地球科学最新文献

{"title":"A New Lunar Crustal Thickness Model Constrained by Converted Seismic Waves Detected Beneath the Apollo Seismic Network","authors":"D. Kim,&nbsp;V. Lekić,&nbsp;M. A. Wieczorek,&nbsp;N. C. Schmerr,&nbsp;G. S. Collins,&nbsp;M. P. Panning","doi":"10.1029/2024GL114506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL114506","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Analysis of conversions between compressional and shear waves is a workhorse method for constraining crustal and lithospheric structure on Earth; yet, such converted waves have not been unequivocally identified in seismic data from the largest events on the Moon, due to the highly scattered waveforms of shallow seismic events. We reanalyze the polarization attributes of waveforms recorded by the Apollo seismic network to identify signals with rectilinear particle motion below 1 Hz, arising from conversions across the crust-mantle boundary. Delay times of these converted waves are inverted to estimate crustal thickness and wavespeeds beneath the seismometers. Combined with gravimetric modeling, these new crustal thickness tie-points yield an updated lunar crustal model with an average thickness of 29–47 km. Unlike previous models, ours include explicit uncertainty estimates, offering critical context for future lunar missions, geophysical studies, and predicting 15–36 km crust at Schrödinger and 29–52 km at Artemis III sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL114506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of physical-chemical combined clogging on the area density and permeability of geotextile envelopes for subsurface drainage systems in arid regions","authors":"Shuai Qin ,&nbsp;Chenyao Guo ,&nbsp;Jingwei Wu ,&nbsp;Shuai He ,&nbsp;Haoyu Yang ,&nbsp;Chenzhi Yao ,&nbsp;Xinman Jiang ,&nbsp;Hang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the morphological characteristics, development process, and impact on permeability of physical-chemical combined clogging on geotextile envelopes, through laboratory experiments involving particle flow coupled with chemical precipitation. The results show that there is a synergistic effect between physical clogging caused by soil particle accumulation and chemical clogging due to salt precipitation. Chemical precipitation exacerbates physical clogging, while physical clogging promotes the formation of chemical precipitation. The chemical precipitates on the upstream of the geotextile envelope binds the particles to each other and to the fibers of the geotextile envelope, while on the downstream, precipitates tends to encapsulate the fibers, with less physical clogging. After combined clogging, the permeability coefficient of the geotextile envelope decreases rapidly with the increasing of the clogging material, and then decreases slowly. When the area density of the clogging material is less than 91.02 g/m², it shows a linear decrease, and then followed by a logarithmic decrease. Physical-chemical combined clogging is more severe than single physical or chemical clogging. After the permeability stabilizes, for the same clogging mass, the decrease in permeability caused by combined clogging is 1.2 times and 2 times greater than that caused by physical and chemical clogging, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55096,"journal":{"name":"Geotextiles and Geomembranes","volume":"53 6","pages":"Pages 1332-1342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleoseismic evidence for the Mw∼7 1857 earthquake along the Caggiano fault system (southern Italian Apennines)","authors":"Paolo Galli ,&nbsp;Simone Bello ,&nbsp;Francesco Brozzetti ,&nbsp;Antonio Galderisi ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Naso ,&nbsp;Antonio Pignalosa ,&nbsp;Gianluca Benedetti ,&nbsp;Massimo Comedini ,&nbsp;Edoardo Peronace","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 1857 Campania-Basilicata earthquake in the southern Italian Apennines ranks among the most catastrophic events in Mediterranean history (Mw 7.1), with an estimated death toll ranging between 11,000 and 19,000. It consisted of a pair of mainshocks occurring within minutes of each other, affecting a vast region between the northern Vallo di Diano and the northern Agri Valley, two Quaternary intramontane basins separated by the Maddalena Range. The earthquakes were likely triggered by the cascading rupture of two adjacent, aligned normal faults, whose exact length and location are uncertain and debated, especially concerning the southern one. This study focuses on the northern normal fault, here named Caggiano fault system, which extends NW-SE for approximately 32 km across the Meso-Cenozoic carbonate of the Maddalena Range. After mapping the fault scarp using 1950s aerial photos and LiDAR-derived DTM, we conducted geological field survey of the entire fault traces, performing electrical resistivity tomography preparatory to paleoseismic trenching. Subsequently, we excavated trenches and pits, collecting numerous samples for radiocarbon dating. Results provide conclusive evidence of surface faulting to the post-Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene, indicating the Caggiano fault system as a reliable candidate for the 1857 earthquake, as well as earlier events, such as the one in 1561 and previously undocumented earthquakes in the Middle Age and Roman times. These findings represent a robust contribution to future seismic hazard assessments, which require reliable identification and seismogenic characterization of active fault systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 109508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of clay composites with Zeolitic imidazolate framework for application as an herbicide adsorbent","authors":"Tainara C. Assis ,&nbsp;Bluma G. Soares ,&nbsp;Luiz C. Bertolino","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally; however, its extensive application is linked to environmental contamination and the onset of various human diseases. Therefore, developing effective strategies to remove glyphosate (GLY) from aqueous effluents in crucial. Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), a subclass of metal-organic framework (MOF) formed with imidazole ligands, closely resemble natural zeolites in structure. Their unique textural properties make them suitable candidates as adsorbents. In this study, a Cu (II)-based ZIF was synthesized in the presence of clay minerals, specifically palygorskite (PAL) and Na⁺ montmorillonite (CloNa), and its adsorption efficiency for GLY was evaluated. The CloNa/Cu-MOF hybrid demonstrated the highest GLY adsorption efficiency among the materials tested, reaching a value of 63 mg g⁻¹ at pH 4, 25 °C, and an initial GLY concentration of 500 mg L⁻¹. This high efficiency was attributed to the improved textural properties, thermal stability, and stability in aqueous media of CloNa/Cu-MOF hybrid. GLY adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the isotherm study revealed a favorable adsorption profile, with the best fit to the Langmuir model. Q_max values ranged from 20.04 to 277.77 mg g⁻¹ for the different studied temperatures. The thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption process is endothermic and occurs spontaneously.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 107926"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium and Potassium Linewidths as an Atmospheric Escape Diagnostic at Mercury","authors":"P. Lierle,&nbsp;C. Schmidt","doi":"10.1029/2025JE008975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JE008975","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The spatial distribution and linewidth of Mercury's sodium and potassium exospheres were observed using a combination of long-slit and high-resolution point spectroscopy. Effective temperatures were estimated from emission line profiles by forward modeling their Doppler broadening. These serve as an energy metric for collisionless gas that is inherently nonthermal. The Na gas at low and mid-latitudes ranges from 1,200 to 1,300 K along the noon meridian, in agreement with MESSENGER scale heights, increasing by ∼200 K at the poles and terminator. This increase is attributed to the loss of low energy atoms to the surface during photon-driven transport antisunward. An escaping potassium tail was measured for the first time, observed out to 10.4 R_M with Na/K ∼95 at 5.8 R_M. Emission linewidths increase sharply between the dayside and escaping tail, with Na growing from about 1,200 to 7,500 K, and K from 750 to 8,500 K by the time the gas reaches 4.3 R_M downtail. Na D line profiles down the exotail also evolve from Gaussian to boxcar in shape. Both characteristics are interpreted as filtering of the nascent velocity distribution function, where low energy atoms on gravitationally bound trajectories are removed from the gas population, while high energy escaping atoms are retained. Na linewidths become invariant past 3.5 R_M, placing this altitude as the ballistic apex of bound trajectories. In this way, Mercury's emissions prototype a novel technique toward a broader understanding of atmospheric escape, using emission line morphology to probe the transition between bound and escaping gas.</p>","PeriodicalId":16101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter Enhancement of the Occurrence and Intensity of the Sporadic-E Layer","authors":"Qiong Tang,&nbsp;Yuqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Wenjun Liu,&nbsp;Yiming Wu,&nbsp;Moran Liu,&nbsp;Yi Liu,&nbsp;Chen Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033695","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, long-term variations in the occurrence rate and intensity of the sporadic-E (Es) layer are investigated using data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate radio occultation and ground-based ionosondes. The results reveal a distinct semiannual variation in Es layer behavior, with a prominent maximum during the summer and a secondary weaker peak during the winter. Additionally, the occurrence rate and intensity of the Es layer reach their minima during the equinoxes, specifically in March/April and September/October. The analysis of quasi-6-day (Q6DW) and quasi-16-day (Q16DW) planetary waves (PWs) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region shows notable enhancement during the winter months. This modulation of wind patterns by amplified PWs is suggested to contribute to the winter enhancement of the Es layer. Furthermore, horizontal wind data from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension are used to simulate vertical ion convergence (VIC). The simulation results indicate that VIC peaks in both summer and winter, offering an explanation for the observed semiannual variation in Es layer occurrence and intensity, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Spectral analysis of Es layer data reveals that the dominant variations are associated with the annual oscillation, followed by the semiannual oscillation, underscoring the significant role of large-scale atmospheric oscillations in driving Es layer variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial mineralization of struvite by using talc and its implications for phosphorus recovery","authors":"Xingtong Chen ,&nbsp;Tianlei Zhao ,&nbsp;Bing Li ,&nbsp;Yihe Qin ,&nbsp;Xiaoman Li ,&nbsp;Run Yuan ,&nbsp;Jingjing Chen ,&nbsp;Han Li ,&nbsp;Haiming Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial mineralization of struvite is an ideal route to recover nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater, but expensive magnesium sources limit its application. In this context, <em>Shewanella oneidensis</em> MR-1 was chosen as a model microorganism to investigate the feasibility of using inexpensive and abundant talc as a magnesium source for the microbial mineralization of struvite. The results showed that talc was able to provide magnesium ions for strain MR-1 to induce struvite mineralization, producing prismatic struvite with a purity of up to 78.42 mass%. With increasing ball-milling times from 0 to 90 min, the struvite purity gradually increased from 15.08 mass% to 51.36 mass%, and Mg transformation efficiency of talc increased from 3.95 % to 20.68 %. These findings indicate that mechanical activation can significantly improve the reactivity of talc in the microbial mineralization process. With increasing talc additions from 0.2 g/L to 2.0 g/L, the struvite purity gradually decreased from 78.42 mass% to 41.68 mass%, and Mg transformation efficiency of talc ranged from 17.54 % to 28.02 %. These findings revealed that excess talc could not be effectively converted into struvite and that excess talc also reduced struvite purity. Dissolution experiments revealed that organic matter such as amino acids in the culture medium and ammonium ions produced by strain MR-1, promoted the dissolution of magnesium ions in talc. This study deepens the understanding of microbial-mineral interactions and provides an economically feasible pathway for the removal and recovery of organic nitrogen and organophosphorus in eutrophic waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 107927"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Analysis of the Warm Plasma Cloak in the Dayside Magnetosphere: 9 Years of MMS Observations","authors":"Victor Montagud-Camps,&nbsp;Sergio Toledo-Redondo,&nbsp;Jerry Goldstein,&nbsp;Stephen A. Fuselier,&nbsp;Mats André,&nbsp;Inmaculada F. Albert,&nbsp;Aida Castilla,&nbsp;Alfonso Salinas,&nbsp;Jorge Portí,&nbsp;Enrique A. Navarro","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116933","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The warm plasma cloak (WPC) is a plasma population located in the outer magnetosphere. It is composed primarily of electrons and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>H</mi>\u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{H}}^{+}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> ions with energies of tens to hundreds electronvolts and can contain significant amounts of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{O}}^{+}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. We conduct a statistical survey of the WPC using 9 years of observations in the dayside magnetosphere from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. WPC is found in <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>51</mn>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $51%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of the observations and it is 1.6 times more abundant in the dawn than in the dusk sector. <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{O}}^{+}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-rich WPC is detected in <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>7.5</mn>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $7.5%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of the observations, being 3 times more probable in the dawn sector. We find that after a peak of strong geomagnetic activity, it takes approximately 9 hr to detect the WPC in the dayside magnetosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Constraints on the H2 Budget From Polar Firn Air Reconstructions","authors":"John D. Patterson,&nbsp;Eric S. Saltzman,&nbsp;Fabien Paulot","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043662","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Comparison of modeled atmospheric hydrogen (H₂) levels with observations is an important way of testing the scientific understanding of H₂ biogeochemistry. But the instrumental record is short and provides a limited dynamic range with which to test assumptions about H₂ cycling. Here, we compare twentieth century H₂ levels reconstructed from polar firn air to the output from a historical run of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model 4.1 (GFDL-AM4.1). Simulated H₂ exhibits reasonable agreement with the reconstruction. The twentieth century increase in H₂ levels is consistent with rising atmospheric methane levels and changing emissions from fossil fuel combustion. However, the model fails to capture the reconstructed reversal in the interpolar H₂ gradient between 1960 and 1990. We invert an 8-box model of the atmosphere to show that the reversal in the interpolar difference requires a large increase (decrease) in the simulated NH (SH) net source of H₂ peaking circa 1980. Revisions to our estimates of historical biomass burning emissions, photochemical production, and/or anthropogenic emissions could help resolve the discrepancy. Our optimization also implies a 15% increase in the strength of the soil sink in the NH mid to high-latitudes from 1970 to 2000, which is qualitatively consistent with expectations based on changing soil moisture and temperature. We also show that smaller adjustments to the H₂ budget would be needed to explain the reversal in the interpolar gradient if the H₂ deposition lifetime were shorter than commonly accepted. A shorter lifetime may be supported by recently identified geological sources of H₂.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Water Levels From the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission in a Hyper-Tidal Coastal and Estuarine Environment","authors":"I. D. Lichtman,&nbsp;P. S. Bell,&nbsp;C. Gommenginger,&nbsp;C. Banks,&nbsp;F. M. Calafat,&nbsp;J. Brown,&nbsp;S. D. P. Williams","doi":"10.1029/2024EA004104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA004104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The launch of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite in December 2022 started a new era of swath altimetry, introducing an unprecedented global data set of high-resolution two-dimensional water level imagery. During its initial calibration and validation phase (cal/val), SWOT conducted daily observations for 3 months providing unparalleled insights into the high variability of water levels at daily and kilometer scales, far surpassing capabilities of past and current altimeters. Here, this novel data set is evaluated in the hyper-tidal coastal-estuarine environment of the Bristol Channel-Severn Estuary. SWOT total water levels (TWLs) are assessed against data from a network of in-situ water level gauges (WLGs) and compared to the performance of the CryoSat-2 satellite altimeter. In this region, CryoSat-2 water levels agree well with WLG data, with a Root Mean Square Difference (RMSD) of 0.17 m. Comparisons of SWOT Level 3 low rate 2 km (L3) total water level with WLG data reveal constant offsets that scale with water elevation, attributed to the spatial difference between the measurements. Once corrected, L3 TWLs achieve RMSDs ranging from 0.059 to 0.150 m against individual gauges. Overall, the scaled L3 data exhibit an RMSD of 0.137 m, a regression slope of 0.99 and offset +0.044 m, demonstrating that SWOT delivers high-quality water level data in these dynamic and challenging environments. SWOT's altimetry images reveal complex, changing spatial patterns across the Land-Ocean Aquatic Continuum. These daily measurements resolve fast-changing processes, such as river discharge events, sandbank movements and storm surges — phenomena missed by the 21-day cycle of the SWOT science phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA004104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}