地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Hillslope flow paths in snowmelt and rainfall seasons in permafrost-underlain areas, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Investigation based on hydrochemical tracers and end-member mixing analysis","authors":"Xiong Xiao ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Fengjing Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaonan Shi ,&nbsp;Chen Zeng ,&nbsp;Tao Che","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study area</h3><div>The Binggou and adjacent Yakou catchments in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>Hillslope flow paths were studied using hydrochemical data of various water types in the spring snowmelt and summer rainfall periods based on hydrochemical tracers and end-member mixing analysis.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the study region</h3><div>End-member mixing analysis confirmed the dominance of surface and near-surface runoff during the spring snowmelt. Specifically, the spring Binggou stream water had 61 % surface runoff, 22 % shallow groundwater, and 17 % near-surface runoff. The spring Yakou stream water had 64 % snowmelt, 25.5 % near-surface runoff, and 10.5 % riparian saturated soil water at a depth of 20 cm. The application of end-member mixing analysis failed in the summer rainfall period, and shallow subsurface flow contributed the most to the streamflow (∼ 100 %). The average acid-neutralizing capacity of the spring Yakou stream water was 611 μeq/L, increasing to 841 μeq/L in the summer, and for the Binggou stream water, the values were 747 μeq/L and 1084 μeq/L, respectively, indicating that the thawed soil layers had a significant buffering effect on stream water chemistry. This study revealed seasonal shifts in flow paths and stream sources, with a transition from surface to subsurface flow influenced by meteorological conditions and the active layer thickness. Future climate change may enhance subsurface flow recharge, leading to less diluted streamflow and stronger water-soil interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 102511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small‐scale thermal habitat variability may not determine seagrass resilience to climate change","authors":"Giannina S. I. Hattich, Marlene Jahnke, Swantje Enge, Niklas Niemi, Maru Bernal‐Gómez, Pierre De Wit, Jonathan N. Havenhand, Christian Pansch","doi":"10.1002/lno.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70049","url":null,"abstract":"Seagrass ecosystems are integral components of coastal marine environments, but they face global threats from climate change. The ability of seagrass to withstand these challenges depends on trait variation among individuals, which is influenced by genetic background and plasticity. In this study, we explore how small‐scale thermal habitat variability contributes to intraspecific trait variation in the eelgrass <jats:italic>Zostera marina</jats:italic> and how this variation affects resilience to climate change. We hypothesize that eelgrass meadows with higher mean and more variable summer temperatures exhibit greater resilience. Despite their proximity (maximum distance of 14 km), the 10 assessed meadows exhibited distinct thermal microclimates and were genetically differentiated from each other. We conducted a common garden experiment subjecting eelgrass shoots from these meadows to increased temperature and decreased salinity to represent a projected future climate. The treatment led to a significantly increased mortality, higher prevalence of the eelgrass wasting disease, reduced development of new leaves, and overall diminished growth of <jats:italic>Z. marina</jats:italic>. Responses varied among meadows, independent of their natural thermal summer microclimates. We discuss this mismatch between local microclimate and phenotypic response with a strong focus on the potential of microclimates (higher summer temperature, lower winter temperatures, pronounced variability) to impede differences in intraspecific trait variation among meadows. Overall, our study emphasizes the need for comprehensive habitat characterization paired with the assessment of (thermal) performance curves to unravel the complex effects of microclimates on intraspecific trait variation and, consequently, species resilience to climate change.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144228571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation and evolution of individual evacuation roles in building emergencies: A role-playing immersive virtual reality study","authors":"Jing Lin ,&nbsp;Zhongang Peng ,&nbsp;Runhe Zhu ,&nbsp;Yan Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-density indoor environments require efficient emergency responses, but varying roles complicate evacuations. This study uses virtual reality technology to examine the formation and evolution of evacuation roles in minutes in response to environmental triggers. Participants were assigned to one of the initial evacuation roles (leader, emergency responder, follower, indecisive role and egocentric role) and trained using role-playing scripts. Various triggers for different evacuation roles were designed within a virtual hospital scenario to motivate role evolution. The findings show that most participants quickly formed their initial evacuation roles. However, the frequency and direction of role evolution varied by role, highlighting the need for role-based safety training. The study also reveals that role ambiguity, particularly among followers, can lead to indecisive actions, negatively impacting evacuation performance. These results emphasize the importance of clear role definitions and targeted training to improve evacuation efficiency and effectiveness in built environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 105632"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"United States and China Anthropogenic Methane Emissions: A Review of Uncertainties and Collaborative Opportunities","authors":"Jenna Behrendt,&nbsp;Steven J. Smith,&nbsp;Sha Yu,&nbsp;Shiqi Chen,&nbsp;Haiwen Zhang,&nbsp;Mengye Zhu,&nbsp;Jared Williams,&nbsp;Xinzhao Cheng,&nbsp;Anom Ashok Dule,&nbsp;Wenli Li,&nbsp;Ryna Cui,&nbsp;Nate Hultman","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005298","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Methane emissions have attracted substantial attention internationally. The U.S. and China, as two of the largest global methane emitters, play a particularly important role in determining global methane emission trends and have recently expressed intentions through joint statements to collaborate on key methane-related work. Current methane emission estimates are highly uncertain, given that methane emission factors (i.e., the emissions intensity of different activities) are highly dependent on local conditions. This analysis evaluated around 50 estimates of anthropogenic methane emissions in the U.S. and China across all major sectors to identify areas of uncertainty and highlight opportunities for cross-country collaboration. Shared sources of emissions with large variation in estimates and limited sector and region-specific analyses include waste and livestock emissions, as well as abandoned fossil production sites (coal mines and oil wells), which present opportunities for knowledge sharing and joint leadership. Key areas for collaboration include improving data collection, monitoring, and availability to develop more detailed emission factors that take into account local conditions and temporal sources of emissions. A collaborative approach to developing a transparent, multi-scale emissions inventory and evaluation processes that integrate multiple methodologies into national emissions estimates would improve accuracy of emissions estimates and better inform mitigation strategies and policy discussions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing Exposures to Compound Wildfire Smoke and Extreme Heat Hazards in California, 2011–2020","authors":"Caitlin G. Jones-Ngo,&nbsp;Sara Ludwick,&nbsp;Mohammad Z. Al-Hamdan,&nbsp;Jason Vargo,&nbsp;Rebecca J. Schmidt,&nbsp;Erwan Monier,&nbsp;Kathryn C. Conlon","doi":"10.1029/2024EF005189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is simultaneously worsening wildfire and extreme heat events in California increasing the likelihood of exposure to compound hazards (CH). This study examines the exposure distribution of compound wildfire smoke and extreme heat in California, 2011–2020, and characterizes disproportionate population vulnerabilities. We obtained fine resolution temperature data (4-km) from GridMET and wildfire-influenced fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) estimates (3-km) from a combined metric of geostatistical modeled total PM_2.5 and satellite-detected wildfire smoke plumes. Estimates were aggregated to the ZIP-Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) level and population weighted. Exposure days to CH and single hazards were defined using a 2-day exposure lag window with binary indicators for wildfire smoke and extreme heat. Daily exposure counts were summed by year and over the 10 years for descriptive mapping. Ten-year exposures were characterized by community factors and differences were tested using ANOVA. Exposures to compound wildfire smoke and extreme heat varied temporally and geographically, primarily driven by wildfire smoke. On average, ZCTAs experienced 3–4 CH days annually, peaking in 2020 (9.85 days). From the early (2011–2015) to later period (2016–2020), ZCTAs experienced 2.77 more annual CH days (95% CI: 2.62, 2.92; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). The number of ZCTAs exposed annually also increased. ZCTAs with persistently higher CH days had significantly higher proportions of minority populations, lower median incomes, and more urban characteristics. Our results show increasing and unequal exposure to compound wildfire smoke and extreme heat. These risks should be considered in mitigation strategies for climate-vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EF005189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fast Borealis Ionosphere: High Time-Resolution Mapping of Polar Ionospheric Flows With SuperDARN","authors":"D. D. Billett,&nbsp;R. A. Rohel,&nbsp;C. J. Martin,&nbsp;K. A. McWilliams,&nbsp;K. M. Laundal","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003876","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent improvements to hardware for the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network systems have allowed for a much greater control of radar transmit and receive functionalities than previously possible. One of these functionalities is the application of a new operational mode, known as wide-beam, which vastly improves the temporal resolution of the radars without compromising their spatial coverage. Wide-beam allows for the retrieval of line-of-sight ionospheric drift velocities at a temporal resolution of 3.7 s, a sixteen-fold improvement from the one-minute resolution offered by traditional operational modes. In this paper, we use wide-beam data from the Borealis SuperDARN systems, located in Canada, to derive local horizontal ionospheric plasma velocity fields above Northern Canada, Greenland, and the polar cap, at a 3.7 s temporal resolution. For this local fitting of ionospheric velocity data, we use the Local Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (Lompe) spherical elementary current systems technique. This new data product, which we call the Fast Borealis Ionosphere, is compared to both the global SuperDARN spherical harmonic convection pattern data product (the Map Potential technique), as well as Lompe convection patterns derived using the traditional SuperDARN narrow-beam scanning mode. We show that Lompe systematically produces a better representation of the underlying radar velocity data than Map Potential, that the 3.7 s wide-beam data contains a significant amount more ionospheric variability than narrow-beam, and that the high time-resolution convection patterns can resolve dynamic ionospheric events lasting on the order of tens of seconds.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal Restoration May Not Necessarily Enhance Blue Carbon Sink","authors":"Xudong Zhu,&nbsp;Zhangcai Qin,&nbsp;Wenwen Liu,&nbsp;Matthew L. Kirwan,&nbsp;Haoliang Lu,&nbsp;Shing Yip Lee,&nbsp;Minhan Dai","doi":"10.1029/2025GL114614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL114614","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large-scale restorations being implemented in coastal China involve replacing invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> with mangroves, yet the full effects of such saltmarsh-mudflat-mangrove land-use change on the blue carbon sink are largely unknown. This study, using paired eddy covariance measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) before and after <i>S</i>. <i>alterniflora</i> removal, reveals that such restoration efforts through excavation and burial of <i>S</i>. <i>alterniflora</i> inadvertently cause pulse methane emission. The emission negates the carbon sink benefit and causes a significant climate debt, potentially taking over 3 decades to offset. These findings highlight the risk of GHG changes from coastal restoration in neutralizing potential blue carbon sink and call for refining current restoration practices to mitigate unintended environmental impacts. This has important implications for achieving climate benefits along with other ecosystem service co-benefits in coastal restoration, particularly for China's coastal wetlands where <i>S</i>. <i>alterniflora</i> removal is being implemented as the world's largest ecosystem restoration effort.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL114614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionospheric Analysis With Martian Mutual Radio Occultation","authors":"Jacob Parrott,&nbsp;Håkan Svedhem,&nbsp;Beatriz Sánchez-Cano,&nbsp;Olivier Witasse,&nbsp;Colin Wilson,&nbsp;Ingo Müller-Wodarg","doi":"10.1029/2024JE008854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JE008854","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the Martian ionosphere using Mutual Radio Occultation (RO) observations between Mars Express and Trace Gas Orbiter, featuring 71 full vertical profiles out of a total of 124 measurements. Among these, 35 measurements were taken from regions with Solar Zenith Angles lower than 40°. The profiles also represent the largest data set for the lower M1 ionospheric layer during the midday ever measured. This paper has also been submitted with a comprehensive data set, which marks the first time MEX-TGO RO data has been made available to the community. Additionally, neutral temperature profiles have been extracted from the measurements. We find unexpected features in the lower thermosphere temperature behavior which we conclude is likely due to the effects of local circulation and associated dynamical heating rather than solar-controlled.</p>","PeriodicalId":16101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","volume":"130 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JE008854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ghost plumes hidden beneath Earth’s continents","authors":"Simone Pilia ,&nbsp;Giampiero Iaffaldano ,&nbsp;D. Rhodri Davies ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ismaiel ,&nbsp;Paolo A. Sossi ,&nbsp;Scott Whattam ,&nbsp;Dapeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Hao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mantle plumes are hot, buoyant upwellings that rise from Earth’s core-mantle-boundary (CMB) at ∼2890 km depth to the surface. As they ascend towards the lithosphere – our planet’s rigid outermost shell – decompression melting results in surface volcanism. In continental interiors, a thicker lithosphere restricts plume ascent and associated decompression melting. However, it remains uncertain whether limited continental volcanism implies few sub-continental mantle plumes. Here, we present inter-disciplinary evidence revealing the first clear example of an amagmatic “ghost” plume in eastern Oman – the Dani plume. Despite lacking present-day surface volcanism, this plume is robustly imaged using P- and S-wave arrival-time residuals from distant earthquakes, recorded by a dense regional seismic network. A positive thermal anomaly is further corroborated by a ∼14 depression of the 410-km discontinuity and a ∼20 km upward deflection of the 660-km discontinuity. The imaged low-velocity structure is overlain by positive present-day residual topography in a region enigmatically uplifted since the late Eocene (∼40 Ma). Our analyses of kinematic reconstructions demonstrate that asthenospheric flow associated with the Dani plume modified Indian-plate motion in the late Eocene, allowing us to bound the likely arrival time of this plume beneath the lithosphere. Besides offering an approach to identify hidden continental plumes, both at the present-day and via Earth’s geological record, our study suggests that CMB heat-flux estimates should be revised upwards, with implications for thermal and core evolution models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"666 ","pages":"Article 119467"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Stratospheric Climate and Age-Of-Air in Recent GEOS Systems Since MERRA-2","authors":"Clara Orbe,&nbsp;Lawrence L. Takacs,&nbsp;Amal El Akkraoui,&nbsp;Krzysztof Wargan,&nbsp;Andrea Molod,&nbsp;Steven Pawson","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurately modeling the large-scale transport of trace gases and aerosols is critical for interpreting past (and projecting future) changes in atmospheric composition. Simulations of the stratospheric mean age-of-air continue to show persistent biases in chemistry climate models, although the drivers of these biases are not well understood. Here we identify one driver of simulated stratospheric transport differences among various NASA Global Earth Observing System (GEOS) candidate model versions under consideration for the upcoming GEOS Retrospective analysis for the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>21</mn>\u0000 <mtext>st</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $21text{st}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> Century (GEOS-R21C). In particular, we show that the simulated age-of-air values are sensitive to the so-called “remapping” algorithm used within the finite-volume dynamical core, which controls how individual material surfaces are vertically interpolated back to standard pressure levels after each horizontal advection time step. Differences in the age-of-air resulting from changes within the remapping algorithm approach <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>1 year over the high latitude middle stratosphere—or about 30% climatological mean values—and imprint on several trace gases, including methane (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mtext>CH</mtext>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${text{CH}}_{4}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) and nitrous oxide (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{N}}_{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>O). These transport sensitivities reflect, to first order, changes in the strength of tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere (70–100 hPa) which are driven by changes in resolved wave convergence over northern midlatitudes as (critical lines of) wave propagation shift in latitude. Our results strongly support continued examination of the role of numerics in contributing to transport biases in composition modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}