地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Stress Heterogeneities Governed by Fault Structure and Stress Transfer: The 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence","authors":"Patricia Martínez-Garzón,&nbsp;Men-Andrin Meier,&nbsp;Cristiano Collettini,&nbsp;Federica Lanza,&nbsp;Georg Dresen","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029763","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analyze the evolution of stress parameters from the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence taking advantage of ∼13,747 robust focal mechanisms from a deep learning catalog. The density of the catalog allows us to invert focal mechanisms over distances of a few km and different time periods. We inferred a number of stress-related parameters, including the fault plane variability, the orientation of principal stress axes and maximum horizontal stress, the relative magnitudes of principal stresses and the variability of the principal stress orientations with respect to the median. From the uniform regional stress field consistent with the extension of the Apennine Belt, we observe local stress heterogeneities that are driven by the structural features and the coseismic stress history. A variation of the principal stress magnitudes and regimes from pure normal faulting toward transtension with depth is observed. Stress differences at the 1–10 km wavelength are observed between each side of two of the main regional fault structures. The reported stress results suggest a partial mechanical coupling and a strong interaction between the shallow normal faults and the detachment horizon at depth. Furthermore, distinct trends are observed in the stress parameters after the largest mainshocks, and before the <i>M</i>_W 6.5 Norcia mainshock, potentially indicating the high shear stress still available in well oriented faults after the <i>M</i>_W 6.0 Amatrice earthquake. Our analysis holds implications toward (a) constraining stress magnitudes, (b) illuminating the interaction between the shallow normal faults and detachment horizons, and (c) tracking stress evolution during seismic sequence.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB029763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time and Length Scales of the Martian Atmospheric Turbulence as Observed by the InSight Lander","authors":"Orkun Temel,&nbsp;Ozgur Karatekin","doi":"10.1029/2025GL115539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We provide a statistical analysis of the Martian near-surface atmospheric turbulence based on in situ wind observations from NASA's InSight lander. We focus on the variations in length and time scales of the Martian atmospheric turbulence caused by the diurnal cycle and changes in atmospheric dust loading. We observe that the length and time scales of the turbulence have distinct behaviors before and after the dust storms. Moreover, we report an asymmetric trend in the diurnal evolution of the Martian near-surface meteorological conditions, with stronger turbulence observed in the planetary boundary layer during late afternoon-early evening compared to sunrise. We also find that strong nocturnal turbulence can occur following the collapse of the daytime boundary layer under a certain range of dust opacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL115539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity must be explicitly recognized in ecological restoration","authors":"Magdalene N. Ngeve","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02405-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02405-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Global Forest Watch estimated a net change of −101 Mha in tree cover between 2000 and 2020, and a net carbon sink of −5.59 GtCO₂e yr⁻¹ (ref. ²). Global degradation of seagrass could emit, on average, 1.15 GtCO₂ if no conservation measures are put in place³. Rising carbon emissions and associated climate change are happening alongside other types of anthropogenic disturbance, including land-use change, habitat loss and pollution, collectively disrupting biodiversity across diverse global ecosystems. Such magnitude of loss is linked to erosion of the genetic integrity in ecosystems: adaptive gene variants can be lost, gene flow networks altered⁴ and degraded sites are further prone to reduced effective population sizes due to increased genetic drift. Genetic diversity is crucial for disease resistance, fitness and the long-term survival of species, and is particularly important in the context of ongoing rapid multi-factor global change. For climate change in particular, as species’ habitats and ranges shrink in response, genetic homogenizations and loss of variation and adaptability potential have been observed⁵. Despite this, genetic diversity is often neglected in restoration planning and management, and seldom included in monitoring assessments of restoration outcomes.</p><p>The absence of clear language defining biodiversity in the UN and other restoration documents forces stakeholders to have to define it for themselves. Within a broader biodiversity context that includes species, functional and ecosystem diversity, genetic diversity may be less likely to be prioritized for a variety of reasons. In many regions and for most species (and populations), there remains a lack of an established baseline of genetic data, with costs and expertise required to obtain such baselines and conduct ongoing monitoring. Decisions on the sources of germplasm used in restoration typically prioritize short-term cost savings over long-term benefits⁶, despite the demonstrated potential for decreased long-term costs because there would be less need to replace planted trees in forest restoration⁶. In other contexts, for example community-led restoration projects, the concept of within-species (genetic) diversity may remain relatively obscure.</p>","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing physical work capacity losses due to heat stress increase.","authors":"Seok-Geun Oh, Seok-Woo Son, Dong-Chan Hong","doi":"10.1007/s00484-025-03008-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-03008-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As global warming continues, hotter and more humid weather conditions become increasingly frequent, heightening population exposure to heat-stress environments. This could lead to a loss of physical work capacity (PWC loss) and result in significant economic risks. Here, we investigate the PWC loss risks and their recent changes under different heat stress environments for the period of 1985-2023. Changes in PWC loss risks on comfort days, defined by heat stress values of 20-29 °C, show a latitudinal contrast, with an overall decrease in low latitudes and an increase in high latitudes. However, they have increased everywhere on both discomfort days (30-45 °C) and dangerous days (above 45 °C), with a greater increase in the latter condition. This suggests that global warming is exacerbating the risks of PWC loss in more intense heat stress environments. Geographically, Western Europe, the Mediterranean, Siberia, the Caribbean, and northeastern South America have experienced more significant increases in PWC loss risks, exceeding 1.5 times relative to the climatological mean over the past four decades. Such changes are due more to changes in the frequency of heat stress days than to changes in the severity of PWC loss. This finding suggests that the spatio-temporal variations in meteorological aspects should be taken into account when designing policies to address PWC loss risks due to heat stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closing the flood insurance protection gap","authors":"June Choi","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02385-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02385-z","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is increasing financial impacts for households, yet flood insurance coverage remains insufficient. Now research affirms that there are still opportunities to substantially close the protection gap, in particular for disadvantaged groups.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamical and Dynamical Background Characteristics and Microphysical Structures of the Mesoscale Convective Systems Over the Tibetan Plateau: A 7-Year Statistic","authors":"Yue Huang,&nbsp;Wei Cheng,&nbsp;Shenming Fu,&nbsp;Jianhua Sun,&nbsp;Juanjuan Liu","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116463","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tibetan Plateau mesoscale convective systems (TP_MCSs) shape regional weather and precipitation, yet their thermodynamical and dynamical background characteristics, and microphysical structures remain poorly understood due to sparse observations. To address this research gap, we integrate a 7-year TP_MCS database with ERA5 reanalysis and satellite observations to construct vertical profiles, enabling a systematic examination of TP_MCSs' structures. Results reveal distinct stage-dependent characteristics, with peak convective intensity, the lowest 0°C level, the largest hydrometeor diameters, and maximum rainfall rates during the development stage. TP_MCSs' convection intensity is modulated through coupled thermodynamical (temperature, humidity), dynamical (vertical motion, moisture transport), and microphysical (hydrometeor characteristics) interactions that regulate buoyancy, latent heating, and entrainment processes. Moreover, TP_MCSs' precipitation is governed by competing enhancement (buoyancy, moisture transport) and suppression (dry, cold entrainment) mechanisms. These findings are helpful to improve understanding of TP_MCSs' vertical structure and aid convection parameterization in climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Clustered MCSs and Their Precipitation Significance Over Global Land MCS Hotspots","authors":"Huancui Hu,&nbsp;Zhe Feng,&nbsp;L. Ruby Leung,&nbsp;James Marquis","doi":"10.1029/2025GL114713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL114713","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multiple independent mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) can occur closely in space and time, subjecting common geographic regions to multiple precipitation events over short periods. Motivated by an earlier study highlighting significant hydrological impacts of clustered MCSs in the US, we extend the analysis to seven global continental MCS hotspots using a 20-year global MCS data set. Our findings reveal that (a) 40%–80% of MCSs occur in clusters, depending on the region; (b) clustered MCSs exhibit larger rainfall areas and higher mean areal rainfall, with the highest values observed in Argentina and India; and (c) clustered MCSs contribute increasing fractions to more extreme 24- and 72-hr precipitation events across all regions. Our results underscore the critical role of clustered MCSs in driving hydrological extremes over global land regions and highlight the need to better understand how their formation mechanisms differ from non-clustered events across the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL114713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the global invasion risk of ambrosia beetle Euplatypus parallelus under climate change based on CMIP6 projections.","authors":"Maruthadurai R, Bappa Das, Parveen Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00484-025-03005-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-03005-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Euplatypus parallelus (Fabricius, 1801) is a highly destructive invasive insect pest endemic to the Neotropics, causing economic and ecological damage to natural forests, plantations, and fruit trees. We employed the MaxEnt model to predict the global suitability of E. parallelus under current and future scenarios based on the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) 126 and SSP585 in 2050 and 2070, utilizing the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset. The model demonstrated remarkable performance achieving AUC values of 0.964 and 0.957, TSS of 0.841 and 0.796, and CBI of 0.967 and 0.928 during model calibration and validation, respectively. The temperature seasonality BIO4 (43.8%), annual precipitation BIO12 (31.2%), and minimum temperature of the coldest month BIO6 (14.7) were the most significant bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of E. parallelus. The model shows that the maximum suitability of E. parallelus is primarily concentrated in Asia, Africa, and South America. Future climate change predicts a 12.85% expansion in suitable habitat areas for E. parallelus. Our predictions demonstrate that the biological suitability and global potential spread of E. parallelus would increase under the SSP126 and SSP585 scenarios in 2050 and 2070. The study findings will help the researchers, policymakers, and academicians to plan, develop, and implement effective preventive strategies to combat the spread and infestation of E. parallelus.</p>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and Analysis of Aleutian Arc Seismicity (2022–2023) Using an Autonomous Hydrophone Array","authors":"Vaibhav Vijay Ingale,&nbsp;Gabrielle Tepp,&nbsp;Robert P. Dziak,&nbsp;Ross Parnell-Turner","doi":"10.1029/2025GC012320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Aleutian trench, extending from the Gulf of Alaska to Kamchatka, marks the subduction boundary between the Pacific and North-American plates. It hosts the Aleutian Islands, one of Earth's most significant volcanic arcs, with 52 historically active volcanoes. Given the long history of eruptions and strong earthquake-induced tsunamis that pose hazards to Aleutian communities, studying this area is essential for assessing geohazards and subduction zone processes. To investigate submarine volcanism and seismicity along the western Aleutian Islands, four autonomous underwater hydrophones (AUH) were deployed in June 2022 for 12 months ∼100 km north of Adak Island. The AUHs were moored at depth of ∼500 m in a diamond-shaped array with 10 km spacing. The AUHs recorded different types of acoustic signal packets (events), including long-duration (∼40 s) spindle-shaped T-phases with frequencies &lt;60 Hz, that are characteristics of tectonic earthquakes and short-duration (∼10 s), impulsive signals with a wide range of frequencies (40–100 Hz) were observed, peaking in activity during March 2023, that are associated with shallow seismic events. We characterized all hydroacoustic events by their temporal distribution, back-azimuths, rise time, and received level to establish acoustic signal categories based on the likely source mechanisms. By comparing hydroacoustic detections with a land-based earthquake catalog, we observe that short-duration events originated from seismic unrest beneath Tanaga Island. The temporal distribution of magnitudes and depths of seismic events, coupled with rise times and received levels of matched hydroacoustic signals, suggests that the seismic unrest is linked to magma transport at shallow depths beneath Tanaga Island.</p>","PeriodicalId":50422,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems","volume":"26 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GC012320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144853757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights Into Heterogeneous Streamflow Generation Processes and Water Contribution in Forested Headwaters","authors":"Jaime Ortega,&nbsp;Catalina Segura,&nbsp;J. Renée Brooks,&nbsp;Pamela L. Sullivan","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70241","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding how diverse headwater streams contribute water downstream is critical for accurate modelling of seasonal flow dynamics in larger systems. This study investigated how headwater catchments, with diverse subsurface storage, influence downstream flows within Lookout Creek—a 62 km², 5th-order catchment in the rain-snow transition zone in western Oregon, USA. We analysed one year of hydrometric and water stable isotope data collected at 10 stream locations, complemented by a decade of precipitation isotopic data. As expected, isotopic data revealed that most of the streamflow was sourced from large fall and winter storms. Generally, stream isotope ratios decrease with elevation. However, some streams had higher isotopic values than expected, reflecting the influence of isotopically heavy storms and relatively low storage. Other streams that tended to have low flow variability in response to precipitation inputs had lower isotopic values, indicating higher elevation water sources than their topographic watershed boundaries. Both hydrometric data and water isotope-based end-member mixing models suggest storage differences among headwater catchments influenced the seasonal water contributions from tributaries. Most notably, the contributions of Cold and Longer Creeks, which occupy less than 10% of the Lookout Creek drainage area, sustain up to 50% of the streamflow in the summer. These catchments have high storage and high groundwater contributions, as evidenced by flat flow duration curves. Finally, our data suggest that geologic variability and geomorphic complexity (presence of earthflows and landslides) can be indicators of storage that dramatically influence water movement through the critical zone, the variation in streamflow, and the response of streams to precipitation events. Heterogeneity in headwater catchment storage is key to understanding flow dynamics in mountainous regions and the response of streams to changes in climate and other disturbances.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}