地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Urbanization alters river multifunctionality by reducing macroinvertebrate diversity in highly human‐impacted plain river networks","authors":"Jiali Yang, Zhengfei Li, Erik Jeppesen, Dieison A. Moi, Yang Liu, Yangxin Mo, Xue Bai, Feihua Wang, Zhicai Xie, Junqian Zhang","doi":"10.1002/lno.70221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70221","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization has dramatically destabilized crucial ecosystem functions through extensive land‐use changes, habitat fragmentation, and modified species compositions. However, the mechanisms through which urbanization affects river ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF)—the simultaneous performance of multiple ecosystem functions—remain largely unknown. This study evaluated the impact of urbanization on EMF using macroinvertebrate community data collected from 83 sampling sites across the Yangtze River Delta, China (30°47′N–32°02′N, 119°55′E–121°20′E). We investigated the pathways by which urbanization change ecosystem multifunctionality, including: (1) biotic (such as biodiversity) and abiotic (such as water quality) pathways, (2) taxonomic diversity and functional diversity, and (3) rare species compared to common species. Partial Least Squares Path Modeling revealed that urbanization negatively impacted EMF through both biotic (macroinvertebrate biodiversity) and abiotic (total dissolved solids, salinity, and conductivity) pathways, with the former playing a dominant role. Taxonomic diversity emerged as a stronger positive predictor of EMF than functional diversity. Moreover, the taxonomic diversity was positively correlated with consumer biomass and photosynthetically active radiation and negatively with nutrient concentration. We further showed stronger effects of rare than common species in maintaining EMF. Our study fills a gap in the mechanistic understanding of river ecosystem multifunctionality in plain river networks under urbanization and informs strategies for sustainable urban development. We recommend that conservation efforts in urban areas should prioritize the protection of taxonomic diversity and rare species of macroinvertebrates.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow Kinematics in Three‐Dimensional Porous Media of Varying Pore Size Distribution Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics","authors":"Fan Chen, Junfeng Sun, Antoine Wautier, Mathieu Souzy","doi":"10.1029/2025wr040413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr040413","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of pore size distribution on the flow kinematics and transport properties within a three‐dimensional porous medium is investigated through numerical simulations using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The method is first validated for a model porous medium within a monodisperse random spherical packing, for which the velocity distribution of the fluid flowing through the pores (i.e., the interstitial fluid velocity) and the dispersion process are found to be in both qualitative and quantitative agreement with previous experimental results. When varying the pore size distribution of the porous medium by using polydisperse beads (of different diameters), the interstitial fluid velocity distributions get narrower, and the streamlines' tortuosity decreases. This is interpreted as a result of the narrower pore size distribution reported for polydisperse microstructures. Although the dispersion process remains qualitatively the same among the investigated microstructures, with an initial ballistic trend followed by a transient seemingly anomalous regime and eventually a Fickian regime, the transverse dispersion process is found to be quantitatively reduced for polydisperse microstructure (i.e., with a narrower pore size distribution), consistently with the reported decrease in streamlines' tortuosity.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Carbon Losses From Burned Permafrost Peatlands During Post-Fire Succession","authors":"Christopher Schulze, Oliver Sonnentag, Craig A. Emmerton, Lorna Harris, Haley Alcock, Kate Marouelli, Gabriel Hould Gosselin, Sara H. Knox, Rosie Howard, June Skeeter, Paul Moore, Zoran Nesic, David Olefeldt","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118344","url":null,"abstract":"The carbon (C) storage of boreal peatlands is threatened by an intensifying wildfire regime. Between 2019 and 2023 we used eddy covariance and surface closed chambers to monitor two permafrost peatlands in boreal western Canada that burned in 2019 and 2007. Deeper thaw, warmer soils, and slow vegetation recovery caused the 2019 Burn to be a net carbon dioxide (CO₂) source (+130 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) for four years post-fire, despite reduced soil respiration. The 2007 Burn was a sink (−11 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) 13–15 years post-fire, similar to undisturbed peatlands. We estimate that wildfire caused a loss (∼2.9 kg C m⁻²) from permafrost peatlands, with ∼1.7 kg C m⁻² due to combustion and ∼1.2 kg C m⁻² due to net CO₂ losses during post-fire succession. This highlights the importance of the post-fire CO₂ losses and emphasizes the vulnerability of permafrost peatland soil C to fire.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Connection Between Subsurface Stress and Geomorphic Features","authors":"B. Kuhasubpasin, S. Moon, C. Lithgow-Bertelloni","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116798","url":null,"abstract":"The tectonic stress field induces surface deformation. At long wavelengths, both lithospheric heterogeneity (changes in the thickness and density of crust and lithospheric mantle) and basal tractions from mantle convection contribute to the stress field. Here, we analyze the global alignment of principal horizontal tectonic stresses, fault traces, and river flow directions to infer whether and how deep subsurface stresses control geomorphic features. We find that fault trace orientations are consistent with predictions from Anderson's fault theory. River directions largely align with fault traces and partly with stresses. The degree of alignment depends on fault regime, the source of stress, and river order. Extensional faulting is best predicted by stresses from lithospheric structure variations, while compressive faulting is best predicted by stresses from mantle flow. We propose a metric to quantify the relative influence of mantle flow or lithospheric heterogeneity on surface features, which provides a proxy for lithospheric strength.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calving as a Source of Acute and Persistent Kinetic Energy to Enhance Submarine Melting of Tidewater Glaciers","authors":"M. F. Shaya, J. D. Nash, E. C. Pettit, J. M. Amundson, R. H. Jackson, D. A. Sutherland, D. Winters","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117900","url":null,"abstract":"Calving icebergs at tidewater glaciers release large amounts of potential energy. This energy—in principle—could be a source for submarine melting, which scales with near-terminus water temperature and velocity. Because near-terminus currents are challenging to observe or predict, submarine melt remains a key uncertainty in projecting tidewater glacier retreat and sea level rise. Here, we study one submarine calving event at Xeitl Sít’ (LeConte Glacier), Alaska, to explore the effect of calving on ice melt, using a suite of autonomously deployed instruments beneath, around, and downstream of the calving iceberg. Our measurements captured flows exceeding 5 m/s and demonstrate how potential energy converts to kinetic energy <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/2957a41a-8f3b-4fa3-b8f6-b1938f183278/grl71255-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"136\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl71255-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mrow><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"3,4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis upper E Subscript upper K Baseline right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em; margin-left: -0.026em;\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl71255:grl71255-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl71255-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"3,4\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis upper E Subscript upper K Baseline right parenthesis\" data-semantic-t","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Global Lagrangian Analysis of Near-Surface Temperature Extremes","authors":"Amelie Mayer","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116696","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature extremes strongly affect the society and the environment, yet a complete physical understanding of their formation mechanisms is still lacking. Specifically, the relative importance of the three key processes—horizontal advection, subsidence accompanied by adiabatic warming, and diabatic heating—remains controversial. This paper presents a global quantification of the contributions from these processes to near-surface temperature extremes using the Lagrangian framework. Two Lagrangian potential temperature anomaly decompositions are applied: one based on the full fields of the respective terms, and the other one based on the anomaly fields of the respective terms (i.e., deviations from their corresponding climatologies). The results from the decomposition based on full fields mostly align with those of a previous study, while the decomposition based on anomaly fields offers a different assessment of the roles of the different processes. Most importantly, horizontal transport is attributed the primary role for both extremes globally.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short and long-term thermoregulatory, metabolic, and stress responses to winter shearing in rams.","authors":"Madeleine Guerrero-Gutiérrez, Aline Freitas-de-Melo, Livia Pinto-Santini, Julia Giriboni, Rodolfo Ungerfeld","doi":"10.1007/s00484-025-03050-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-03050-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to characterize the thermoregulatory, metabolic, and stress responses of rams to winter shearing, with a focus on both short-term and long-term effects. Eleven rams were sheared in mid-winter in a humid subtropical climate, according to the Köppen climate classification (environmental temperature and humidity during the study: 10.3 ± 3.6 °C and 77.7 ± 16.7%, respectively). Meanwhile, another 11 rams served as non-sheared controls. Immediately after shearing, rams increased their blood cortisol concentration, glycemia, hematocrit, and heart rate. Wool removal quickly reduced the surface temperatures at the base of the ear, nose, and lips, but did not affect rectal temperature. During the days following shearing, heart rate, glycemia, hematocrit, and blood concentrations of triiodothyronine and total protein increased. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the surface temperatures of the eye and the base of the ear, but the rectal temperature remained unchanged. During the 11 days after shearing, rams were observed walking and standing more frequently, displaying increased agonistic interactions, and spending less time lying down. In conclusion, rams exhibited a typical acute stress response immediately after shearing, characterized by thermoregulatory and metabolic changes that persisted for several days. Rams modified their behavioral pattern, increasing thermogenesis and reducing heat loss. Sheared rams displayed an effective heat redistribution, maintaining their core temperature. Rams also increased their aggressiveness, which requires careful management to reduce the risk of injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing Uncertainty in Climate Projections for the Mid and High Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere","authors":"Yongxiao Liang, Nathan P. Gillett","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117477","url":null,"abstract":"The mid latitudes and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are warming faster than the global average, particularly over land. Model uncertainty in the forced response is the largest contributor to the total uncertainty in climate projections for these regions. Beyond climate sensitivity differences, regional climate feedbacks—like Arctic sea-ice loss—drive model uncertainty of the climate response. By applying emergent constraints based on the observed global warming trend and a metric related to Arctic sea ice loss, we reduce uncertainty in projected air temperature and precipitation changes over high-latitude land areas. Based on an imperfect model test, such projections outperform projections constrained using only the global warming trend or unconstrained projections. Compared to unconstrained projections, our approach reduces uncertainty by 22%–47% for temperature changes and 10%–51% for precipitation changes across different IPCC regions in the mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere by the end of the century under a middle-of-the-road scenario.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous Transient Summit Uplift at Taftan Volcano (Makran Subduction Arc) Imaged Using an InSAR Common-Mode Filtering Method","authors":"Mohammadhossein Mohammadnia, Man Wai Yip, A. Alexander G. Webb, Pablo J. González","doi":"10.1029/2025gl114853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl114853","url":null,"abstract":"We unambiguously document unrest at Taftan volcano. Summit uplift was detected using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar time series and its timing tightly constrained applying a new common mode filtering method. Uplift started and ended gradually lasting 10 months (July 2023 to May 2024). Uplift peaked at 11 cm/year rates, and during slowing-down several gas emission events occurred. Unrest was triggerless, uncorrelated with rainfall or seismic events. We favor internal driving processes with two possible scenarios: (a) dynamic hydrothermal alteration leading to permeability changes, shallow gas storage and pressurization, followed by opening of degassing pathways; or (b) a minor, undetected deep magmatic intrusion causing volatile exsolution and pore pressure increases within the hydrothermal system. Lack of post-unrest subsidence suggests persistence of hydrothermal high-pressure conditions at the summit and associated hazards. Our study shows how satellite imagery reveals hidden volcanic hazards at Taftan, and the need to implement a holistic volcano risk reduction strategy.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping a Carrington Storm","authors":"Jeffrey J. Love, Greg M. Lucas, Anna Kelbert, E. Joshua Rigler, Paul A. Bedrosian, Neesha R. Schnepf","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116835","url":null,"abstract":"A map is presented of median 1-min-resolution peak geoelectric-field strength across the United States as would be induced by magnetic storms as intense as the 2 September 1859 Carrington storm. The map is constructed from two data sets: Magnetometer time series from 22 ground-based observatories recording 40 magnetic storms, and surface impedance tensors derived from magnetotelluric measurements acquired at 1616 survey sites across the contiguous United States. Carrington-class storm geoelectric fields are likely to be very strong in the United States East and Midwest; &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/94e58ab7-3e67-41a1-be32-fcb1e4e24d9b/grl71264-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"165\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl71264-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"2,1\" data-semantic-content=\"0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-speech=\"greater than 5.00\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"empty\"&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,&gt;\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\" rspace=\"5\" space=\"5\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mo&gt;&lt;mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"float\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mn&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;/mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;/mjx-math&gt;&lt;mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl71264:grl71264-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl71264-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"2,1\" data-semantic-content=\"0\" data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-speech=\"greater than 5.00\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"&gt;&lt;mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"empty\"&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,&gt;\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"inequality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\"&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"float\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"&gt;5.00&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;${ &gt;} 5.00$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/mjx-assistive-mml&gt;&lt;/mjx-container&gt; V/km at many places. In Virginia, strengths would likely range from 30.30 V/km, with a 68% confidence interval of [19.44,47.20] V/km, to as low as 0.05 [0.03,0.07] V/km. Comparison of model geopotentials with those measured on 30 long lines, indicates errors of about 18%. A Carrington-class storm would likely induce geoelectric fields with ","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}