic relationship between pore structure and seepage behavior in coral reef limestone (CRL), this study investigates four types of CRL with varying degrees of cementation. We employed CT scanning, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques, and equivalent pore network modelling to statistically analyze pore characteristic parameters. Pore network modelling (PNM) was used to conduct a network analysis of the internal pore structure of reef limestone, identifying key pore nodes that govern seepage characteristics. The findings reveal that CRL exhibits high porosity and significant non-homogeneity, with pore radius, throat size, and coordination number conforming to a log-normal distribution. CRL samples exhibiting low degrees of cementation contain extensive interconnected pore clusters, which are characterised by short average percolation paths, high clustering coefficients, and robust connectivity. In contrast, increased cementation significantly diminishes pore connectivity. Topological analysis has revealed pore nodes with exceptionally high values of degree centrality (<em>DC</em>), betweenness centrality (<em>BC</em>), and closeness centrality (<em>CC</em>). Additionally, a method for identifying critical pore nodes has been proposed, based on betweenness centrality and global efficiency within the context of network analysis. Blocking critical pore nodes leads to a substantial reduction in permeability, with the maximum decrease reaching 98.88 %. A comparative analysis between simulation and experimental results indicates that the porosity error ranges from −4.94 % to 1.33 %, while the relative error in permeability falls between 1.15 % and 4.44 %. This validates the accuracy and reliability of the constructed PNM and network analysis methods in characterizing pore structures and simulating seepage. This study not only demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach for the quantitative characterization and response analysis of seepage behavior at the pore scale but also reveals the regulatory mechanism by which the heterogeneous microscopic pore structures of CRL influence macroscopic seepage behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108119"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of bends in mountain reservoir rivers on the propagation of impulse waves generated by landslides","authors":"Yuhao Liu ,&nbsp;Guoxiang Tu ,&nbsp;Hao Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Impulse wave generation from landslides in mountain reservoirs is a considerable hazard. River bends significantly affect impulse wave propagation. In this work, on the basis of the river channel characteristics of the middle and lower Lancang River Basin, we design an generalized numerical model test with bends as the main variable. The effect of bends on impulse wave propagation is analyzed in detail. The results show that the influence of the river bend angle on the propagation attenuation of the impulse wave is dominant, and as the river bend angle increases, the wave becomes more obviously blocked by the river bend. On this basis, an impulse wave propagation attenuation model of a river bend in a mountain reservoir is further constructed through the empirical formula of the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and verified with the help of a 1:200 large-scale physical model test, and the two results are in good agreement. The model has strong applicability for river bend channels in mountainous reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108114"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of internal erosion mechanisms regarding stratigraphy: Agly dike case study","authors":"Zezhi Deng ,&nbsp;Nadia Benahmed ,&nbsp;Laurence Girolami ,&nbsp;Pierre Philippe ,&nbsp;Stéphane Bonelli ,&nbsp;Gang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal erosion poses a significant threat to the safety of the water-retaining structures. Due to its subterranean nature, the process of internal erosion is difficult to observe directly and evaluate properly, even when typical erosion signatures are captured at the surface. Therefore, predicting internal erosion or elucidating the underlying mechanisms of superficial erosion indicators remain considerable challenges in geotechnical engineering. In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted to explore the mechanism responsible for the numerous erosion signatures (sinkholes, sand-boils, and leaks) observed at the Agly dike, in France, through a cooperated geophysical-numerical approach. Simulated configurations were mapped according to the actual stratigraphic structures identified by geophysical results (EMI and ERT). A multispecies transport finite element method was employed to examine the seepage and suffusion dynamics under periodic flooding conditions. Systematic comparative analysis demonstrated that the unique stratigraphic structures and geometries played a governing role in the occurrence of erosion signatures in situ. Specifically, the paleo-channel throat promotes sinkhole formation via suffusion and contact erosion, while confined pore pressure acting on the low-permeable surface layer induced the emergence of sand-boil and leak. Our findings underscore the crucial role of stratigraphic features on internal erosion processes and demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating geophysical investigations with numerical modeling for assessing internal erosion risks in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108118"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simulation-enabled slope digital twin for real-time assessment of rain-induced landslides","authors":"Lu-Yu Ju ,&nbsp;Te Xiao ,&nbsp;Jian He ,&nbsp;Wei-Fan Xu ,&nbsp;Shi-Hao Xiao ,&nbsp;Li-Min Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising tool for effective geological hazards management in the digital era. By creating a digital replica that mirrors the real world, it enables real-scene restoration, timely disaster analysis, and coordinated decision-making. Presently, the maturity of slope digital twins remains low. A digital twin platform that can achieve prompt full-process landslide simulation (including initiation and mobility) is highly needed for real-time assessment of regional landslide hazards. This study develops a simulation-enabled slope digital twin, which includes a digital model of slope entities and mitigation structures, a real-time rainfall data transmission network, and a virtual simulator for assessing landslide consequences. In the virtual simulator, a probabilistic slope unit-based landslide initiation model and a rapid position-based landslide mobility simulation model are proposed for real-time assessment within a digital twin environment. Critical landslide metrics (e.g., number of landslides, flow depth, impact force and factor of safety of rigid barriers against sliding and overturning failures) that are closely tied to loss estimates are visualized in real-time for emergency assessment. The position-based landslide mobility simulation model is calibrated and verified through historical events and shows much higher efficiency than traditional numerical simulation methods. The simulation-enabled slope digital twin is demonstrated through a case study of the Yu Tung Road landslides in Hong Kong. With its ability to provide timely and realistic feedback regarding the evolution of landslide processes and intensity, the slope digital twin can serve as an effective tool for landslide hazard assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108116"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoelectrical methods for evaluating the characteristics of different gypsum varieties in gypsum quarries","authors":"Ander Guinea ,&nbsp;Elisabet Playà ,&nbsp;Lluís Rivero ,&nbsp;Núria Martinez ,&nbsp;Victoria Cutipa","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gypsum is a widely used industrial mineral with many applications, most notably in construction. In the extraction of gypsum as a raw material, compositional homogeneity is the main factor affecting the efficiency of the process. A good understanding of the deposit being exploited is paramount for effective planning of the quarrying activity. Currently, this characterization is achieved through drilling, which only provides limited, 1-dimensional information. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) was employed to assess compositional variations and spatial distribution of gypsum units at the Gelsa quarry, located in Zaragoza, NE Spain. The study aimed to characterize different gypsum varieties, including alabastrine macronodular and layered gypsum, based on their resistivity signatures. ERI data were supplemented with targeted micro–Vertical Electrical Soundings (microVES) to obtain bulk resistivity values of the gypsum units with higher definition, which were used as reference points for interpreting the 2D resistivity sections. The findings revealed that while the resistivity of macronodular gypsum conformed to expected values, layered gypsum exhibited lower-than-expected resistivity despite a high gypsum content. This discrepancy was attributed to the complex lithofacies and secondary microcrystalline gypsum present in the layered units. The results were applied to optimize quarry extraction practices, enabling more homogeneous raw material production. Additionally, an exploratory ERI survey identified areas suitable for future quarry development and ruled out locations with insufficient gypsum resources. The integration of ERI with traditional methods enables more targeted and efficient resource management in gypsum quarries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108112"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of rapid testing methods for unsaturated soils","authors":"Xu Li ,&nbsp;Yu-Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;A-Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The laboratory experiment is an effective tool for the rapid assessment of the unsaturated soil slopes instability induced by extreme weather events. However, traditional experimental methods for unsaturated soils, including the measurement of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC), soil hydraulic conductivity function (SHCF), shear strength envelope, etc., are time-consuming. To overcome this limitation, a rapid testing strategy is proposed. In the experimental design, the water saturation level is selected as the control variable instead of the suction level. In the suction measurement, the suction monitoring method is adopted instead of the suction control method, allowing for simultaneous testing of multiple soil samples. The proposed rapid testing strategy is applied to measure the soil hydro-mechanical properties over a wide suction/saturation range. The results demonstrate that: (1) only 3–4 samples and 2–5 days are in need in the measurement of SWCC; (2) 7 days is enough to determine a complete permeability function; (3) only 3 samples and 3–7 days are in need in the measurement of the shear strength envelope; (4) pore size/water distribution measurement technique is fast and recommended as a beneficial supplement to traditional test methods for unsaturated soils.</div><div>Our findings suggest that by employing these proposed rapid testing methods, the measurement of pivotal properties for unsaturated soils can be accomplished within one week, thus significantly reducing the temporal and financial costs associated with experiments. The findings provide a reliable experimental approach for the rapid risk assessment of geological disasters induced by extreme climatic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11567,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Geology","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 108106"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}